* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download III. Contents of The Universe
Fermi paradox wikipedia , lookup
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems wikipedia , lookup
Constellation wikipedia , lookup
Rare Earth hypothesis wikipedia , lookup
International Ultraviolet Explorer wikipedia , lookup
Astrobiology wikipedia , lookup
Outer space wikipedia , lookup
Corona Australis wikipedia , lookup
Canis Minor wikipedia , lookup
Cassiopeia (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Shape of the universe wikipedia , lookup
Cygnus (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Hubble Deep Field wikipedia , lookup
Observational astronomy wikipedia , lookup
Extraterrestrial life wikipedia , lookup
Expansion of the universe wikipedia , lookup
Aquarius (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Lambda-CDM model wikipedia , lookup
Canis Major wikipedia , lookup
Ultimate fate of the universe wikipedia , lookup
Perseus (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Non-standard cosmology wikipedia , lookup
Fine-tuned Universe wikipedia , lookup
Physical cosmology wikipedia , lookup
Stellar evolution wikipedia , lookup
Flatness problem wikipedia , lookup
Structure formation wikipedia , lookup
Observable universe wikipedia , lookup
Stellar kinematics wikipedia , lookup
Corvus (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
The Universe How old? 15 billion years old? I. Definition of the Universe All matter that exists now, in the past and in the future. Everything in space and time. There is only one universe. Anything that exists is part of the universe. II. Measuring The Universe A. Light year (ly) Distance light travels in one year 1 ly = 6 trillion miles (6.0 x 1012) Light travels 3.0 x 108m/s or 186,000 mi/s Used for distance between stars, galaxies Closest star (after the sun) – Alpha Centauri (aka Proxima Centauri)- 4.3 ly B. Parallax the apparent shift of an object against a background due to a change in observer’s position Sun/Stars vs Planet Suns are stars Stars give off energy (light and heat) due to nuclear fusion, planets do not (NOT ENOUGH MASS) Nuclear fusion is the process of hydrogen fusing to form Helium and other elements…this process is the life cycle of stars. When fusion starts, stars are born, when it stops, stars die. III. Contents of The Universe A. Galaxies Collection of millions, billions, etc. of stars held by gravity Between stars, interstellar matter (clouds of dust, gas) Andromeda – 2 million ly Types of galaxies: 1. Spiral 2. Elliptical 3. Irregular 1. Spiral Galaxies arms containing gas and dust stars form in arms young stars are blue central bulge The Milky Way – spiral galaxy Our Solar System is in an arm See video – structure of Milky Way 2. Elliptical Spherical or egg shaped Older galaxies, older stars Less gas and dust 3. Irregular Galaxies No well defined shapes Vary in age and activity III. Contents of The Universe B. Stars – balls of hot gas that emit light The Sun is the closest star to us 1. Multiple Star System most stars that we see in the sky are parts of multiple star systems revolve around each other. two stars = binary star system. ex. Algol, eclipsing binary B. Stars 2. Star Cluster Group of stars held together by ________. Open and globular Pleides, 7 sisters 47 Tucana, second brightest B. Stars 3. Nova a star that spits out some of its material and becomes brighter in the process B. Stars 4. Constellations Stars create apparent shape in Earth’s sky called constellation Why were they used? Season Navigation entertainment Naming the Stars (this slide is just for fun) Proper names are often a literal description of the star’s location in the constellation: Betelgeuse – “Shoulder of the giant” Rigel – “Foot” Deneb – “Tail” Procyon – “Before the dog” Algol – “Eye of the ghoul” Star proper names also sometimes describe the star. Sirius – “Scorching” Antares – “Rival of Mars” Kochab – “Star” Bayer Letter Names (this slide is just for fun) Nearly every star with a proper name also has a Bayer Letter Name (alpha – brightest star in galaxy, etc.) You can use the names to make a guess as to how bright the star is relative to its neighbors in the constellation: Alpha Orionis = Betelgeuse Beta Orionis = Rigel Alpha Canis Majoris = Sirius Alpha Canis Minoris = Procyon Alpha Geminorum = Castor Beta Geminorum = Pollux Alpha Scorpii = Antares Beta Persei = Algol III. Contents of The Universe C. Planets – bodies that do not emit light There are eight true planets in our solar system. There are planets outside our solar system. There are other solar systems. III. Contents of The Universe D. Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1. Asteroids – large space rocks Eros was visited by the NEAR Shoemaker probe, which orbited it, taking extensive photographs of its surface, and, on February 12, 2001, at the end of its mission, landed on the asteroid's surface using its maneuvering jets. 2. Comets - Small, icy celestial body is made up of: a nucleus (solid, frozen ice, gas and dust), a gaseous coma (water vapor, and other gases) and a long tail (made of dust and ionized gases). The tail develops when the comet is near the Sun. I. The Universe 3. Meteroid – rock or metal traveling through space 4. Meteor – meteoroid that enters Earth’s atmosphere 5. Meteorite - A rock of extra-terrestrial origin found on Earth. See video on meteors, then asteroids Barrington Crater in Arizona, 0.8 miles See video, damage Earth Collison, protecting Earth E. Nebula clouds of gas and dust in space some are illuminated by nearby stars (bright nebulae) others remain dark and are only seen if they obscure a brighter object (dark nebulae) Witchhead in near Rigel, Orion Trifid nebula Planetary nebula F. Quasar Most distant object in universe "quasar'' means "quasi-star'' produce more light each second than an entire galaxy of stars does G. Dead Star Remnants Black holes Neutron stars White dwarf IV. Creation of The Universe A. Big Bang Theory Theory: started as a small, dense mass that exploded, matter sent in all directions, forming the universe Can never be proven. See video –big bang IV. Creation of The Universe (do not copy) Singularity – point when all matter contained in small point. Explosion – created space, time, matter, and four fundamental forces Forces: strong nuclear, weak nuclear, gravity and electrostatic IV. Creation of The Universe B. Support 1. The Doppler Effect, Red Shift Doppler Effect - when motion changes a wave's perceived frequency Starlight shifts to red and of rainbow spectrum Supports the big bang theory (universe is expanding) Galaxies move away From us…shift to red You are Here 2. Cosmic Background Radiation – microwave radiation detected throughout the Universe C. Future: The Universe will…. 1. 2. 3. Continue to (open universe) Stop expanding and hang out (closed universe) Begin to collapse and ‘reexplode’ (the big crunch)