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Spatial Data Mining: Spatial outlier detection Spatial outlier A data point that is extreme relative to it neighbors Given A spatial graph G={V,E} A neighbor relationship (K neighbors) An attribute function f: V -> R An aggregation function f aggr : R k -> R Confidence level threshold Find O = {vi | vi V, vi is a spatial outlier} Objective Correctness: The attribute values of vi is extreme, compared with its neighbors Computational efficiency Constraints Attribute value is normally distributed Computation cost dominated by I/O op. Spatial Data Mining: Spatial outlier detection Spatial Outlier Detection Test 1. Choice of Spatial Statistic S(x) = [f(x)–E y N(x)(f(y))] Theorem: S(x) is normally distributed if f(x) is normally distributed 2. Test for Outlier Detection | (S(x) - s) / s | > Hypothesis I/O cost determined by clustering efficiency f(x) Spatial outlier and its neighbors S(x) Spatial Data Mining: Spatial outlier detection Results 1. CCAM achieves higher clustering efficiency (CE) 2. CCAM has lower I/O cost 3. Higher CE leads to lower I/O cost 4. Page size improves CE for all methods Cell-Tree CE value I/O cost CCAM Z-order