Download What are Canadian Children Eating?

Chapter 15
NUTRITION FROM
INFANCY TO
ADOLESCENCE
What are Canadian Children Eating?

CCHS found that the diets of Canadian children and
youth are not as healthy as they could be. The Canadian
Healthy Eating Index scores for the diets of Canadian
children and youth show that younger children have
higher average scores that decline with adolescence.
About 25% of adolescents score less than 50. The low
scores are due to an inadequate number of servings of
fruits and vegetables, milk and alternatives, and grain
products.
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Saturated fat and sodium intake are higher than
desirable. 20% of children and 30% of adolescents
consume kcalories in excess of their needs.
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
What are Canadian Children Eating?
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CCHS indicates that 20% of children and 40% of
adolescents consume food purchased at fast
food outlets.
The Canadian Health Measures Surveys
(CMHS) found that fitness levels have declined.
The proportion of obese or overweight children
and youth has double since 1978.
Childhood obesity increases risk for chronic
disease.
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Diet-Related Disease Conditions
in Children
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High-kcalorie, high-saturated fat diets
combined with low-activity lifestyles can lead
to the following:
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Obesity
Type 2 diabetes
Elevated serum cholesterol
Heart disease
Hypertension
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Monitoring Children’s Growth
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Monitoring Children’s Growth
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Energy and Protein Needs for Children
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Reading Labels of Foods for Young
Children

The labels of foods designed for young children must follow different
rules. Examples of changes made to labels for children under 2
years:
 under Nutrient Facts, fat must be listed as total fat
 the label must not have a nutrient claim about a food’s nutrient
content or health effects
 nutrient content claims are allowed for protein, sodium and sugar
content
 there may be claims that describe the percentage of vitamins or
minerals that apply to the Daily Values
 absence of percentage Daily Value for total fat, saturated fat,
cholesterol, total carbohydrate, fibre and sodium
 percentages of Daily Value for vitamins and minerals are shown
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Typical Meal Patterns for Infants
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Food Allergies and Food
Intolerances
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Food allergies are more common in infants than in adults.
Exposure to an allergen for the first time causes the
immune system to produce antibodies to that allergen.
Allergy symptoms include sneezing, rash, eczema, hives,
cramps, aches, vomiting, asthma, diarrhea and many
others.
Allergy symptoms may be immediate or take up to 24 hours
to appear.
Allergy symptoms may range from mild to life-threatening.
Food intolerances do not cause antibody production.
Food intolerances create problems during digestion.
Lactose intolerance, an inability to digest milk sugar, is an
example of a food intolerance.
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Food Allergies
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Labels must indicate whether the product
contains any of the top 8 food allergens: milk,
eggs, fish, shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat
and soy.
This is most often done by listing allergens at the
end of the ingredient list after the word
“Contains.”
Should their be a possibility of cross
contamination, the label will contain a statement
to warn consumers beginning with “may contain”
or “not suitable for.”
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Canada’s Food Guide
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Meal Patterns for Children of Different Ages
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Healthy Snacks for Young Children
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Nutrition and Health Concerns in
Children
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A number of diet and lifestyle factors put
children at risk for illness and malnutrition.
They can include:
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Dental caries
Lead toxicity
Hyperactivity
Childhood obesity
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
What Can Be Done to Reduce Lead
Exposure
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Preventing Childhood Obesity
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Types of Foods Advertised Saturday
Morning
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Canadian Children’s Food and Beverage
Advertising Initiative
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The principles promoted by this initiative
include:
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to advertise only healthy dietary choices to
children under 12
to include only healthy foods in interactive games
directed to children under 12
to not place food and beverage products in
children’s programming
to not advertise in elementary schools
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Fitness for Children
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Fitness For Children
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Lean Body Mass
in Adolescent
Males Versus
Females
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Dietary Concerns for Teenagers
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CCHS findings:
 Boys and girls aged 9 to 18 did not have adequate
intake of Vitamin A
 Girls 14 to 18 had low intake of B6, folate and B12
 12% of adolescent girls were not meeting their iron
requirements
 70% of girls aged 9 to 13 years and 30% of boys aged
14 to 18 years were not meeting their requirements for
calcium
 15% of girls aged 9 to 13 and 20% of girls aged 14 to
18 were not meeting their zinc requirements
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Dietary Concerns for Teenagers
(continued)
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Teenagers’ inadequate vitamin A intake is due
to their not meeting the recommended number
of servings for fruits and vegetables.
Girls’ inadequate iron intake is due to their need
for more iron. Girls tend to eat fewer iron-rich
foods and consume fewer overall kcalories.
Teenagers’ inadequate calcium intake is due to
their increased consumption of soft drinks.
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Dietary Concerns for Teenagers
(continued)
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Dietary Concerns for
Adolescents
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Adolescence is a time of independence and
changed behaviors. Dietary choices in
adolescence can lead to nutrient deficiencies.
Adolescents may be making decisions about:
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Vegetarianism
Eating for appearance and/or performance
Smoking
Alcohol use
Oral contraceptive use
Teenage pregnancy
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Meeting Adolescents’ Nutrient Needs
Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Copyright
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Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.