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Chapter 5 Notes/Section 1: Stars A. Patterns of stars – ____________ 1. Ancient cultures used _________ or everyday items to name constellations 2. Modern astronomy studies _____constellations 3. Some constellations are not ______ all year because Earth revolves around the Sun Chapter 5 Notes/section 1: Stars 4. ________ __________ in the northern sky appear to circle around Polaris and are visible all year. B. Star ___________ 1. __________ ___________– measure of the amount of light a star actually gives off. 2. ____________ ___________ – measure of the amount of a star’s light received on Earth Chapter 5 Notes/Section 1: Stars C. Space _____________ 1. Astronomers measure a star’s _________ –shift in its position when viewed from two different angles. 2. Distance is measured in ___________ – the distance light travels in a year. Chapter 5 Notes: Section 3/Evolution of Stars A. Classifying stars – Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Russell ___________ stars by temperature and absolute magnitude in a H-R diagram 1. _______ ___________- diagonal band on H-R diagram a. Upper left – hot, _______, bright stars b. Lower right - ______, red, dim stars Chapter 5 Notes: Section 3/Evolution of Stars c. Middle – average _________ stars like the Sun 2. __________ and ________ - the 10% of stars that don’t fall in the main sequence B. __________ of hydrogen occurs in star cores releasing huge amounts of energy Chapter 5 Notes: Section 3/Evolution of Stars C. _____________ of stars 1. A __________ contracts and breaks apart from the instability caused by gravity a. ___________ in each nebula chunk increase as particles move closer together b. At 10 million K _________ begins and energy from a new star radiates into space Chapter 5 Notes: Section 3/Evolution of Stars 2. The new main sequence star _________ pressure from fusion heat with gravity a. Balance is lost when core hydrogen fuel is ________ ____. b. Core contracts and heats up causing outer layers to _______ and cool c. Star becomes a _______ as it expands and outer layers cool Chapter 5 Notes: Section 3/Evolution of Stars d. Helium nuclei fuse to form core of _________ 3. A ____________ _________ forms from the giant star a. Helium is exhausted and outer layers of giant ________ into space b. Core contracts into hot, dense, small star Chapter 5 Notes: Section 3/Evolution of Stars 4. In massive stars fusion causes higher temperatures and greater expansion into a _________ a. Eventually fusion stops as iron is formed b. The core crashes inward causing the outer part to explode as an incredibly bright ____________ Chapter 5 Notes: Section 3/Evolution of Stars 5. The collapsed core of a supernova may form a __________ _______ of extremely high density 6. A tremendously big supernova core can collapse to a point with no volume forming a __________ _________. a. _____________ is so strong not even light can escape Chapter 5 Notes: Section 3/Evolution of Stars b. Beyond a black hole’s _________ __________ gravity operates as it would before the mass collapsed 7. Matter emitted by a star over its life time is recycled and can become part of a new __________ Chapter 5/Section 4: Galaxies of the Universe A. __________ gravity holds together a large collection of stars, gas, and dust 1. Earth galaxy is Milky Way which is part of a galaxy cluster named the ______ _____. 2. _______ _______ - spiral arms wind out from inner section; some have barred spirals with stars and gas in a central bar 3. _______ _________ - large, three-dimensional ellipses; most common type Chapter 5/Section 4: Galaxies of the Universe 4. ________ ________- smaller, less common galaxies with various different shapes B. The Milky Way Galaxy – usually classified as a _______ ______ _____ 1. Contains more than 200 ______ stars 2. About 100,000 light-years ______ 3. Sun orbits galaxy’s core every 240 million years Chapter 5/Section 4: Galaxies of the Universe C. Theories on the ______ of the universe 1. ________ ________ _________ universe has always existed just as it is now 2. __________ _______ - universe expands and contracts repeatedly over time Chapter 5/Section 4: Galaxies of the Universe D. Universe is __________ 1. ________ ______ - light changes as it moves toward or away from an object a. Starlight moving toward Earth shifts to _____ - ______ end of spectrum b. Starlight moving away from Earth shifts to ____ end of spectrum Chapter 5/Section 4: Galaxies of the Universe 2. All galaxies outside the Local Group indicate a red shift in their spectra indicating they are moving ______ from Earth E. ____ _______ _______ - holds that universe began 12 to 15 million years ago with a huge explosion that caused expansion everywhere at the same time Chapter 5/Section 4: Galaxies of the Universe 1. Galaxies more than 10 ________ lightyears away give information about a young universe 2. The universe may eventually _____ expanding and begin _________