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Resources
Bellringers
Chapter Presentation
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep
Visual Concepts
Image and Math Focus Bank
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Chapter M2
Forces and Motion
Table of Contents
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Section 3 Momentum
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Bellringer
Answer the following question in your science
journal:
If Wile E. Coyote and a boulder fall off a cliff at the
same time, which do you think will hit the ground
first?
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Objectives
• Explain the effect of gravity and air resistance on
falling objects.
• Explain why objects in orbit are in free fall and
appear to be weightless.
• Describe how projectile motion is affected by gravity.
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Gravity and Falling Objects
• Gravity and Acceleration Objects fall to the
ground at the same rate because the acceleration
due to gravity is the same for all objects.
• Acceleration Due to Gravity As shown on the next
slide, for every second that an object falls, the
object’s downward velocity increases by 9.8 m/s.
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Gravity and Falling Objects, continued
• Velocity of Falling Objects You can calculate the
change in velocity with the following equation:
∆v = g × t
• If an object starts at rest, this equation yields the
velocity of the object after a certain time period.
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Air Resistance and Falling Objects
• Air resistance is the force that opposes the motion of
objects through air.
• The amount of air resistance acting on an object
depends on the size, shape, and speed of the object.
• The image on the next slide shows the effects of air
resistance on a falling object.
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Air Resistance and Falling Objects, continued
• Acceleration Stops at the Terminal Velocity As
the speed of a falling object increases, air resistance
increases.
• The upward force of air resistance continues to
increase until it is equal to the downward force of
gravity. The object then falls at a constant velocity
called the terminal velocity.
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Air Resistance and Falling Objects, continued
• Free Fall Occurs When There Is No Air
Resistance An object is in free fall only if gravity is
pulling it down and no other forces are acting on it.
• A vacuum is a place in which there is no matter.
Objects falling in a vacuum are in free fall because
there is no air resistance.
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Orbiting Objects Are in Free Fall
• Astronauts float in orbiting spacecrafts because of
free fall.
• Two Motions Combine to Cause Orbiting An
object is orbiting when it is traveling around another
object in space. The image on the next slide describes
how an orbit is formed.
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Orbiting Objects Are in Free Fall, continued
• Orbiting and Centripetal Force The unbalanced
force that causes objects to move in a circular path is
called a centripetal force.
• Gravity provides the centripetal force that keeps
objects in orbit.
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Projectile Motion and Gravity
• Projectile motion is the curved path an object
follows when it is thrown or propelled near the surface
of the Earth.
• Projectile motion has two components—horizontal
motion and vertical motion. These components are
independent, so they have no effect on each other.
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Projectile Motion and Gravity, continued
• Horizontal Motion is a motion that is parallel to the
ground.
• When you throw a ball, your hand exerts a force on
the ball that makes the ball move forward. This force
gives the ball its horizontal motion.
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Projectile Motion and Gravity, continued
• Vertical Motion is motion that is perpendicular to the
ground.
• A ball in your hand is prevented from falling by your
hand. After you throw the ball, gravity pulls it downward
and gives the ball vertical motion.
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Projectile Motion and Gravity
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
You may stop the video at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Bellringer
If you are sitting still in your seat on a bus that is
traveling 100 km/h on a highway, is your body at rest
or in motion? Explain your answer. Use a diagram if it
will help make your answer clear.
Record your response in your science journal.
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Objectives
• Describe Newton’s first law of motion, and explain
how it relates to objects at rest and objects in motion.
• State Newton’s second law of motion, and explain
the relationship between force, mass, and
acceleration.
• State Newton’s third law of motion, and give
examples of force pairs.
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law of Motion
An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in
motion remains in motion at a constant speed and in a
straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
• Newton’s first law of motion describes the motion of
an object that has a net force of 0 N acting on it.
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law of Motion, continued
• Part 1: Objects at Rest Objects at rest will stay at
rest unless they are acted on by an unbalanced force.
• Part 2: Objects in Motion Objects will continue to
move with the same velocity unless an unbalanced
force acts on them.
• The image on the next slide shows how you can have
fun with Newton’s first law.
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law of Motion, continued
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law of Motion, continued
• Friction and Newton’s First Law Friction between
an object and the surface it is moving over is an
example of an unbalanced force that stops motion.
• Inertia and Newton’s First Law Newton’s first law
is sometimes called the law of inertia. Inertia is the
tendency of all objects to resist any change in motion.
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law of Motion, continued
• Mass and Inertia Mass is a measure of inertia. An
object that has a small mass has less inertia than an
object that has a large mass.
• So, changing the motion of an object that has a small
mass is easier than changing the motion of an object
that has a large mass.
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of
the object and the amount of force applied.
• Newton’s second law describes the motion of an
object when an unbalanced force acts on the object.
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Second Law of Motion, continued
• Part 1: Acceleration Depends on Mass The
acceleration of an object decreases as its mass
increases. Its acceleration increases as its mass
decreases.
