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SEE Grid Roadmap – Information viewpoint
Simon Cox
CSIRO
Outline
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Models for geographic data
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Interoperability through community languages
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What’s ready and who’s signed on?
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ISO/TC 211
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Open GIS Consortium
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2004-05-06
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1. Traditional GIS data models
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Points, lines and polygons
Tenement
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Geometry-centric abstraction relates to
the implementation, not the business object
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One shape per feature does not allow
multiple spatial properties, scale-dependent versions …
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2. Conceptual object model: features
Basic feature model
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to be extended for specific
applications
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class name = feature-type
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e.g. Borehole
attribute & association names =
properties of this feature-type
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3. Spatial function: coverage
For each position within a spatio-temporal domain, the value
from the (possibly complex) range can be determined
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(x1,y1)
(x2,y2)
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Suitable for fields, continuously varying properties
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Discrete or continuous domain
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Domain is often a grid
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“Universe of discourse”: community schema
ISO 19109:
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The rules in this standard will assist the users of applications
with similar data requirements in creating a common
application schema for the interface between their
systems and data. This includes an agreement about the
elements from the universe of discourse.

The creation of an application schema is a process. The
content of an application schema in aspects of the chosen
universe of discourse has to be settled. This is modelled in
terms of types of features and their properties.
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Model of interoperability
“Data interchange by transaction”
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Information view requirement
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Interoperability requires use of a
shared information model
A community is defined by use of a
common language
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Which community - Enterprise? Discipline? Industry?
The feature types are the primary component of a
language for a spatial community
Establishing and maintaining a common
feature-type catalogue is key to interoperability
within a spatial community
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Feature types
Borehole
 collar location
 shape
 collar diameter
Fault
 length
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 operator
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 logs
Basin?
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 related observations
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 …  formations
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 shape – time dependent
 resource estimate
 …
shape
surface trace
displacement
age
…
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Conceptual classification
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Multiple geometries
Ore-body
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Observation
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location
subject/specimen/station
property/theme/measurand
method
operator
date/time
result (+ type/reference
system/scale/classification)
 …
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commodity
deposit type
host formation
shape
resource estimate
…
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“Natural” features
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Constructed artefacts
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Artefacts of investigation
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GML serialisation of feature
(technology viewpoint)
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The model is visible in instance

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element name
== feature-type
sub-elements
== properties of this featuretype
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Values held as element content
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Uses links to out-of-band
information

