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Revision booklet answers
Page 3 - Astronomy
1.
Star: a ball of gas - stationary and make their own
light using nuclear fusion
Planet: Smaller objects that orbit stars – made of
rock or gas, only reflect light
Solar System: our sun and everything that orbits
it.
Lunar Eclipse: When the Moon passes through
the Earth’s shadow (Sun Earth Moon)
Solar Eclipse: When the Moon moves between
the sun and Earth and causes a small shadow
to form on Earth (Sun Moon Earth)
Spring tide: When the Sun and Moon are all in
line. The tides are unusually high and
unusually low (Esp. strong tides)
Neap tide: occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon
form a triangle (at right angles). Less
difference between high and low tide (Esp.
weak tides)
2. Lunar eclipse
Moon phase: Full moon
3. Solar eclipse
Moon phase: New Moon
Spring tides
Spring tides can only occur at full and new moon
Page 4
Star
Planet
Size
Large
Smaller
Composition
Gas
Rock or gas
Movement
Stationary
Orbits around
stars
Other
Makes its own
light
Reflects light only
6. Life is possible due to the sun. The sun emits
sunlight which produces warmth (so the
temperature is suitable) and light (for the
process of photosynthesis)
7. South celestial pole. The stars are stationary.
They appear as if they were moving because
the Earth is rotating on its axis.
8. Southern Cross, Matariki, Libra, Scorpius.
Some of the Southern hemisphere constellations
can be seen in the northern hemisphere.
A constellation is a group of named stars.
The seasons are caused by the tilt of the
Earth’s axis
In winter we are
tilted away from
the Sun so the
light energy is
more spread out.
In summer we
are tilted towards
the Sun so the
light energy is
more direct.
Page 5 - Physics
• A force is… a push, pull, or twist that can
change an object’s movement
• Gravity is… the force that one mass exerts on
another
• Weight force… the force of gravity acting on an
object
• Weight is… force of gravity pulling down on an
object. Measured in newtons (N)
• Mass is… the amount of matter in an object
• A kilogram is… the unit of mass
•
Objects traveling at constant speed: all
opposing forces must be equal
• Object slowing down: drag force must be
larger than thrust
1. 30 minutes = 0.5 hour
40km / 0.5hr = 80 km/hr
2. 2hr 15min = 2.25hr
80km/hr x 2.25 hr = 180km
3. V = d/t  t = d/v = 120km = 1.5hr
80km/hr
Page 6
• Type A: Force advantage. E.g. see-saw,
scissor
• Type B: force advantage. E.g.
wheelbarrow, nail clippers
• Type C: Movement advantage. E.g. fishing
rod, tweezers, tongs
• Field forces: magnetic, electrostatic,
gravitational
• Contact forces: friction, support, tension
Net force: the sum of
all the forces acting
on an object (opposite
forces cancel out)
200N
100N
300N
200N
Net force of 200N
towards the left
Page 7 – Light and Sight
1. Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
2.
Incident
ray
Normal
Angle of
incidence
Angle of
reflection
Mirror
Reflected
ray
3. Shadows (light cannot bend around corners)
4.
(a) Opaque: no light passes through object,
cannot see through
(b) Translucent: some light passes through
object, cannot see through
(c) Transparent: all light passes through object,
can clearly see through
(d) Primary colours: Red, blue, and green. These
three colours can be mixed to produce almost
all colours
(e) Secondary colour: made when two primary
colours are mixed (magenta, cyan, yellow)
(f) Reflect: when light bounces off an object
(g) Absorb: when light is taken in by an object
(h) Concave: lens or mirror that bulges away from
you
(i) Convex: lens or mirror that bulges towards you
(j) Converge: light rays coming to meet at a focus
(k) real: an image that can be projected onto a
screen
(l) virtual: when light rays don’t actually pass
through the point where the image is
(5)
Red and blue light is absorbed (used for
photosynthesis). Green light is reflected.
Eye diagram:
Left side labels: iris, pupil, lens, cornea
Right side labels: muscle, retina, optic nerve
Page 8 - Particles
1.
Compound: chemical in which atoms of different
elements are bonded together
Molecule: group of atoms that are bonded
Mixture: when chemicals are mixed together but
are not chemically bonded
Element: pure substance made up of only one
type of atom
2. Mixture, compound, element
mixture, compound, element
3. Water-compound, oxygen gas-element, cokemixture, ink-mixture, milo-mixture, saltcompound, seawater-mixture, air-mixture,
nitrogen gas-element, carbon monoxidecompound, iron-element, magnesium oxidecompound.
4. magnesium, iron, lead, sodium, copper, lithium,
calcium
Page 9
5 – see periodic table
6. metals: left side, non-metals: right side (except
for hydrogen)
7.
Distillation: different liquids in a solution boil
separately (can also separate water from solid)
Chromatography: separating coloured
substances using filter paper and a solvent
Decanting: pouring a liquid off a solid (or a liquid
that doesn’t mix)
Filtration: insoluble solid can’t pass through filter,
but liquid will
Crystallisation: a liquid will evaporate to leave a
dissolved solid behind
8.
