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Transcript
Biodiversity and Biodiversity at Risk Fill in the Blank Notes Review: _________________________ is the total number of different species in an ecosystem/biome. Biological diversity _____________________________ is a species that is very important to its community or ecosystem. Often the _____________________________ but can exist at any level of the food chain/web If it is removed it would _____________________________ the ecosystem Example: A sea otter in a kelp-bed community o Sea otters eat sea urchins and if they were around the urchin population would destroy the kelpbed community -----------------------------------How many species are there on Earth? It is estimated that there are _______________eukaryotes and a total estimation is up to _________________________________ species. o Many species will become ____________________ (no longer exist on the planet) before humans discover them. _________________________ is referring to all populations in the world of a certain species have died off. ______________________________________ is referring to the loss of many species around the world usually because of an event Examples: a.) Yucatan Peninsula had an asteroid hit the ground (loss of many plants and the dinosaurs -enabled mammals to grow in number 65 million years ago) b.) The forming and breaking up of supercontinents ______________________ (Formed 1.1 billion years ago and broke up 750 million years ago) and ______________________ (formed 270 million years ago and broke up 200 million years ago) Researchers suspect another Mass extinction will occur within the next 100, 000 years because of trends o Many species are currently _______________________ or ____________________ right now. Three levels of diversity: Species, Ecosystem, and Genetic diversity 1. _______________________________-The number of different species in an area (also called biodiversity) 2. _________________________________-The number of habitats, communities, and ecological processes in an area and between ecosystems 3. _______________________________________-refers to the number of different genes of every member a population has in an area o A ____________ is a piece of _____________________________ specific traits or characteristics of an organism including man that is passed on to future generations. o Very important for the survival of all species to have _______________________ in their genes. When the genetic diversity is low for an organism the species will _______________________ risking extinction of a species in that area and possibly worldwide extinction. It ________________ the chance that some members of a population will survive environmental changes. Also, _______________________ the risk of inheriting genetic diseases Benefits of Biodiversity: 1 Species staying connected to ecosystems -_____________________________ __________________________________-keep species healthy and populations stable Medical o Most medications in the USA derived from _________________________________ (see page 243 for a list of medications) o Researching other animals have led to the discovery of ___________________________ Scientists have observed chimpanzees use a pith, leaf, or root from plants for certain illnesses and realized that those items also cured man of the same disease so now there are medications developed from that research Industries and agricultural uses-__________________________ {(usually new plants varieties) that have been genetically engineered to _______________________________ worldwide, _________________________________, and have _______________________________ value} ______________________ (set of beliefs to preserve organisms and ecosystems), ____________________________________(pleasing to the eye and/or nose-personal enjoyment), and Recreation-______________________________ (A form of tourism that supports _________________________________________________________ by learning about nature) Biodiversity at Risk: What is the difference between a threatened and an endangered species? _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Below is a list of reasons organisms become at risk of extinction: 1.) Can’t easily adapt to environmental changes 2.) Only eat one or two food sources-_______________________________________ 3.) Having _____________________________________ for all the females in a group-loss of genetic diversity 4.) _______________________________________ (total loss of a habitat) and _______________________________________(parts of the habitat broken up) because of man 5.) Pollution 6.) Allowing Invasive ______________________________________ (species not native to a particular region) 7.) _______________________________-Unregulated killing of an organism. –Sell the animal skins, organs, tusk, etc. a. Not all threatened species are protected by laws b. Poaching is illegal but especially poor countries do it anyway for food, medicine, and income 8.) ______________________________________ are native species living in areas with great biodiversity (Like the Tropical Rain forest) and are only found within those areas Areas that are at very high risk of extinction: _____________________________________-endemic species and habitat loss/fragmentation _____________________________________________________________-hurricanes/bad storms, man, and predators ____________________________________________ o Form volcanic islands and cause many earthquakes especially around ______________________________ in the Pacific Ocean. o Example: Hawaiian Islands 2 Islands have limited resources and species The Future of Biodiversity: 1.) __________________________________________ – Breeding endangered species to increase their populations 2.) Scientific Research Example: In 1973 a scientist was studying the endangered tambalacoque trees on Mauritius (island off the eastern coast of Africa). This tree has a 300 year life cycle and most of the 13 trees left were nearing that age. They knew that the dodo bird (who have been extinct for many times used its gizzard to grind the seeds of the tree and expelled the seeds in their waste. The scientist decided to find another organism with a gizzard and see if the organism would eat and expel the seeds too. Turkeys were used and the expelled seeds sprouted and new seedlings were formed so this tree is now growing in numbers again. 3.) ______________________________ Endangered Species-Controversial procedure that creates an embryo out of adult tissue 4.) ____________________________________ is any form of genetic material contained within the reproductive, or germ, cells of animals and plants. Germ plasm banks are used to research an organism in the future and for recovery efforts to save the species 5.) Zoos, Aquarium, National Parks/Wildlife Refuges, and Gardens a.) Philadelphia Zoo was chartered in Mar. 21, 1859 but because of the Civil War did not open its doors until July 1, 1874. Norfolk Zoo is the closest one to us b.) The largest zoo in the world is in Atlanta, Georgia with 6.3 million gallons and houses over 100,000 organisms Virginia Marine Science Museum in Virginia Beach is the closest one to us c.) _____________________________________________ was the 1st park in the USA Yellowstone Act of 1872 was signed into law by President Grant on Mar. 1, 1872 1,221,773 acres of land from Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho Virginia has lots of National Parks The ________________________________________ National Wildlife Refuge has 111,200 acres and is one of few remaining American wildernesses. –Suffolk/Chesapeake/parts of North Carolina d.) There are over 1,600 Botanical gardens around the world Used for plant research, see beautiful and unique plants, and a conservation center To cultivate endangered plant species and reintroduce them into the wild _________________________ is the closest to us 6.) Habitat conservation efforts 7.) Further research 8.) Laws to protect more species a.) Endangered Species Act of 1973_______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ b.) International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Created in ______________ Currently _______________ species are on IUCN Red List (Feb. 4, 2016) Goal is to reach _____________ species by 2020 3 c.) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Works with IUCN in helping endangered species They meet ______________________________ with many countries Held in Geneva in Jan. 2016 and Jan. of 2017 will be in Johannesburg, South Africa d.) Biodiversity Treaty of 1992 was signed at the ______________________________ Meeting Signed by _________________________________ Created _________________________________________________ (CBD) which started Dec. 29, 1993 to maintain three main objectives: 1.) The __________________________ of biological diversity 2.) The _____________________________________ of the components of biological diversity 3.) The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources e.) Chesapeake Bay Foundation founded in 1967 Chesapeake Bay Clean Water Blueprint process started Dec. 15, 1987 and as progress yearly to the current name _________________________________________________________ Protect organisms (plants and animals in the Bay) Volunteer projects ____________________________ students and teachers about the Bay _________________________________ in Virginia Beach opened in 2015 Is the __________________________ independent conservation organization dedicated solely to saving the Bay 4