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external objects
vocabularies, referencesystems, authority-tables,
classifications
<xmml:Borehole gml:id="R456">
<gml:description>Exploration hole</gml:description>
<gml:name>north_r_679</gml:name>
<xmml:collarLocation>
<gml:Point srsName="urn:ga:localGrid68" gml:id="c679">
<gml:pos> ... </gml:pos>
</gml:Point>
</xmml:collarLocation>
<xmml:collarDiameter uom="m">0.15<xmml:collarDiameter>
<xmml:shape xlink:href="http://my.big.org/borehole_surveys/s679"/>
<xmml:logs>
<xmml:IntervalLog>
<gml:name>Lithology log</gml:name>
…
<xmml:categoryList property=“urn:ga:geology:properties:lith"
codeSpace=“urn:qld:coal:units“>
CANIS FH PL2 PL3 AQ AQL T1 T2 C1 C2 GCWS
</xmml:categoryList>
...
</xmml:IntervalLog>
</xmml:logs>
</xmml:Borehole>
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GML Languages in the geosciences
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XMML - Exploration data
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ADX – Assay data
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This is our community!
Chronos
CGI International Model
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Academic geophysics
XMML/GeoTime – stratigraphy
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Mining companies, labs, data managers
GPML – plate tectonics
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Mining and service companies, statutory agencies
International geological surveys, NADM
XML-based, non-proprietary
No ad-hoc file-formats!
Use of common high-level patterns, e.g. O&M
Re-usable, sustainable, scalable
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Feature Type Catalogue
developed through XMML
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Borehole
Observation (SensorWeb)
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Gravity measurement (GA)
Geochemistry/Assay result
(ADX)
Procedure , Instrument,
Project, Station, Specimen,
Tenement (GGIPAC, ADX, etc)
Mineral occurrence (GA)
Artefacts of data collection and
management process
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Geological timescale (Chronos)
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Geological material (NADM, WMC)
Tectonic plates (USyd, Caltech)
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Map-features, some structural
geology elements (Fractal, pmd*CRC,
BGS, NADM)
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Finite element model (FLAC, FastFlo)
Simulation/model state (pmd*CRC)
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XMML design method
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Iterate between XML instances, XML Schema, UML model,
harmonising with current state of suite of schemas
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Adapt existing standard
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Private model from dominant data provider
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e.g. Geoscience Australia
Sponsor requirements
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e.g. GGIPAC, ASEG
e.g. Fractal Technologies, CSIRO/pmd*CRC, BGS,
Snowdens/WMC/Newmont
Consultation with stakeholders
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TWiki
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Feature type catalogue
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Names and descriptions
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Properties:
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Feature attributes with their types
Associations between the feature type and itself or other feature
types;
Generalization and specialization relationships to other feature
types;
Constraints & behaviours
- i.e. what processing services are applicable
Implemented as a Register - Multiple interfaces
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XML Schema view
Search & discovery, ontology
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Summary
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Interoperability within Information Communities
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e.g. cadastre, hydrography, geoscience, mineral exploration
geography? geoscience sub-disciplines?
Common interchange language, based on features
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Fine-grained, conceptually meaningful, geographic object types
Feature Type Catalogue
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Governance arrangement required
Implemented as GML Application Language
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Application in data transfer
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Wrap a DB or GIS
WFS
Client
WFS
Server
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Published view should match
community requirements
Data-store normally
organised for custodian’s
requirements

esp. maintenance
N.B. Server has responsibility for preparing data
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Other feature-type concepts
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feature associations between the feature type and itself or
other feature types;
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generalization and specialization relationships to other feature
types;
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constraints on the feature type (what processing services are
relevant).
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What a standardised language means
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Hold conversations with “strangers”
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construct semantically coherent service-chains at run-time
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“General feature model”
GFM provides structure for classifying objects in the real world
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Features == spatial objects
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Feature type == classification on the basis of properties
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Spatial properties are “just another property”
“… a feature type is defined by
its properties such as:
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feature attributes;
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feature association roles characterizing
the feature type;
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defined behaviour of the feature type.”
ISO 19109
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Interoperability
Message, public schema
WFS
Client
private  public
GIS, DBMS, etc
private schema
(data mining)
WFS
Client
(visualisation)
WFS
Client
(simulation)
WFS
WFS
Server
Server
Sensor
WFS
Client/
Server
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new services added dynamically
private agreements not required
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Value-adding chain
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Observation
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estimate of value of a property for a single specimen/station/location
data-capture, with metadata concerning procedure, operator, etc
Coverage
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compilation of values of a single property across the domain of interest
data prepared for analysis/pattern detection
Feature
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object having geometry & values of several different properties
1. classified object, snapshot for transport
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geological map elements
2. object created by human activity, artefact of investigation
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borehole, mine, specimen
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Different views of information
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Result/observation view:
Each Cell gives the result of
a single analysis

Database insertion and update
Specime
n
Au
(ppm)
Cu-a (%)
Cu-b (%)
As (ppm)
Sb (ppm)
ABC-123
1.23
3.45
4.23
0.5
0.34
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Feature view:
Each Row gives all
properties of one specimen
or target
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Coverage view:
Each Column = variation of a
single property across
locations
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Object description
Assembled from multiple
getResult/getTarget
Pattern/anomaly detection
Assembled from multiple
getResult/getLocation
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Adding value to your data
WFS
Client
WFS
Server
(visualisation)
(features)
WFS
Client
WFS
Server
(visualisation)
(measurements)
WFS
Client
WFS
Server
(visualisation)
(coverages)
Cox - SEE Grid Information Viewpoint
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2004-05-06
multiple views of
same data
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