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Transcript
Apendix 14 APPENDIX EN/LZT 101 1513 R4A – 469 – AXE Survey Intentionally Blank – 470 – EN/LZT 101 1513 R4A 14 Apendix APPENDIX 1 ATM A short description of ATM follows that will give better understanding on the ATM network. ATM can be traced back to the early 1980s when operators were investigating the use of Broadband ISDN for the transport of voice and data. ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union-Telephony), former CCITT, received a proposal from British Telecom, France Telecom, Deutsche Telecom and AT&T for a new transport mechanism, which was studied over the next four years. The ATM standards were issued in 1989. It became clear to a number of companies that ATM could equally well be applied to the LAN environment. The ITU-T was seen as an unsuitable vehicle for the development of ATM technology. Thus, in 1991 the ATM Forum was formed. Nortel, Sprint, Adaptive/NET and Cisco were involved in the formation of the ATM Forum. Today over 1,000 interested companies and organizations are involved in the implementation of ATM. The ATM Forum generates recommendations and is considered by many to be the de facto standards body for ATM. ATM can be considered to be a connection-oriented way of transporting different service classes of information, in fixed length packages. Error control of the header 53 bytes LCN Payload Header 48 bytes 5 bytes LCN: Logical Channel Number ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode Figure 14-1 The ATM cell EN/LZT 101 1513 R4A – 471 – AXE Survey The ATM cell is a small packet having a fixed length of 53 octets, five of which comprise the header. The remaining 48 octets make up the information field. The 48 bytes in the payload were a size compromise between the transport efficiency for data and the delay requirements for voice and video traffic. Having cells with a fixed length result in faster switching as no additional software is required at the receiving end to determine the cell length. The function of ATM is to act as a transport mechanism for a variety of services. One of the advantages of ATM is that it can support many applications with high transmission speeds. ATM transmission can be broken down into three main stages: Constant bit rate Data bursts Variable bit rate Segmentation Addressing Multiplexing Figure 14-2 ATM basics Segmentation: The incoming bit stream is firstly broken down into a fixed size package of 48 bytes. This process is known as segmentation. Addressing: A 5-byte header is then added on to each chunk of 48 bytes. The 5 byte header contains the Logical Channel Number (LCN) which is used to route the cell through the network. Multiplexing: Multiplexing is the final stage in ATM transmission where the ATM cells are transmitted out on the physical line. – 472 – EN/LZT 101 1513 R4A 14 Apendix Different services require different transmission capabilities and the ATM network will satisfy the specific characteristics and needs of each service, either it is data or speech connection. This is done with the aid of different classes. Here the classes AAL1, AAL2 and AAL5 will be named and shortly explained. ATM PROTOCOL LAYERS The information in the ATM network is transmitted with the aid of ATM protocol stack, in order to take care of different types of services. It consists of the following three layers: • The ATM adaptation Layer, AAL • The ATM layer • The Physical layer Figure 14-3 below illustrates the three layers: User data Data packet Segmented data packets (length of segment: 48 octets) AAL Layer ATM cells (Payload+Header) ATM Layer ATM cells in an SDH frame Physical Layer Figure 14-3 Protocol layers in ATM • The ATM Adaptation Layer, AAL. The incoming information in to ATM network is chopped. The bit stream is divided into 48-byte pieces in this layer. This is also the layer responsible for specifying the class of service. • The ATM layer. Here the header is added or deleted to enable the cell to be routed through the network based on the LCN. EN/LZT 101 1513 R4A – 473 – AXE Survey • The physical layer. It takes care of the mapping of the bits out to the physical medium. Error checks on the cell header are also performed on this layer. The ATM Adaptation Layer A number of AALs are required to cater for different services such as voice and data, each of which has different characteristics and hence places different bandwidth requirements on the network. In addition to this, each of these services will have a different quality of service associated with them, which also must be catered for. ATM Adaptation Layer 1, AAL1 AAL1 is used in the transport of connection oriented synchronous services requiring a constant bit rate. AAL1 is for example suitable for the transport of services such as telephony and uncompressed video signals. ATM adaptation layer 2, AAL2 AAL2 defines the transport of VBR real time traffic such as compressed audio and video. However, the development of UMTS has resulted in an increased interest in AAL2 for the transport of real time