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MICROQUASARS
Five international workshops
Felix Mirabel
European Southern Observatory. Chile
HIGH ENERGY SOURCES IN THE GALACTIC CENTRE
Mirabel, Rodriguez, et al, 1992
Wang et al. ApJ 2002
Chandra
Belanger, Goldwurm, Goldoni, ApJ 2003
INTEGRAL
Black Hole
QUASAR-MICROQUASAR ANALOGY
QUASAR
MICROQUASAR
Mirabel & Rodriguez (Nature 1998)
The scales of length and time
are proportional to MBH
Rsh = 2GMBH/c2 ; DT a MBH
Unique system of equations:
The maximum color temperature
of the accretion disk is:
Tcol a (M/ 10M)-1/4
(Shakura & Sunyaev, 1976)
Waited era of space astronomy
For a given accretion rate:
LBol a MBH ; ljet a MBH ;
j a MBH-1 ; B a MBH-1/2
(Sams, Eckart, Sunyaev, 96; Rees 04)
APPARENT SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN mQSOs AS IN QSOs ?
SUPERLUMINAL EJECTION IN A mQSO
Mirabel & Luis Rodriguez, 1994
THE PLASMA THAT RADIATES IN THE HARD
X-RAYS IS BLOWN IN SUPERLUMINAL JETS
l3.6 cm
1 arcsec
GRS 1915+105
Vapp > C
for a
DISTANCE > 8 Kpc
VLA
SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN THE GALAXY
Mirabel & Rodriguez, 1994
WITH SAME BULK LORENTZ FACTORS AS IN QSOs
1) RELATIVISTIC ABERRATION IN ANTISYMMETRIC TWIN JETS
2) JETS ARE TWO-SIDED WHICH ALLOWS TO SOLVE EQUATIONS
3) MOVE ON THE PLANE OF THE SKY ~103 TIMES FASTER THAN AGN
4) AGN (e.g M87) BETTER TO COLLIMATION MECHANISM (Birreta, Livio…)
DARK JETS FROM BLACK HOLES
SS433
Margon et al. (1979 - 1984)
Radio (Dubner et al); X-rays: (Brinkmann et al)
VLA l20cm
SS433/W50
1arcsec
1o = 60 pc
• ATOMIC NUCLEI MOVING AT 0.26c 
• MECHANICAL LUMINOSITY > 1039 erg/sec
• NON RADIATIVE JETS = “DARK” JETS
• > 50% OF THE ENERGY IS NOT RADIATED
LARGE-SCALE JETS IN CYGNUS X-1
Gallo, Fender et al. Nature 2005
Ring diameter = 5 pc
> 50% OF THE RELEASED
ENERGY IS NOT RADIATED
LARGE-SCALE JETS
IN GRS 1915+105 ?
Rodriguez & Mirabel (2006)
Hot spots at ~ 50 pc
MOVING X-RAY JETS IN A mQSO
mQSOs XTE J1550-564 & H1743-322
Corbel et al. Science 2002, 05
X-rays are produced by synchrotron  electrons accelerated to TeV energies
ACCRETION–JET CONNECTION
DT a MBH
1 hr = 30 yr in SgrA*
Mirabel et al. (1998)
ABSCENCE OF EVIDENCE FOR A MATERIAL SURFACE AROUND 14 Msun
THE ONSET OF THE JET IS AT THE TIME OF A X-RAY “SPIKE”:
REFILL OF THE DISK & SHOCK THROUGH COMPACT JET
SUDDEN
COMPACT STEADY JETS
Ribo, Mirabel & Dhawan (2005)
2.0 cm
Mirabel et. al, 1998
3.6 cm
• ~100 AU IN LENGTH PRESENT DURING PLATEAU STATE
• SPEED OF THE FLOW < 0.4c (Ribo, Mirabel & Dhawan 2005)
• LARGE SCALE JETS ARE SHOCKS PROPAGATING AT ~0.98c
THROUGH THE SLOWER MOVING COMPACT JET
• COMPACT JET USED TO MEASURE SPACE VELOCITIES
HOW ARE BLACK HOLE BINARIES FORM ?
THERE ARE THEORETICAL MODELS
e.g. Fryer & Kalogera ; Woosley & Heger (2002)
BUT FEW OBSERVATIONS !