Distillation
Filtration
Decanting/filtration
Evaporation
Chromatography
Page 10
Atomic N. = 12; number of protons and electrons
Mass N. = 24; number of particles in the nucleus
(number of protons and neutrons)
Magnesium have 12 electrons
Mg: 2, 8, 2
12p
12n
9.
Magnesium + oxygen  magnesium oxide
Aluminium + oxygen  aluminium oxide
10. New substance produced, smell,
fizzing/bubbling, colour change, light, reaction is
hard to reverse.
Physical change: change in state – where heat is
added or taken away so that the atom
arrangement is changed. (e.g. from liquid to
solid)
Page 11 – Atomic structure
(a) Sodium
(b) Lithium
(c) Oxygen
(d) Neon
1.
3rd electron shell
Valence
electron
Nucleus
2nd electron shell
1st electron shell
Proton
2.
Letter/Name
Use
A beaker
B funnel
C gas jar
D conical flask
E measuring cylinder
F test tube
G gauze
H tripod
I Bunsen
J evaporating dish
K stirring rod
Hold/ heat/mix liquids
Pouring/filtering
Hold gas
Hold/heat/mix liquids
Accurately measure liquids
Hold/heat/mix liquids
Hold objects on tripod
Hold objects above Bunsen
Heating
Evaporating liquids
Stirring
Page 12
Average
23.7
19.3
14.0
12.3
9.3
Page 13 – Plant and Animal cells
Cell wall
Vacuole
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Chloroplast
PART
C
C
W
Vacuoles
R
Mitochondrion
PLANT
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Large central
Regular shape
ANIMAL
none
none
Many small
Irregular shape
• Cell membrane: controls all that leaves or
enters the cell
• Cell Wall: gives shape and support
• Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis (green
from chlorophyll)
• Mitochondria: site of respiration (release
of energy)
• Nucleus: controls everything that goes on
in the cell (contains DNA)
• Vacuole: storage
Page 14 - Photosynthesis
Plants produce food by the process of photosynthesis
The green colouring in plants called chlorophyll is used
to trap the energy from the Sun. Plants are called
producers.
Animals are consumers as they cannot make their own
food.
Animals that eat plants are called herbivores while
animals that eat meat are called carnivores. An animal
that eats plant matter and meat is called an omnivore.
Energy flows from one organism to another in a food
chain while minerals are recycled by decomposers.
The first trophic level is always a producer because
energy from the Sun needs to be trapped as
glucose/food.
Animals and plants are made up of cells - every living
thing is made of cells and also carries out all of MRS
GREN.
2.
Osmosis allows water carrying nutrients to enter
leaves and transpiration carries nutrients in the
water stream and the water escapes the leaves via
stomata.
osmosis is the movement of
water from area of high
concentration to area of low
concentration.
transpiration is the movement
of water up the stem of a plant
and out of the leaves due to
the pull of water leaving the
leaves through the stomata
and osmosis causing water to
keep replacing lost water in
the cells
Page 15 – Key practice
1. Can it be used with a hammer?
yes: tack/nail
no go to Q2
2. Does it have a thread?
yes go to Q3
no go to Q4
3. Is it octagonal?
yes: nut
no: screw
4. Does it have a sharp point?
yes go to Q5
no: paper clip
5. Can you use it on clothes?
yes go to Q6
no go to Q7
6. Do you need thread to use it?
yes: needle
no: safety pin
7. Do you use it fishing?
yes: fishing hook
no: thumb tack
**yours may be different but still right – it must have yes/no questions but can
be set out in a diagram instead of just written questions (like the one below)
–check with your teacher if you are not sure.
A FIVE FINGER
B RUAEKAU
C WINEBERRY
Page 16 – Biology Revision
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Sensitivity
Movement
Respiration
Reproduction
Growth
Nutrition
Excretion
1. B
2. P
3. S
4. B
5. P
6. B
7. S
8. B
9. S
10. S
• Osmosis is the movement of water from area
of high concentration to area of low
concentration
• Transpiration is the movement of water up the
stem of a plant and out of the leaves due to
the pull of water leaving the leaves through the
stomata and osmosis causing water to keep
replacing lost water in the cells.
Proof – put food colouring in water and put a
stick of celery in the water. Celery will
gradually become coloured due to the
coloured water moving up the xylem and into
the leaves
Page 17 – Food and Digestion
Food Type
Test
Positive result and
example of food which
contains it
Protein
Sodium hydroxide and
copper sulfate
Lilac colour
Glucose
Benedicts solution and
heat
Brick red or
orange/green/yellow
Starch
Iodine solution
Blue black colour
Fat/oil
Rub on paper
Grease mark
Oesophagus
Liver
Stomach
Small intestine
A healthy diet should follow a food pyramid with little of
the things at the top (fats and sugary foods) and more
of the things lower down the pyramid. A healthy diet
contains all of the food groups in appropriate amounts
and an over food intake that is not more than you use
(or you store it as fat)
Extra: Complete a Venn Diagram for
solar eclipses and lunar eclipses
Lunar eclipse
Solar eclipse
•Involves the
•Involves the
•Involves the
Sun, Moon, and Earth’s shadow
moon’s
•During the
shadow
Earth
night (Full
•During the day •Involves shadows
Moon)
(can be total or
(New moon)
partial)
•Longer, can
•Brief and
•Can be seen
be seen by
localised
on Earth
half the world