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Galaxies & Objects in the Universe State Correlation 4e and 4f 1 Part A: The Earth’s Motion and Seasons 2 Earth’s Motion and Seasons A. Motions of the Earth –1. Axis- the imaginary line drawn from the north geographic pole through the Earth to the south geographic pole –2. Rotation- the spinning of the Earth on its Axis; Causes day and night. –What do you think: What would happen if the earth stopped rotating? 3 Earth’s Motion and Seasons 3. Revolution- the motion of Earth traveling around the sun a. Earth’s revolution causes seasons. b. Earth’s elliptical path around the sun is called an orbit. 4 Earth’s Motion and Seasons 4. Solstices and Equinoxes a. Because the Earth’s axis forms a 23.5 degree angle, the Sun’s position relative to the equator constantly changes. Because of this daylight hours are longer for the hemisphere that is tilted towards the sun, and the sun is higher in the sky for longer periods of time. 5 Earth’s Motion and Seasons B. Summer and winter solstices- the longest and shortest days of the year; when the sun reaches its greatest distance north or south of the equator. Directly above the Tropic of Cancer or the Tropic of Capricorn. 6 Earth’s Motion and SeasonsSummer Solstice 7 Earth’s Motion and SeasonsWinter Solstice 8 Earth’s Motion and Seasons Summer Solstice (Longest Day) for the northern hemisphere is June 21 or 22 and December 21 or 22 for Southern Hemisphere The opposite of this is Winter Solstice (Shortest Day) 9 Earth’s Motion and Seasons c. Equinox- when the sun is directly above the equator Length of day equals length of night all over the world. In the northern hemisphere – Spring (vernal) equinox is March 21 or 22 Fall (autumnal) equinox is September 21 or 22 10 Earth’s Motion and SeasonsEquinox 11 Copy and Answer this Question When you watch a sunset are you observing an effect of the Earth’s rotation or the Earth’s revolution? Draw this diagram in your notes 12 Click on the link below to view a video discussing how ancient cultures used the position of the sun to determine seasons, planting times, and other events. http://sunearthday.nasa.gov/2011/multimedia/ ancient_observatories.php 13 Part B: Stars, Galaxies, and The Universe 14 What do You Already Know? Using a Circle Map: round – table what you know about the universe and galaxies Share what you know in order to make a class circle map 15 Telescopes Telescopes are instruments that allow us to view distant objects. They use forms of energy in the electromagnetic spectrum to view these objects. The electromagnetic spectrum includes radio waves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays and gamma rays. 16 How the Electromagnetic Spectrum Determines Celestial Bodies 17 Refracting Telescopes Refracting telescopes use curved lens to gather and focus light. This convex lens is a piece of transparent glass, curved so the middle is thicker than the edges. See fig. 2 page 710 Draw and label the refracting telescope. Use a bubble map to describe a refracting telescope. 18 Reflecting Telescopes The first reflecting telescope was built by Isaac Newton in 1668, A reflecting telescope uses a curved mirror to collect and focus light The larger the mirror, the more light the telescope can collect. The largest telescopes are reflecting telescopes. Draw and label the reflecting telescope in fig. 2 page 710. 19 Radio Telescopes Devices used to detect radio waves from objects in space. Most have curved, reflective surfaces that focus radio waves the way reflecting telescopes focus light. The larger the radio telescope the more radio waves it can collect. Other types of telescopes collect the shorter waves such as gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet rays. 20 Group Time Mexico City at Night The light from street lights, businesses, and signs make it difficult to objects in the night sky. This is known as light pollution. Round table brainstorm how our community could develop a plan to reduce light pollution. Owachomo Bridge in Utah's Natural Bridges National Monumentone of the few clear night views left New York City skyline What can we do within our own communities to help? 21 Observatories A building that contains one or more telescopes. However, some observatories are located in space. One of the best observatory sites on Earth is on the top of Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano, on the Island of Hawaii. 22 Advanced Telescopes Many large optical telescopes are equipped with systems that improve the quality of their images. Some are equipped with computers for automatic adjustments, and lasers 23 Telescopes in Space The Hubble Telescope is a reflecting telescope with a mirror 2.4 meters in diameter. Because it orbits Earth above the atmosphere, it can produce very detailed images. Hubble images have changed how astronomers view the universe. The most recent addition to NASA’s lineup of telescopes in space is the Spritzer Space Telescope launched in 2003. It produces images in the infrared portion of the spectrum. 24 Images from the Hubble Telescope 25 Measurement in Space Parallax: apparent shift in the position of an object when view from two different locations measures the distance of stars from earth that are relatively close Light Years: Unit of measurement for large distances in space Distance light travels in 1 year Light travels 300,000 km/s or 9.5 trillion km /year Proxima Centauri: closest star to earth (4.3 light years away – 40 trillion km) 26 27 Size of the Planets and Stars Click on the link below to see a comparison of the Sizes of the Planets, the Stars, and the Galaxies http://www.cleanvideosearch.co m/media/action/yt/watch?v=H Eheh1BH34Q 28 Proxima Centauri Video 29 Nebulae Large cloud of gas, plasma & dust within a galaxy Typically a few light-years wide Two types: Diffuse nebulae Planetary Nebulae 30 Diffuse nebula Gas & dust particles are spread out and irregular Provides the raw materials that will form new stars A star is born by fusion of