• Part 2: Acceleration Depends on Force An object’s
acceleration increases as the force on the object
increases. The acceleration of an object is always in
the same direction as the force applied.
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Second Law of Motion, continued
• Expressing Newton’s Second Law Mathematically
The relationship of acceleration (a) to mass (m) and
force (F) can be expressed mathematically with the
following equation:
a =
F
, or F = m × a
m
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Second Law of Motion, continued
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
You may stop the video at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Whenever one object exerts a force on a second
object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite
force on the first.
• Newton’s third law of motion can be simply stated as
follows: All forces act in pairs.
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion, continued
• Force Pairs Do Not Act on the Same Object A
force is always exerted by one object on another
object. This rule is true for all forces, including action
and reaction forces.
• Action and reaction forces in a pair do not act on the
same object. If they did, the net force would always be
0 N and nothing would ever move!
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion, continued
• All Forces Act in Pairs—Action and Reaction
Newton’s third law says that all forces act in pairs.
When a force is exerted, there is always a reaction
force.
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion, continued
• The Effect of a Reaction Can Be Difficult to See
When an object falls, gravity pulls the object toward
Earth and pulls Earth toward the object.
• You don’t notice Earth being pulled upward because
the mass of Earth is much larger than the mass of the
object. Thus, the acceleration of Earth is much smaller
than the acceleration of the object.
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Chapter M2
Section 3 Momentum
Bellringer
Make a list of five things that have momentum and a
list of five things that don’t have momentum.
Explain your answer in your science journal.
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Chapter M2
Section 3 Momentum
Objectives
• Calculate the momentum of moving objects.
• Explain the law of conservation of momentum.
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Chapter M2
Section 3 Momentum
Momentum, Mass, and Velocity
• The momentum of an object depends on the object’s
mass and velocity.
• Calculating Momentum The relationship of
momentum (p), mass (m), and velocity (v) is shown in
the equation below:
p=mxv
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Chapter M2
Section 3 Momentum
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Chapter M2
Section 3 Momentum
The Law of Conservation of Momentum
• The law of conservation of momentum states that any
time objects collide, the total amount of momentum
stays the same.
• Objects Sticking Together After two objects stick
together, they move as one object. The mass of the
combined objects is equal to the masses of the two
objects added together.
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Chapter M2
Section 3 Momentum
The Law of Conservation of Momentum,
continued
• The combined objects have a different velocity
because momentum is conserved and depends on
mass and velocity.
• So, when the mass changes, the velocity must
change, too.
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Chapter M2
Section 3 Momentum
The Law of Conservation of Momentum,
continued
• Objects Bouncing Off Each Other When two
objects bounce off each other, momentum is usually
transferred from one object to the other.
• The transfer of momentum causes the objects to
move in different directions at different speeds.
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Chapter M2
Section 3 Momentum
The Law of Conservation of Momentum,
continued
• Conservation of Momentum and Newton’s Third
Law Conservation of momentum can be explained
by Newton’s third law.
• Because action and reaction forces are equal and
opposite, momentum is neither gained or lost in a
collision.
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Chapter M2
Forces and Motion
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map
on the next slide.
force
free fall
terminal velocity
projectile motion
air resistance
gravity
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Chapter M2
Forces and Motion
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Chapter M2
Forces and Motion
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End of Chapter M2 Show
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
Reading
Read each of the passages. Then, answer the
questions that follow each passage.
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1 How do astronauts prepare for trips in the
space shuttle? One method is to use simulations on
Earth that mimic the conditions in space. For example,
underwater training lets astronauts experience reduced
gravity. They can also ride on NASA’s modified KC-135
airplane. NASA’s KC-135 simulates how it feels to be in
a space shuttle.
Continued on the next slide
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1, continued How does this airplane work? It
flies upward at a steep angle and then flies downward
at a 45° angle. When the airplane flies downward, the
effect of reduced gravity is produced. As the plane falls,
the astronauts inside the plane can float like astronauts
in the space shuttle do!
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
1. What is the purpose of this passage?
A to explain how astronauts prepare for missions in
space
B to convince people to become astronauts
C to show that space is similar to Earth
D to describe what it feels like to float in space
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
1. What is the purpose of this passage?
A to explain how astronauts prepare for missions in
space
B to convince people to become astronauts
C to show that space is similar to Earth
D to describe what it feels like to float in space
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
2. What can you conclude about NASA’s KC-135 from
the passage?
F NASA’s KC-135 is just like other airplanes.
G All astronauts train in NASA’s KC-135.
H NASA’s KC-135 simulates the space shuttle by
reducing the effects of gravity.
I Being in NASA’s KC-135 is not very much like being in
the space shuttle.
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
2. What can you conclude about NASA’s KC-135 from
the passage?
F NASA’s KC-135 is just like other airplanes.
G All astronauts train in NASA’s KC-135.
H NASA’s KC-135 simulates the space shuttle by
reducing the effects of gravity.
