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Astronomy Astronomy The study of the planets, stars, and other objects in space. History Nicolaus Copernicus Polish Astronomer 1st suggested the sun was the center of the solar system Put six known planets in proper order. History Galileo Galilei Italian Scientist Greatest contributions were his descriptions of moving objects. Laid groundwork for the study of gravity by demonstrating the weight of an object does not affect its rate of fall. Discovered four moons of Jupiter Observed and recorded the phases of Venus History Galileo Galilei Studied the moon’s surface Tracked sunspots Tried by Inquisition in the 1600’s for teaching against current belief of the Catholic Church. Declared innocent by John Paul II in 1980 History Albert Einstein German born American physicist Developed the Theory of Relativity (E=MC^2) Explained the motion of particles traveling at the speed of light. History Edwin Hubble American Astronomer First discovered light beyond our galaxy. Instruments Refracting Telescope Uses an objective lens to collect light coming from an object in Space Galileo Instruments Reflecting Telescope Uses mirrors to reflect and form a magnified image of an object which is seen through a lens. Issac Newton Instruments Radio Telescope Consists of a reflector, a receiver, and an antenna and focused on a receiver. Radio waves are collected by the antenna and focused on the receiver Grote Reber Instruments Spectroscopes Separates light into wavelengths by means of a glass prism or ruled gratings. Used to determine elements in a star Instruments RADAR System that detects an object beyond the range of visible light. Used to determine an object’s distance or range. Origins Universe Big Bang Theory A cosmic explosion occurred 15 to 20 billion years ago. Sent matter and energy in all directions From this matter all objects in the universe developed. Origins Solar System Nebular Hypothesis A nebula (gas and dust pulled together by gravity) collapsed due to gravitational forces. Flattened by gravity, rotation, and pressure Regions of condensation eventually became the sun and planets, moon and other space objects. The Sun The Sun A medium sized yellow star composed mostly of hydrogen and helium. Exerts gravity on the planets keeping them in orbit. The Sun Structure Core Up to 15,000,000 degrees Celsius Hydrogen and Helium are in constant motion Hydrogen is fused into Helium This releases the sun’s energy The Sun Photosphere Chromosphere Innermost layer of the sun’s atmosphere Middle layer of the sun’s atmosphere Corona Outermost layer of the sun’s atmosphere Although its average temperature is over 1,000,000 degrees it produces little heat. The Sun Activity Sunspots Dark, cooler areas on the photosphere Caused by disturbances in the sun’s magnetic field The Sun Activity Solar Flares Intense magnetic storms on the sun’s surface. The Sun Activity Prominences Arcs of gas that erupt from the surface of the sun. Comet A small mass of ice, rock and dust Comet Orbit the sun in an elliptical orbit Have varying periods of revolution (Comet to Comet) Hailey’s Comet appears every 76 years. (2061) Originate in an area outside our solar system Tail – particles of the comet that have been vaporized and forced away from the sun. Asteroids Small rocky bodies orbiting the sun in the same direction as the planets. Asteroids Most are found in a region between Mars and Jupiter Believed to be fragments of pre-planet material. Known as? What does this mean? Some cross earth’s orbit Meaning? Meteoroids Similar to asteroids but smaller. Meteoroid Meteor A meteoroid that enters Earth’s atmosphere Burn up as a result of friction with gas particles “Falling Star” Meteorite A meteor that doesn’t completely burn up and reaches Earth’s Surface. Meteor Shower Occur when Earth passes through debris left in a comet’s orbit. Stars Bright Spheres of gas Energy fusion. is produced by nuclear Stars Properties Magnitude Brightness based on its composition and distance from the earth. – Actual brightness Apparent – Brightness as in appears from Earth Absolute Stars Properties Color Related to temperature – Blue Cooler – Red Medium - Yellow Hot Stars Properties Hertzberg-Russell Graphs diagram absolute magnitude vs. temperature Used to predict the how long stars will live Life Cycle Nebula Cluster of gas and dust pulled together by gravity. Star Forming Regions Why would they get this name? Stars Life Cycle Protostar Beginning Nuclear stage in star formation. formation begins Stars Life Cycle Main Sequence Hydrogen changes to helium May last billions of years Dependant on mass Stars Life Cycle Red Giant Outer surface cools, expands, and becomes red. Stars Death Final stage depends on mass Low Mass Red Giant collapses and becomes a white dwarf Medium Mass Forms planetary nebula (Shed their outer layer) then a white dwarf Massive Form supernovas then may become a very dense neutron star or an extremely dense black hole. Other Stellar Objects Pulsars Spinning neutron stars that send out beams of radiation. Quasars Very bright centers of some distant galaxies. Constellations A group of stars that form a pattern. 88 accepted worldwide Used for navigation Circumpolar – 5 constellations seen throughout the year that revolve around the North Star Major – Great Bear (includes part of Big Dipper) Ursa Points to the North Star Ursa Minor – Little Bear or Little Dipper North Star (Polaris) is at the end of its handle. Constellations Zodiacal Band Constellations of 12 constellations moving across the sky throughout the year Galaxies Huge system of billions of stars held together by gravity. Galaxies Spiral Disk shaped with a bulge in the center and spiral arms Examples Milky Way Andromeda Galaxies Elliptical Slightly flattened spheres with bright centers. Very little gas and dust. Galaxies Irregular No regular shape. Many stars Great clouds of gas and dust. Examples Large and Small Magellanic Cloud