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We all have to eat!! Autotrophic Nutrition Plants, some monerans & protists Make organic compounds from inorganic raw materials Process: Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Light energy Chemical energy Chloroplasts & chlorophyll (green pigment) in cell do this Photosynthesis Light trapped by chlorophyll – causes CO2 & H2O to convert to simple sugars & O2 6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O Uses light & enzymes Photosynthesis Two steps– light reaction & dark reaction Light reaction requires light to work Dark does not Factors for Reaction Rate Light color – green is reflected, not absorbed Light intensity – inc intensity, inc photosynthesis (to a point) Extreme temp. – below 0°C & above 35°C, enzymes are denatured Water – shortage will decrease rate Adaptations for photosynthesis Adaptations for photosynthesis Large surface area for light absorption Outer cell layers of leaf (epidermis) and waxy covering (cuticle) function to: 1)Protect internal layers of leaf from excess water loss 2)Resistance to fungi invasion 3)Protection from injury Adaptations for photosynthesis Stomates – opening in leaf Size regulated by guard cells Allow exchange of CO2, H2O, and O2 between external air and air spaces in leaf Adaptations for photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in palisade layer – found under the upper epidermis Spongy layer –where exchange & circulation of gases takes place Adaptations for photosynthesis Chloroplasts found in palisade layer, spongy layer, & guard cells Heterotrophic Nutrition 1) INGESTION: Food is first mechanically broken down – tearing, chewing Increases surface area Enzymatic hydrolysis makes larger molecules smaller Heterotrophic Nutrition 2) DIGESTION: Carbohydrates simple sugars Lipids fatty acids & glycerol Proteins amino acids 3) EGESTION: removal of undigested waste Human Digestive System Continuous, one-way tract Food moved through by slow, rhythmic contractions – peristalsis 1) Oral Cavity Ingestion of food Teeth, tongue, salivary gland openings 2) Esophagus After swallowing, food moves here 2) Esophagus Peristalsis moves food into stomach 3) Stomach Secrete HCl – makes best pH for hydrolysis by gastric protease This is the empty stomach of a dog View from inside the stomach Food leaving the stomach 4) Small Intestine Long, twisty tube ALL digestion finishes here Inside the small intestine Accessory Organ – 4a & 4b)Liver & Gallbladder Liver – produces bile Gallbladder - stores & secretes bile Bile emulsifies fats (increases surface area) in small intestine Accessory Organ – 4c)Pancreas Secretes enzymes – intestinal protease, lipase, amylase Helps break down carbos, lipids, and proteins food (lipid) gastric juice pancreatic fluid (bicarbonate) pancreatic enzyme (lipase) bile juice gall bladder stomach duodenum pancreas Villi increase surface area for absorption 5) Large Intestine Undigested food (waste) & water enter here Water is absorbed Digestive Malfunctions Ulcer Erosion of surface of alimentary canal Constipation Too much water is absorbed Solid waste is hardened Digestive Malfunctions Diarrhea Not enough water absorption combined with increased peristalsis Multiple, increased, watery feces Digestive Malfunctions Appendicitis Inflammation of the appendix Gallstones Accumulation of hardened cholesterol deposits in gall bladder