Download Earths Place in the Universe

Earths Place in the
Universe
• Standard 2a and 2b
• Students know the solar system is
located in an outer edge of the discshaped Milky Way Galaxy, which
spans 100,000 light years
• Students know galaxies are made of
billions of stars and comprise most of
the visible mass of the universe.
Galaxies
• Are composed of billions and trillions
of stars and make up the visible mass
of the universe.
Galaxies
Milky Way Galaxy
Sun
Alpha Centari
The Milky Way Galaxy
• A disk made of stars orbiting a central point
in the disk.
• Our sun is just 1 of 100 billion stars that
make up the milky way.
• It is difficult to determine its size and shape
because we are located in the milky way.
• The solar system is located in an outer edge
of the disc-shaped Milky Way Galaxy,
which spans 100,000 light years.
Classification of Galaxies
• Dislike galaxies with spiral arms were
called spiral galaxies.
• Galaxies that are inflated and do not
have arms are called elliptical
galaxies.
• Irregular galaxies fit into both
elliptical and spiral galaxies
Standard 1e
Students know the Sun is a
typical star and is powered by
nuclear reactions, primarily the
fusion of hydrogen to form
helium.
The Sun
The Sun is the largest object in the solar
system.
99.8% total mass
Typical star, many other stars are similar
but smaller in size.
Top 10 % of largest stars
Suns composition
70% hydrogen
28% helium
2% other metals
Changes as sun
converts hydrogen
into helium in the
core.
Nuclear Reactions
 Typical nuclear
reaction is where
several sub-atomic
particles come
together, interact, and
several particles
emerge. There is
several of these
reactions that take
place on the sun.
 This is the type of
nuclear reaction
taking place on the
sun.
 4 hydrogen as they
change to helium it is
called hydrogen
burning. Hydrogen is
“fuel”. There is no
real burning.
 End result is helium.
 Mass on the right is
less than the left.
End up with energy
produced.
Gamma rays
Energy of motion of the
suns particles
 Build up to fusion
reactions
Review Sheet
What is the largest object in the solar
system?
Explain the composition of the sun.
Describe the process that takes place in
the sun.
What gases are involved in nuclear
fusions?
Explain what happens when the gases run
out in a star.
Standard 1a
Students know how the
differences and similarities among
the sun, the terrestrial planets,
and the gas planets may have
been established during the
formation of the solar system.
Draw and label the inner and outer solar
system on your notes.
Identify the Inner and Outer
Solar System Planets
How Many Planets?
?
Solar System
 Consists of:
 The Sun
 Nine planets
 130 planet satellites
(moons)
 Comets
 Asteroids
Identify the components or things that
make up our solar system.
Bonus Question: Explain how the different
components of the solar system interact
together.
Terrestrial planets
 Rocky planets
 Venus, Mercury,
Pluto, Earth and Mars
 Composed primary of
rock and metal
 High densities
 Slow rotation
 Solid surfaces
 No rings
 Few satellites
Identify the terrestrial
planets.
Name four characteristics
of a terrestrial planet.
Gas Planets
 Jupiter, Venus,
Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune
 Composed of
hydrogen and helium
 Low densities
 Rapid rotation
 Deep atmospheres
 Rings
 Lots of Satellites
Identify the gas planets.
Name four characteristics
of a gas planet.
Discuss the differences
between gas and
terrestrial planets.
Standard 1b
Students know the evidence from
Earth and moon rocks indicates
that the solar system was formed
from a nebular cloud of dust and
gas approximately 4.6 billion
years ago.
What is the origin of the solar system?
It is generally agreed that it
condensed from a nebula of
dust and gas. But the details
are far from clear.
Explain the theory of the origin of
the solar system.
Review Sheet- You and your partner will write the question
and answer the following questions.
1. Discuss the differences between
terrestrial and gas planets.
2. Explain the theory dealing with the
origin of the solar system.
3. Using the following words; identify,
explain, name, what, and discuss to
create five questions for your review
sheet. Remember to answer your
questions. This is your ticket out of here!
Steps of solar system formation
 Heats up and
compresses.
(100,000 years)
Steps of solar system formation
 Become protostar
Radiates energy
away from star.
