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Science Starter # Street Planet City Orbit State Star? Country …? Continent … Hemisphere … … … Review from last class The Universe’s Origin Big Bang Theory Steady State Theory The Universe’s End Big Crunch Expansion Forever http://www.foxnews.com/science/2013/09/19 /how-much-longer-can-earth-support-life/ Standard 1.1 Structure of the Universe Objective • SWBAT Distinguish the hierarchical relationships between planets and other astronomical bodies relative to solar system, galaxy, and universe, including distance, size, and composition. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Agenda Science Starter Into to the Universe size & Scale Practice time! Remember our Lesson Goal! 1. What makes up the universe? By the end of this lesson, you should be able to describe the structure of the universe, including the scale of distance in the universe. Standard 1.1 Structure of the Universe How Big Is Big? How are distances in the universe measured? • Distances between most objects in the universe are so large that astronomers measure distances using the speed of light. A light-year is the distance that light travels through space in one year. Size and Scale of the Universe Image courtesy of The Cosmic Perspective by Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, & Voit; Addison Wesley, 2002 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IVq MXPFYwI • Comprised primarily of rock • Earth is one of eight planets that orbit the sun • 12,700 km in diameter • It would take 17 days to circumnavigate the globe driving a car at 100 km/hr (62 mph) Image Credit: NASA/JPL/GSFC • The star that Earth orbits • Uses nuclear fusion in its core to generate heat and light to allow itself to resist the crushing weight of its own mass Image Credit: SOHO/NASA/ESA • The Sun’s diameter is 109 times greater than that of Earth • Over 1 million Earths would fit inside Image Credit: SOHO/NASA/ESA • It would take 11,780 Earths lined up side to side to bridge the gap between Earth and Sun Size and Scale of the Universe Image credit: NASA Image credit: NASA Consists of: •1 large object •Sun •several medium-sized objects • 8 planets, some dwarf planets, and moons •lots of debris •asteroids, meteoroids, comets, dust Size and Scale of the Universe Image credit: NASA Image credit: NASA • A planet is a spherical body that orbits the sun. The sun is our central star. • Moons are smaller bodies that orbit most planets. • A star is a large celestial body that is composed of gas and emits light. • Asteroids: Rocky and metallic objects too small to be considered planets. • Meteorites are bits of the solar system that have fallen to the Earth. • Comets: small bodies made out of dust and ices Size and Scale of the Universe • The region of the Galaxy within about 20 lightyears of the Sun (40 light-years diameter) • A light-year is the distance that light travels in one year (~10 trillion kilometers or 63,000 AU) Image credit: Andrew Colvin A galaxy is a large collection of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity. • The Milky Way Galaxy is a giant disk of stars 100,000 light-years across and 1,000 light-years thick • It takes about 250 million years for the Sun to complete one orbit Image credit: R. Hurt (SSC), JPL-Caltech, NASA • There are over 200 billion stars in the Milky Way Size and Scale of the Universe • About 6.5 million lightyears in diameter • Contains 3 large spiral galaxies -Milky Way, Andromeda(M3 1), and Triangulum(M3 3) Image Credit: Andrew Colvin Size and Scale of the Universe • The Local Supercluster is about 130 million lightyears across • It’s a huge cluster of thousands upon thousands of galaxies Image credit: Andrew Colvin • Containing well over a thousand galaxies The Supercluster Earth Belong To: Size and Scale of the Universe • Probably at least 100 billion galaxies in the Universe • The Observable Universe is currently about 91 billion light-years across The universe can be defined as space and all the matter and energy in it. • There could be (and likely is) much more beyond that, but we cannot see it from Standard 1.1 Structure of the Universe What is the structure of the universe? • Astronomers have begun to think of the universe as having a structure similar to soap bubbles. • Clusters and superclusters are located along the thin bubble walls. • The interior of the bubbles are voids. It takes light hundreds of millions of years to cross the largest voids. Using the table below, construct your own diagram of the universe Realm Earth Actual Size Scale Model (diameter in km) 12,700 (1.27E+4) salt grain (0.1 mm) 1.39 million (1.39E+6) gum ball (1.09 cm) Solar System 30 billion (3.0E+10) football stadium (234 meters) Solar Neighborhood 378 trillion (3.78E+14) ~ size of Moon (3,480 km) 946 quadrillion (9.46E+17) 5.4 Suns (7.5 million km) Local Group (of galaxies) 62 quintillion (6.15E+19) orbit of Mars Local Supercluster 1.2 sextillion (1.2E+21) orbit of Neptune 860.9 sextillion (8.6E+23) Oort Cloud-radius (48,000 AU or 0.76 ly) Sun Galaxy Universe -diameter (~3 AU) -diameter (~60 AU) Be sure to include things like asteroids, other planets, etc Using what you know, write two paragraphs explaining Earth’s location in the universe.