traffic. ATM adaptation layer 5, AAL5 AAL 5 is used in the transport of both connection oriented and connectionless services. It is used for transmission of data (not speech) VIRTUAL PATH AND VIRTUAL CHANNEL The ATM header contains the address field. Two of the main components in the address field are the virtual path, VP, and the virtual channel, VC. The ATM switch uses both of these components to route the cell through the network. – 474 – EN/LZT 101 1513 R4A 14 Apendix 48 VPI: Virtual Path Identifier VCI: Virtual Channel Identifier 5 LCN VCI VPI Virtual Channels Virtual path Physical link Virtual path Figure 10-4 Virtual Path and Virtual Channel The Logical Channel Number (LCN) in the header contains the VPI / VCI values. The VPI and VCI values together, indicate a specific connection for one unique call on a specific physical interface between two nodes in an ATM network. Switching via the ATM transport network is done with the aid of VP and VC. The SVC (Switched Virtual Connection) is a connection established by signaling initiated by the end user. A routing table is used to control the switching process in the network. The routing table itself is updated by means of signaling. An ATM switch is essentially a simple hardware device with a lookup table and an output queue for each port. The header of the incoming cell contains the VPI and VCI values. The switch looks up the values in the table and routes the cell to the appropriate cell queue on a physical port where it is allocated a VPI and VCI value for the outgoing connection. EN/LZT 101 1513 R4A – 475 – AXE Survey APPENDIX 2 ABBREVIATIONS – 476 – AAL ACC ACC ACS ADP ADM AHT AIP ALI AMI AMR AMU ANSI AON APS ASC AUC APG AP/SP APM AM APSI AST ATM ATM Adaptation Layer Automated Collected Call or Account card calling Adjunct computer subsystem Alphanumeric Device Protocol Add/Drop Multiplexor Average Hold Times Advanced IP ATM Link Interface Alternate Mark Inversion Adaptive Multi Rate Automatic Maintenance Unit American National Standards Institute Automatic identification Of calling subscriber Number Automatic Protection Switching Access screening Authentication Centre Adjunct Processor Group Adjunct or Support Processor Adjunct Processor Module Application Modularity Application Platform Service Interface Announcement Services Terminal Asynchronous Transfer Mode BN BSC BYB 202 BYB 501 B8ZS Block Number Base Station Controller AXE Building Practice AXE Building Practice Binary Eight Zeros Substitution CAS CAT CATV CBC CCD CCS CDB CDM CGB CHSS CIS CL CLM CMI Channel-Associated Signaling Code Answer and Tone Sender Cable TV Central Building Clock Conference Call Device Common Channel Signaling Subsystem Clock Distribution Board Clock Distribution Magazine Clock Generation Board Charging Service Subsystem Clock Interrupt Signal Clock Clock Module Code Mark Inversion EN/LZT 101 1513 R4A 14 Apendix COMRM COMS CONRM COSS CP CPS CR CRC CSFSKD CSKD CSR CT Communication RM Communication Subsystem Connection RM Connection Service Subsystem Central Processor Central processor subsystem Clock Reference Cyclic Redundancy Check Code Sender FSK Device, FSK meaning Frequency Shift Keying Code Sender Key-set Device Code Sender and Receiver Control type D-AMPS DCME DCS DIP DL DL2 DL3 DL5 DL34 DL5 DLEB DLHB DLNB DM DS DSA DTI DTMF Digital advanced mobile phone system Digital Circuit Multiplication Equipment Data communications subsystem Digital Path Digital Link Digital Link #2 (a link carrying 32 multiple positions) Digital Link # 3 (a multiplexed link carrying 16 DL2s =512 Time Slots) Digital Link # 5 (a multiplexed link carrying 512 DL2s) Digital Link # 34 (a multiplexed link carrying from 4 to 84 DL2s that means 128 – 2096 Time Slots) Digital Link # 5, that means, a multiplexed link carrying 8k Time Slots. Digital Link Multiplexer for existing equipment board Digital Link Multiplexer half-size board Digital Link Multiplexer for NNRP board Data Module Data Store Dynamic Size Alteration Data Transmission Interworking unit Dual Tone Multi Frequency Signaling EC ECP E-DB EFR EMC EMB EMG EMRPI EPSB ESF ESS-R ET ETC ETSI Echo Canceller Echo Cancellers in pool External database Enhanced Full Rate Electro-Magnetic Compatibility Extension Module Bus Extension Module Group Extension Module Regional Processor Integrated Ethernet Packet Switch Board Extended Super Frame Extended Switching Subsystem Exchange Terminals Exchange Terminal Circuit European Telecommunication Standards Institute FH FID FPH FR Frame Handler Forlopp identity Freephone Full Rate EN/LZT 101 1513 R4A – 477 – AXE Survey – 478 – FOS FMI FTP FMS Formatting and Output Subsystem File Management Interface File Transfer Protocol File management subsystem GCME GDM GEM GLR GMSC GS GS16M GSS GSC GSS GSM GSM Circuit Mulitiplexing Equipment General Device Magazine Generic Ericsson Magazine Gateway Location Register Gateway MSC Group Switch Group Switch 16K magazine Group Switching Subsystem GPS System Clock Group Switching Subsystem Global System Mobile HW HLR HR HWI Hardware Home Location Register Half Rate HighWay