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Environmental Science PowerPoint Lecture Principles of Environmental Science - Inquiry and Applications, 1st Edition by William and Mary Ann Cunningham Chapter 7 - Topics • Nutrition and Food Supplies • Major Food Sources • Introduce Soils (covered in book) • • • • Ways We Use and Abuse Soil Other Agricultural Resources New Crops and Genetic Engineering Sustainable Agriculture Objectives of Chapter 7 • Describe world food supplies and some causes of chronic hunger in midst of growing food surpluses • Explain some major human nutritional requirements and consequences of nutrient deficiencies • Differentiate between famine and chronic under-nutrition, and understand relation between natural disasters and social and economic forces triggering food shortages Historical view of health – strong environmental links Field macrobioarchaeology – looking at indicators of health by examining skeletons (e.g. cemetaries) for 7 basic indicators of health, in the western hemisphere from 5000 BC to late nineteenth century (ref: The Backbone of History. Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere. Edited by Richard H. Steckel and Jerome C. Rose. Cambridge University Press. 2002) . •Age at death •Stature •Arthritis •Dental health – dental decay and tooth loss indicate nutrition •Osteoporosis – indicate degree of regular strenuous activity, quality of life •Trauma. Patterns healed fractures indicate activities including living on difficult terrain, hazardous occupations, extent of warfare, interpersonal violence •Infections (extracting DNA from pathogens to identify) – differences in contact with bacteria & level of resistance. People living larger groups more problems infections Spanish Conquest traumatic for history of natives in Ecuador - introduction of Old World diseases to population not getting enough food (Book reference: The Backbone of History. Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere. Edited by Richard H. Steckel and Jerome C. Rose. Cambridge University Press. 2002) : 1524-1527 smallpox epidemic; 1531-1533 measles, possibly plague; 1546 plague, possibly typhus; 1558 smallpox, measles, possibly influenza; 1585-1591 smallpox, measles, possibly mumps; 1604 unidentified epidemic; 1606 diphtheria; 1611 measles, and typhus; 1612 scarlet fever, measles, typhus; 1614 typhus, diphtheria; 1618 measles, dysentery; 1634 typhus; 16441645 German measles, diphtheria; 1648-1649 smallpox, german measles; 1667 typhus; 1676-1677 smallpox; 1680 plague; 1683 plague etc. Implications of examining over 13,000 skeletons and health index: connection between political development and agriculture, Steckel & Rose 2002 said “life became “nasty, brutish and short” for the typical person with the rise of agriculture, government and urbanization. The hunter-gatherers and those living in dispersed settlements were the healthiest groups” ( Book reference: The Backbone of History. Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere. Edited by Richard H. Steckel and Jerome C. Rose. Cambridge University Press. 2002) Environmental Health Hazards with Non-sustainable Industrialization In some parts of Eastern Europe & former USSR, ~ 90% children suffer from environmentally linked diseases. Iron deficiency anemia, Vitamin deficiencies, Mineral deficiencies, Toxicities, Poor resistance to disease Importance of Diet • At least half of all Americans are considered overweight. • Strong correlation between cardiovascular disease and the amount of salt and animal fat in one’s diet • Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, complex carbohydrates, and dietary fiber have beneficial health effects. • Eating too much food has negative effects on health. Part 1: Nutrition, Food Supplies World grain production 1950-2000 Average daily diet: 1950 = 2,000 2000 = 3,500 calories / person 2002 India –enough food but cities 36% children stunted, 40% underweight 1 billion people chronically undernourished All ofEnergy these Pyramid are food sources for humans Cunningham, Cunningham 2004 What is a decomposer MUSHROOMS food source for CHEESE humans? WINE, BEER Mycorrhizal – symbiotic relationships between fungus and tree. Similar to truffles collected using pigs, dogs Sporocarps tasty and favorite of humans – Japanese, Germans etc. will pay a lot of money for them Part 1: Nutrition, Food Supplies World food supply 1960-1998 Asia Relative food production by regions Lat Amer World Africa Former Soviet Union Part 1: Nutrition, Food Supplies In richer countries, the most common dietary problem is over-nutrition (too many calories). Average daily caloric intake in North America and Europe is 3,500 calories (1/3 more than needed to be healthy) ~ 20% Americans are over weight (10/2002 data - a third are over weight) http://www.nordictrack.com/cgibin/ncommerce3/ExecMacro/product/nt/product_v4.d2w/report?prmenbr=153&prrfnbr=105197&cgrfnbr=46526&rootcat =46525 Part 1: Nutrition, Food Supplies • Sub-Saharan Africa: food production not kept pace with rapid population growth (reasons: Droughts, War, Poverty, Government mismanagement) • In sub-Sahara, 35 out of 40 countries had decreasing food production last 20 years Food Security • Food security - the ability to obtain sufficient food on a day-to-day basis • About 800 million people chronically hungry (200 million are children) – 1 in 5 in developing world • Chronic undernourishment in children leads to: permanently stunted growth, mental retardation, other social and developmental disorders • Higher incidence of infectious diseases when undernourished • Poverty is the greatest threat to food security • Within families that don’t get enough to eat, women and children have the poorest diets Countries at risk for food shortages – high risk in orange color, low risk in white High Risk High Risk Little Risk Greatest risk: sub-Sahara Africa, Southeast & South Asia, parts of Latin America. Little risk: US, Canada, Europe, Japan, Australia Countries at risk for food shortages – high risk = orange color, low risk = white What BIOMES are found in locations with the greatest risk for food shortages? What BIOMES are found in areas with little risk for food shortages? Essential Nutrients • Malnourishment - a nutritional imbalance caused by a lack of specific dietary components or an inability to utilize essential nutrients • Richer countries eat too much meat, salt, fat and not enough fiber, vitamins etc since foods are so processed • The number of people with allergies has gone up and has not been helped by the chemicals (hormones) used to speed up the rate at which animals accumulate biomass (the food source). Essential Nutrients • Starchy foods (corn, polished rice) tend to be low in several essential nutrients • Protein deficiency diseases - kwashiorkor, marasmus • Iron deficiency - anemia - most severe in India (80% pregnant women) • Iodine deficiency - goiter, hyperthyroidism; HOW DEAL WITH THIS DEFICIENCY? WHY DO DEFICIENCIES EXIST – esp. when caloric input high? goiter Kwashiorkor – West African word for displaced child Marasmus – Greek word ‘to waste away’ (diet low in calories, proteins) http://www.healthcentral.com/mhc/img/img1164.cfm Famines: Some Causes • Environmental conditions drought, insects, natural disasters • National politics corruption, oppression • Armed conflict • Economics - price gouging, poverty, landlessness Dealing with Underlying Causes of Famine? Famine causes people to use up their productive Aid policies of rich countries often capacity (killing serve to: get rid of surplus food, animals, eating without dealing with root causes of stored grains), starvation; set up feeding camps – mass not deal growing own crops, etc. migrations Part 2: Major Food Sources Of 1,000s edible plants & animals, humans use only: • • • • • ~12 types seeds, grains 3 root crops ~20 fruits, vegetables 6 mammals 2 domestic fowls, few fish Part 2: Major Food Sources Crops • Three major crops - wheat, rice, maize (wheat & rice = 60% of calories consumed globally) • Mountains & High latitudes - potatoes, barley, oats, rye • Warm, wet areas (tropics) - roots and tubers • Dry regions Africa – sorghum, millet (drought resistant) • Fruits and vegetables Meat, Milk, and Seafood • Milk and meat highly prized, but distribution inequitable • About 90% of the grain grown in North America is used to feed cattle, hogs, poultry, and other animals! • Seafood - important protein source in many countries - threatened by overharvesting and habitat destruction Eating a Balanced Diet USDA Food Pyramid What most eaten in past? The Challenge of Choosing Foods – Variety! Soil Profile You cannot just grow any crop – the soil type limits this capacity Part 1: Nutrition, Food Supplies • Asia experienced Limited most rapid land base available increase in crop means conversion of production (esp. China, Indonesia natural systems to crops tripled food production in less Remember 10% of globe than decade). • Ex. In Indonesia, land in terrestrial area used 4 years had worlds biggest riceto grow agricultural today reserves from crops, being worlds28% in US Malaysia, palm oil biggest importer Few options for what crops to grow for food because of limitations of the soil – can be limited by low nutrients, toxins, high salts Land conversion for food production is not always a good idea Photo: K Vogt Cassava / manioc, Brazilian Amazon, TROPICAL FOREST Values of international organizations attempt stop shifting agriculturalists in Amazon to increase carbon storage in forests, place farmers in intensive agricultural farms (nutrient poor soils would not allow this to be sustainable) Amazon – water buffalo owned by large landowners with economic power destroying the varzea (floodplains) used by indigenous people