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Transcript
Lesson 10 Describing Matter Standard Deviants Tape 1 IA Matter 8:26 I. Describing Matter: a. Matter has Mass and Volume i. Matter is defined as anything that has mass and volume. ii. Mass Common Pitfalls Remember the difference between mass and volume, the units, and the devices used to measure them, as brought up in lesson 3! 1. A measure of how difficult it is to change the object’s state of motion. 2. Also, it is the amount of matter in an object. 3. Units: grams (g), kilograms (kg), and milligrams (mg). 4. Mass is different from weight in several ways: a. Weight is a measure of the gravitational force on an object. b. Mass is constant throughout the universe – weight can change based on location. c. Mass is measured using a balance – weight is measured using a scale. ii. Volume is the amount of space an object occupies. 1. Measured with a graduated cylinder 2. Units: cubic centimeters (cm3), milliliters (mL), Liters (L) iv. i. Density is a constant ratio of mass to volume. 1. Mass is directly proportional to volume for all pure substances 2. Density is equal to mass divided by volume. 3. Units are usually g/cm3 for solids and liquids, or g/m3 for gases. 4. Density can be used to identify substances – Archimedes example. b. Atoms are the basic units of matter Atom – basic unit of matter ii. Element – a substance in which all of the atoms are exactly the same. Molecule – a neutral group of atoms held together by chemical bonds. Also known as a Compound. ii. A molecule can contain from two to thousands of individual atoms II. Properties of Matter a. Matter can be described by its properties b. Physical properties are useful for identifying things i. Physical properties are properties that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the matter. ii. Some physical properties: 1. Electrical Conductivity – the ability to carry electricity – example: copper is a good electrical conductor, so it is used in electrical wiring. 2. Heat Conductivity – ability to transfer energy as heat – example: Aluminum is a good heat conductor, so it is used to make pots and pans. i. 1. Density – mass to volume ratio of a substancel measure of how tightly matter is “packed” – example: lead is a very dense material, so it is used to make sinkers for fishing line. 2. Melting Point – temperature at which a solid changes state to become a liquid – example: ice melts to liquid water at the melting point of water. 3. Boiling Point – temperature at which a liquids boils and changes state to become a gas at a given pressure – example: Liquid water becomes water vapor at the boiling point of water. 4. Index of refraction – extent to which a given material bends light passing through it – example: the index of refraction of water tells you how much light slows and bends as it passes through water. 5. Malleability – ability to be hammered or beaten into thin sheets – example: silver is quite malleable, so it is used to make jewelry. 6. Ductility – ability to be drawn into a thin wire – example: tantalum is a ductile metal, so it is used to make fine dental tools. iii. State of matter is a physical property 1. Solid – a state of matter with a definite volume and shape. Atoms in solids are held in a specific structure, but can vibrate slightly in place. 2. Liquid – a state of matter with a definite volume but a variable shape. Liquids assume the shape of their container. The atoms in a liquid are able to slide around one another, but stay in contact with one another. 3. Gas – a state of matter with no definite volume or shape. Gases expand to fill any container they occupy. Their particles are free to move about. • 4 Plasma: a state of matter found in stars and the inside of fluorescent lights, among other places. In this state, atoms are torn apart into smaller pieces, and these electrons and ions move around freely. They are found in high temperature places. search this imagine • Neutron stars are compact objects that are created in the cores of massive stars during supernova explosions. The core of the star collapses, and crushes together every proton with a corresponding electron turning each electron-proton pair into a neutron. The neutrons, however, can often stop the collapse and remain as a neutron star. • Neutron stars are fascinating objects because they are t most dense objects known. They are only about 10 miles in diameter, yet they are more massive than the Sun. On sugar cube of neutron star material weighs about 100 million tons, which is about as much as a mountain. • Like their less massive counterparts, white dwarfs, the Please use the space below the three pictures to copy the drawings from your teacher of the three states. Gas Liquid Solid States of Matter & Changing States Virtual Lab 2 video c. Chemical Properties: ii. Chemical Properties are properties that can only be observed when a substance reacts with another. ii. Examples: 1. Reactivity with acid 2. Reactivity with oxygen 3. Flamability 4. A glowing splint bursts into flames in the presence of oxygen. 5. Cobalt chloride changes from blue to pink in the presence of water. 6. Limewater turns cloudy in the presence of carbon dioxide. Physical Properties Virtual Lab1 video d. EXTENSIVE and INTENSIVE PROPERTIES i. Extensive Properites are properties which depend on the amount of matter present. 1. Includes some physical properties, but no chemical properties. 2. Mass, volume, length, etc are examples of extensive properties. 3. These are things which can be measured physically, and the measurement would change if there was more or less of the matter present 4. For example, 10 cm3 of water weighs 10 grams. If I take away some water, it weighs less. ii. Intensive Properties: are properties which do NOT depend on the amount of matter present. They result from the way matter is structured. 1. All chemical properties, and some physical properties. 2. Melting & boiling points, texture, color, density, etc. 3. Since these are based on how the matter is put together, and not how much your have, more or less of the matter present doesn’t affect an intensive property. 4. For example, paper burns, regardless of how much or how little you have. Questions: 1. Define mass and volume, and give one example of a proper unit for each. 2. Compare and contrast physical and chemical properties, and give two examples of each. 3. List the five states of matter. 4. For the three common states of matter, draw a diagram of a container with molecules in that state inside. 5. INTENSIVE OR EXTENSIVE? a. Color • Intensive P b. Mass • Extensive P c. Flammability • Intensive C d. Length • Extensive P e. Density • Intensive P f. Temperature • Intensive P PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL? 1. Blue color • P 2. Density • P 3. Flammability • C 4. Solubility • P 5. Reacts with acid • C 6. Supports combustion • C 7. Sour taste • P 8. Melting point • P 9. Reacts with water to form a gas • C 10. Reacts with a base to form water • C 11. Hardness • P 12. Boiling point • P 13. Can neutralize a base • C 14. Luster • P 15. odor • P