Interface IAS IETF IFC ILR I/O IOG IP IPAR IPC IPN IPU IRB ISDN ISP ISP ITU-T IVPN IVR IWU Internet Access Server Internet Engineering Task Force Incoming Clock Function Inter-working Location Register Input/Output Input/Output Group Intelligent peripheral Individual Parameter Setting Inter Processor Communication Inter Platform Network Instruction processor unit Incoming Reference Board Integrated Services Digital Networks Internet Service Provider or Improved in-Service Performance International Telecommunication Union – Telecommunications Standardization Sector International Virtual Private Network Interactive Voice Response Interworking Unit JTP Job Transfer Protocol KRD Key-set Receiver Device LAPD LED LRB LM Link Access Protocol Digital Light Emitting Diode Local Reference Board Logic Module MAI Maintenance Unit Interface EN/LZT 101 1513 R4A 14 Apendix MAS MAU MCS M-AST MCC MF MFP MGC MGW MS MSP MTAP MUP MV MVPN Maintenance subsystem Maintenance unit Man-machine communications subsystem Modula AST(Announcement Service Terminal) Mobile Crosstalk Control Multi Frequency Multi Frequency Pulse Media Gateway Controller Media Gateway Multiplex Section Multiplexor Section Protection MSC Mobile Switching Center Message protocol to Adjunct Processor Multiple Position Majority Vote Cellular virtual private network NAPRM NE NICC NNRP NMT NP NS Network Access Products RM Network Element Network intelligence call centre Network Node Renewal Process Nordic Mobile Telephony Number portability Network Synchronization OCS OC-3 OH OMRM OMS-R ONG OPS Open Communication Subsystem Optical Container level 3 Over Head Operation and Maintenance RM Operation and Maintenance Subsystem Open Network Gateway Operator Subsystem PCD-G PCU PDC PDSPL PDH PDRM PLMN PN POP PPS PRA PRM PS PSTN POWC Pulse Code Device – Generic Packet Control Unit Personal Digital Cellular Pooled Digital Signaling Platform - Loadable Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy Pooled Devices RM Public Land Mobile Network Personal number Point-of-Presence. Prepaid service ISDN Primary Rate Access Premium rate Program Store Public Switched Telephone Network Power Control Unit RCM RCM-E RFI RLL RMP Reference Clock Module RCM - version E Ready For Installation Radio in the Local Loop Resource Module Platform EN/LZT 101 1513 R4A – 479 – AXE Survey – 480 – RM RMS RPB RPH RPx RP4 practice RPB-S RPG-3 RPI RPP RPS RS Resource Module Remote Measurement System Regional Processor Handler Regional Processor Bus, Regional Processor..... Regional Processor # 4, that means, adapted to the BYB 501 equipment SAAL SCB SCP SCP SCFAM SCB-RP SDH SDP SDT SDXC SIB SN SN Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer Support and Connection Board Service Control Point Service Control Function Service control function application module Support and Connection Board – with an RP Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Service data point System Down Time, Synchronous Digital Cross Connect Service Independent Building block Signal Number or Service control Node SMAS SNT SONET SP SPE SPM SPG SPS SPU SSFAM Service Management Application System ( Switching Network Terminal Synchronous Optical Network Support Processor Synchronous Payload Envelope Space Switch Module Support processor group Support processor subsystem Signal processor unit Service switching function application module SSM SSCP SSP SSF SG SGU SSL STOC STM-1 STC-G STP STS STS-3 Synchronization Status Message Service Switching and Control Point Service Switching Point Service Switching Signaling Gateway Signaling Gateway Unit Service Script Logic Signaling Terminal Open Communication Synchronous Transport Module – level 1 Signaling Terminal Central – Group Switch connected Signaling Transfer Point Statistics and Traffic Measurement Subsystem Synchronous Transport Signal level 3 Serial Regional Processor Bus Regional Processor, GS-connected, 3rd generation Regional Processor Imbedded (also referred to as the micro-RP) Regional Processor Platform Regional processor subsystem Reference Store EN/LZT 101 1513 R4A 14 Apendix SW Software TDMA TMN Time Division Mobile System Transport Management Network TACS TCD TCS TCP/IP TMOS TRA TRC TRH TRU TS4B TS TSM TTA Total Access Communications System Tone Continuity Device Traffic Control Subsystem Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Telecommunications Management and Operations Support system Transcoders Transcoder Controller Transaction Record Handler protocol Tone Receiver Unit Time Switch Board with 4 TSM functions Time Slot Time Switch Module Test Telephone Access UAN UPT universal access number Universal Personal Telecommunications VC VOT VoIP VMSC VPN VPSM VT Virtual Container Televoting Voice over IP, Visited Mobile Services Switching Center Virtual Private Network Virtual Port Service Manager Virtual Tributary XDB XM XNB XSS Switch Distributed Board Switch Matrix Unit Switch Board for NNRP eXisting Source System EN/LZT 101 1513 R4A – 481 – AXE Survey – 482 – EN/LZT 101 1513 R4A 14 Apendix Intentionally Blank EN/LZT 101 1513 R4A – 483 –