Mirabel & I. Rodrigues (2001-05):
use the kinematics of mQSOs to find out
•BIRTH PLACE & NATURE OF
THE PROGENITOR STARS
•WHETHER THE PROGENITOR
STAR ALWAYS EXPLODES AS AN
ENERGETIC SUPERNOVA
A BLACK HOLE IN THE GALACTIC HALO
XTE J1118+480 MBH~7 M M*=0.1–0.5 M ; l=158o b=+62o ; D=1.9 kpc
GALACTOCENTRIC ORBIT FOR THE LAST 230 Myrs
Yellow: Sun
White: BH binary
Orbit typical of globular clusters
(Mirabel & Rodrigues, Nature 2001)
but
Solar abundances in the star
imply that the black hole formed
in a SN that polluted the donnor
(astro-ph by Gonzalez et al. 2006)
WAS THIS BH FORMED IN THE HALO, THICK DISK OR IN
THE GALACTIC THIN DISK BY A VIOLENT NATAL KICK ?
A RUNAWAY BLACK HOLE
GRO J1655-40
MBH ~ 4 M
ORBITS FOR THE LAST 230 Myrs
Yellow: Sun
A LIKELY FOSSIL OF A GRBs
FORMED IN AN HYPER-NOVA
(Israelian et al. Nature 2001)
White: BH binary
Mirabel, Irapuan Rodrigues et al.
(A&A 395, 595, 2002)
Proper motion with HST +
radial velocity from ground
RUNAWAY VELOCITY ~120 km/s
MOMENTUM = 550 M km/s
as in runaway neutron stars
LOW-MASS BLACK HOLE FORMED
IN A LUMINOUS SUPERNOVA
THE RUNAWAY HMXB LS 5039
A VHE (> 100 GEV) sources detected with HESS (Aharonian, Science 2005)
Paredes, Ribo et al. 2002
Ribo et al. 2002
V = 100-140 km/s; e~0.5; Mj = 2000-5000 Km/s M ; Mejected in SN = 5-15 M
MX ~3.7 Msolar Mdonor ~ 23 Msolar
e = 0.35
Casares et al. (2005)
EJECTION OF A Be/XRB FROM A CLUSTER
LSI +61 303: a VHE (>100 GEV) source detected with MAGIC (Gonzalez et al. 2006)
Mirabel, I. Rodrigues & Lu (A&A, 2004)
Massey et al. 1995
IC 1805
V ~ 27 km/s  < 2M were blown away. Linear momentum = 430 M km/s.
IF MASSIVE STAR FORMATION IN THE PARENT CLUSTERS IS COEVAL:
Low mass compact objects such as in LSI +61 303, the magnetar SGR
1806-20 (Fuchs et al. 1999) and a X-ray pulsar in Westerlund 1 (Muno et al. 2006)
may have been formed from very massive progenitors (> 40 M )
THE GALACTIC TRIP OF SCORPIUS X-1
The best determined XRB path
(Mirabel & I. Rodrigues, 2003)
GALACTOCENTRIC ORBIT FOR THE LAST 230 Myrs
Yellow: Sun
Blue: BH binary
SCO X-1 FORMED IN A GLOBULAR CLUSTER OR GALACTIC BULGE
THE ~10 M BLACK HOLE IN
Cyg X-1 WAS BORN IN THE DARK
Mirabel & I. Rodrigues, Science (2003)
V < 9 +/- 2 km/s

< 1 M ejected in SN
Otherwise it would have
been shot out from the
parent association of
massive stars
MASSIVE STELLAR BH FORM PROMPTLY
FORMATION OF THE BH IN GRS 1915+105
Black hole of 14 +/-4 M with a ~1 M donor (Greiner et al. 2002-3)
VLBA astrometry during 7 yrs:6.8+/-0.2 mas/yr (Dhawan & Mirabel, 2005)
Moves in the Galactic plane with Vb = 0 +/- 4 km/sec
VBH = (33 to 70) +/- 12 km/s for D = 9 to 12 kpc)
By dynamic diffusion velocity of old disk population is ~50 km/s
THE BH WAS FORMED PROMPTLY IN THE DISK
QSO - mQSO - GRB ANALOGY
HAVE THE SAME 3 BASIC INGREEDIENTS (Mirabel & Rodriguez, Sky&Tel ( 2002)
neutron star
no
?
no
AN UNIVERSAL MAGNETO-HYDRODINAMIC MECHANISM FOR JETS ?
SUMMARY
Microquasars have provided insight into:
-THE PHYSICS OF RELATIVISTIC JETS FROM BH’s
-THE CONNECTION BETWEEN ACCRETION & EJECTION
-THE FORMATION OF BLACK HOLES AND NEUTRON STARS:
Can stars of >40 Msolar end as neutron stars rather than BHs ?
Do BHs of >10 Msolar form promptly rather than in bright SN ?
Microquasars could provide insight into:
• A LARGE FRACTION OF ULXs IN NEARBY GALAXIES
• GRBs OF LONG DURATION IN DISTANT GALAXIES