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STARS What are stars? • Stars are huge balls of very hot gas. • A Constellation is a group of stars that form an imaginary picture in the sky. • Some examples include: The Big Dipper, The Little Dipper, Orion, and Scorpio. Types of Stars and How They Form • Low Mass Stars • Medium Mass Stars • High Mass Stars Low Mass Stars • • • • Nebula Protostar Main Sequence Star White Dwarf • Small, cool stars • Use hydrogen slowly • Live more than 30 billion years Medium Mass Stars • • • • • • Nebula Protostar Main Sequence Star Red Giant Planetary Nebula White Dwarf • Medium size and temperature • Live about 10 billion years High Mass Stars • • • • • • Nebula Photostar Main Sequence Star Supergiant Supernova Neutron Star or Black Hole • Hottest, most massive stars • Shortest lives: just millions of years • Use hydrogen quickly Black Holes • Formed when a supernova explodes, which causes the core to collapse. • So dense that even light can’t escape their gravity. Star Properties Colors and Temperatures Blue Hottest Yellow Medium temperature Sun Red Coolest Starlight Brightness • Apparent Magnitude: How bright a star appears to be from earth when viewed with the unaided eye. Distance can cause a dimmer star to appear to be brighter than a brighter star that is farther away. • Absolute Magnitude: The amount of light (brightness) a star actually has. This is an actual measurement. When a star forms it begins its “life.” When a star runs out of fuel, it dies. So a star has a life similar to a battery in that it cannot be recharged. When the battery runs out of energy, it is finished. Our sun will run out of energy and it will be finished too... But this will not happen for another 5 billion years! Life cycle of our sun We are now here