Steps of solar system formation
 Gases cool off: metal,
rock and ice
condenses.
Steps of solar system formation
 Dust particles collide
creating asteroids.
Steps of solar system formation
 Gravitational pulls
begins.
Steps of solar system formation
 Solar nebula
disturbed and
collapses under own
gravity
Steps of solar system formation
 As Nebula cools the
star generates solar
wind
Explain the steps of how the
solar system was created.
Standard 1c
Students know the evidence
from geological studies of Earth
and other planets suggest that
the early Earth was very
different from Earth today.
Early Earth
Early Earth
 Very hot
 Constant volcanism
 Atmosphere consists
Helium and hydrogen
 Cooling Change
 Heat displaced to
space
 Condensation of
water due to volcanic
ash
Present Earth
 Atmosphere
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
.03% Carbon Dioxide
Miscellaneous Gases
 Stable biological
conditions
Standard 1f
Students know the evidence for
the dramatic effects that asteroid
impacts have had in shaping the
surface of planets and their
moons and in mass extinctions of
life on Earth.
Asteroids
 Rocky metallic bodies
that revolve around
the sun
 When an asteroid hits
it changes everything
forever
 When asteroids hit
planets it creates
huge depressions
called craters.
Meteor Crater in Arizona
 Hit happened 50,000
years ago
 An asteroid impact
kills all living
organisms.
 Theory of Dinosaur
extinction involves the
impact of an asteroid
on our atmosphere
 Asteroids do bring
other things:
Chemical components
of life
Water
Explain the negative and
positive impacts that
asteroids have on earth.
Standard 2c
Students know the evidence
indicating that all elements with
an atomic number greater than
that of lithium have been formed
by nuclear fusion in stars.
What is an Element?
An element is a fundamental substance
which can not be further subdivided
without destroying its identity.
Where did elements come from?
All elements originated from stars long
ago.
Elements were created by nuclear fusion.
The process of fusing together light elements
into heavier elements . This process is found in
stars and the sun.
What is an element?
Where do elements
originate from?
Review Sheet- You and your partner complete
1. Discuss the differences between past
and present earth.
2. Explain how elements are formed.
3. Create questions using the words:
what, how, and explain. Answer the
questions. This is your ticket out the door.
Standard 2d
Students know that stars differ in
their life cycles and that visual,
radio, and X-ray telescopes may
be used to collect data that reveal
those differences.
Star Life Cycle
Formation of a star begins with a cloud of
interstellar gas and dust called a nebula
Collapses on its self from its own gravity
Hot condensed object in the center called
a protostar.
Condensed object becomes a new star
This is when it is the brightest
Now what?
 Fusion begins when
the inside of the star
is hot enough
Convert hydrogen into
helium
 Becomes stable by
producing internal
heat to balance
gravity.
 Stars expand as they grow old.
 As the core runs out of hydrogen and then
helium, the core contacts and the outer layers
expand, cool, and become less bright.
 It will eventually collapse and explode.
 Its fate is determined by the original mass of
the star; it will become either a black dwarf,
neutron star, or black hole.
Black Holes – dead stars
Discuss with your partner
how a star is formed.
Sun Like Star Life Cycle
 Star
 Red Giant- Luminousity
Increases and Surface
Temperature
Decreases
 Planetary Nebulaoutside gas expands
and center looks white
and hot.
 White Dwarf- Stable
despite lack of nuclear
reactions
List the steps of a sun like
star.
 Huge Star
 Red Giant
 Supernova- Do not
lose enough mass to
become a white dwarf.
Center violently
collapses
 Neutron Star- High
density, created from
explosion from the
supernova
Turn to your partner and discuss.
Discuss the step of the
life cycle of a huge star.
 Giant Star
 Red Star
 Supernova
 Black Hole- Too
massive to form
neutron stars,
resistance is to strong
and the star collapses
forever. Small dense
object is left behind.
Explain the steps of a
giant star’s lifecycle.
Review Sheet- You and partner complete the review
sheet.
1. 1. Discuss the differences between
past and present earth.
2. Explain how elements are formed.
3. Create 3 questions using the words:
what, describe, and explain. Answer the
questions. This is your ticket out the door.