I Being in NASA’s KC-135 is not very much like being in
the space shuttle.
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Based on the passage, which of the following
statements is a fact?
A Astronauts always have to train underwater.
B Flying in airplanes is similar to riding in the space
shuttle.
C People in NASA’s KC-135 float at all times.
D Astronauts use simulations to learn what reduced
gravity is like.
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Based on the passage, which of the following
statements is a fact?
A Astronauts always have to train underwater.
B Flying in airplanes is similar to riding in the space
shuttle.
C People in NASA’s KC-135 float at all times.
D Astronauts use simulations to learn what reduced
gravity is like.
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2 There once was a game that could be
played by as few as 5 or as many as 1,000 players.
The game could be played on a small field for a few
hours or on a huge tract of land for several days. The
game was not just for fun—in fact, it was often used as
a substitute for war. One of the few rules was that the
players couldn’t touch the ball with their hands—they
had to use a special stick with webbing on one end.
Continued on the next slide
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2, continued Would you believe that this
game is the same as the game of lacrosse that is
played today? Lacrosse is a game that was originally
played by Native Americans. They called the game
baggataway, which means “little brother of war.”
Although lacrosse has changed and is now played all
over the world, it still requires special, webbed sticks.
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Chapter M2
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1. What is the purpose of this passage?
A to explain the importance of rules in lacrosse
B to explain why sticks are used in lacrosse
C to describe the history of lacrosse
D to describe the rules of lacrosse
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
1. What is the purpose of this passage?
A to explain the importance of rules in lacrosse
B to explain why sticks are used in lacrosse
C to describe the history of lacrosse
D to describe the rules of lacrosse
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Based on the passage, what does the word
substitute mean?
F something that occurs before war
G something that is needed to play lacrosse
H something that is of Native American origin
I something that takes the place of something else
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Based on the passage, what does the word
substitute mean?
F something that occurs before war
G something that is needed to play lacrosse
H something that is of Native American origin
I something that takes the place of something else
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
Interpreting Graphics
Read each question, and choose the best answer.
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Which of the following images shows an object with
no momentum that is about to be set in motion by an
unbalanced force?
A
C
B
D
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Which of the following images shows an object with
no momentum that is about to be set in motion by an
unbalanced force?
A
C
B
D
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
2. During a laboratory
experiment, liquid was
collected in a graduated
cylinder. What is the
volume of the liquid?
F 30 mL
G 35 mL
H 40 mL
I 45 mL
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
2. During a laboratory
experiment, liquid was
collected in a graduated
cylinder. What is the
volume of the liquid?
F 30 mL
G 35 mL
H 40 mL
I 45 mL
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
Math
Read each question, and choose the best answer.
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
1. The table below shows the accelerations produced
by different forces for a 5 kg mass. Assuming that the
pattern continues, use this data to predict what
acceleration would be produced by a 100 N force.
A 10 m/s2
B 20 m/s2
Force
Acceleration
m/s2
25 N
50 N
75 N
5 m/s2
10 m/s2
15 m/s2
C 30
D 100 m/s2
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
1. The table below shows the accelerations produced
by different forces for a 5 kg mass. Assuming that the
pattern continues, use this data to predict what
acceleration would be produced by a 100 N force.
A 10 m/s2
B 20 m/s2
C 30 m/s2
D 100 m/s2
Force
Acceleration
25 N
50 N
75 N
5 m/s2
10 m/s2
15 m/s2
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
2. The average radius of the moon is 1.74 × 106 m.
What is another way to express the radius of the
moon?
F 0.00000174 m
G 0.000174 m
H 174,000 m
I 1,740,000 m
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
2. The average radius of the moon is 1.74 × 106 m.
What is another way to express the radius of the
moon?
F 0.00000174 m
G 0.000174 m
H 174,000 m
I 1,740,000 m
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
3. The half price bookstore is selling 4 paperback
books for a total of $5.75. What would the price of 20
paperback books be?
A $23.00
B $24.75
C $28.75
D $51.75
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
3. The half price bookstore is selling 4 paperback
books for a total of $5.75. What would the price of 20
paperback books be?
A $23.00
B $24.75
C $28.75
D $51.75
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
4. A 75 kg speed skater is moving with a velocity of
16 m/s east. What is the speed skater’s momentum?
(Momentum is calculated with the equation:
momentum = mass × velocity.)
F 91 kg•m/s
G 91 kg•m/s east
H 1,200 kg•m/s east
I 1,200 kg•m/s2 east
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
4. A 75 kg speed skater is moving with a velocity of
16 m/s east. What is the speed skater’s momentum?
(Momentum is calculated with the equation:
momentum = mass × velocity.)
F 91 kg•m/s
G 91 kg•m/s east
H 1,200 kg•m/s east
I 1,200 kg•m/s2 east
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Chapter M2
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
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Chapter M2
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
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Chapter M2
Section 3 Momentum
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Chapter M2
Standardized Test Preparation
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Chapter M2
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