hydrogen at 10 million K 31 Planetary Nebula Forms when a star dies and throws off some of its outer material to form a cloud of gas, dust, & plasma Does not contain enough material to create a new star. 32 Group Time Use a double-bubble map to compare and contrast planetary & diffuse nebulae 33 Life Cycle of Stars Video 34 Life Cycle of a Star Main Sequence Star: hydrogen fueled star Makes up about 90% of stars Our sun is a main sequence Two types Low mass – remains a main sequence star longer and are smaller in size High mass – goes through main sequence much faster and are much larger in size 35 Life Cycle of a Low mass Star Giants: fueled by helium from a low mass star Outer layers Cool & expands with a carbon core Planetary nebula: occurs as the core collapses on itself & shells of gas are thrown outward White dwarf: outer layer of gases escapes into space, core contracts leaving a hot dense small star 36 Life Cycle of a High mass Star Super Giant: Fueled by helium from a high mass star Outer layers cool & expands with an iron core Super Nova: iron core collapses and the star explodes Neutron star: collapsed core of super giant with extremely high density Black Hole: tremendously big supernova that collapses to a point of no volume 37 Neutron Stars and Black Holes 38 Relative size of stars 39 The Color of Stars 40 Show Video “The Color of Stars” Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (H-R): 1. Which Star has a hotter Surface: Rigel or Aldebran? 2. Identify these Stars: A. 18,000 C, Low Brightness ____________________ B. 3,5000 C, High Brightness ______________________ C. 5,800 C, Middle Range _______________________ 3. Which Star is most Likely to be red: Rigel, Sirius B, or Betelgeuse? 41 Brightness of StarsApparent Brightness Apparent Brightness- How bright a star seems as seen from Earth. But can’t be used to tell how much light a star actually gives off. Just as a flashlight looks brighter the closer it is to you- a star will look brighter the closer it is to Earth. Our sun looks bright just because it is close 42 Brightness of StarsAbsolute Brightness Absolute Brightness- the brightness the star would have if it were a standard distance from Earth The brightness of stars can vary tremendously. The brightest stars are more than a billion times brighter than the dimmest stars! 43 Use a flow chart to show the cycle of a star linguistically and non-linguistically based on the information in the notes. Round-table 44 Galaxies Huge collection of stars, gas, & dust Galactic Cluster is a group of gravitationally bound galaxies--They are the largest gravitationally bound celestial bodies in the universe 45 Three Types of Galaxies Elliptical Spiral Irregular 46 Elliptical Range from spherical to elliptical No typical size or brightness Contains old cool red stars & small amounts of gas & dust, so no new stars are forming Most common type Ex. Maffei 1 Follow this Link 47 Spiral Spiral: stars arranged in two or more spiral arms Ex. Milky Way & Andromeda New blue stars form in arms Center is often bulging disk of older red stars Barred Spiral: sub-group with a vast straight bar of stars lying across the center with a spiral arm at the end of each bar 48 Irregular lack regular pattern & shape, and are small & faint Two types: colliding & gravitational interaction distorting the shape Mixture of young & old stars with lots of gas & dust for new star formation Ex. Clouds of Magellan 49 Group Time Use a tree map to categorize types of galaxies Round Table 50 Galaxies 51 Milky Way 52 Our Galaxy - The Milky Way Normal Spiral About 100,000 light-years in diameter Contains between 200 billion & 400 billion stars About 14 billion years old 3 basic parts: Bulge Disk Halo 53 Central Bulge Core of galaxy made mostly of older stars Small amounts of gas and dust Very little star formation Why do you think there is little star formation here? 54 Disk Flattened area containing the spiral arms that are pinwheeled shaped Contains lots of gas and dust with younger stars Our solar system is located on the Orion Arm 25,000 light-years away from the central bulge Open Clusters: vast cloud of dust & gas that forms a loose grouping of stars Contains a few dozen to thousands of stars Interstellar matter is thin but widespread Bound together with gravity by a common origin Believed to be what forms the spiral arms 55 Halo Sphere of gas & stars surrounding the central bulge & disk Thought to be 100’s of thousands of light-years across Oldest stars in the galaxy Globular Clusters: tight gravitationally bound concentration of approximately 10 thousand to one million stars that do not break apart Dark Matter: does not produce or reflect light Has a gravitational effect that can be detected Believed to be the most common material in the Milky Way 56 Dark Matter Video 57 Group Time Use a brace map to linguistically & nonlinguistically show parts of the Milky way Galaxy 58 What is the Big Bang Theory? Astronomers theorize the universe began billions of years ago. At that time, the part of the universe we can see was no larger than a period at the end of sentence. According to the big bang theory, the universe formed in an instant, in an enormous explosion. 59 Moving Galaxies In 1920, Edwin Hubble studied the spectrums of many galaxies and determined they were moving away from us indicating the universe is expanding. Hubble found a relationship between the distance to a galaxy and its speed. Hubble’s Law states the farther away a galaxy is the faster it is moving away from us. Hubble’s law strongly supports the big bang. 60 Cosmic Background Radiation In 1965, two American physicist, accidently detected faint radiation, on their radio telescope. Scientists later determined this was left over thermal radiation from the big bang. This would have been distributed in all directions at the big bang. Astronomers can approximate how fast the universe is expanding they can infer how old the universe is. Astronomers estimate the universe to be about 14 to 17 billion years old. 61