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White Dwarf Collapse • The core of a giant star collapses as helium fuses. – Outer layers continue to expand – Loses over half its mass • The lost mass comes off in helium flash explosions. core outer layers of gas Planetary Nebulae • Ejected gas from a star is lit up by the shrinking core. – Round shape – Glows with colors seen from planets • The gas is called a planetary nebula. – Not really part of a planet Degenerate Matter • After explosions the remaining core collapses due to gravity. – Radiation too weak • At high density, the electromagnetic force between electrons holds the material of the core apart. • This compressed material is degenerate matter. – Core of giant stars – Sun mass in Earth size Fate of the Sun • The Sun will collapse after millions of years as a giant. -20 -15 Abs. Magnitude -10 – Heat to class A or B – Shrink to Earth size -5 0 5 Sun 10 15 20 O B A F G K M Spectral Type • The end of the sun will be a small, hot star that will last until the remaining material burns up. Bipolar Nebulae • Planetary nebulae can have multiple flashes. – Ring of ejected matter around the core – Later flashes blocked by ring • The gas goes in the remaining two directions forming a dumbbell or hourglass shape. Bare Core • Stars less than 8 M will all end by helium flashes as gas is ejected. -20 -15 Abs. Magnitude -10 -5 • The remaining core is called a white dwarf. 0 5 10 15 20 O B A F G K M Spectral Type • The white dwarf will cool over billions of years until it is black.