Download 27.3 Circulation - Mrs. Oram Science

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27.3 Circulation
Lesson Objectives
Compare open and closed circulatory systems.
Compare patterns of circulation in vertebrates.
Lesson Summary
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems A heart is a hollow, muscular organ that
pumps blood around the body. A heart can be part of either an open or a closed circulatory
system.
▶ In an open circulatory system, blood is only partially contained within a system of blood
vessels as it travels through the body. Blood vessels empty into a system of sinuses, or
cavities.
▶ In a closed circulatory system, blood circulates entirely within blood vessels that extend
throughout the body.
Single- and Double-Loop Circulation Most vertebrates with gills have a single-loop circulatory system with a single pump that forces blood around the body in one direction. Most
vertebrates that use lungs have a double-loop, two-pump circulatory system.
▶ In a double-loop circulatory system, the first loop, powered by one side of the heart, forces
oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs, and then back to the heart. The other side
of the heart pumps this oxygen-rich blood through the second circulatory loop to the rest
of the body.
▶ Some hearts have more than one chamber.
• The atrium (plural: atria) receives blood from the body.
• A ventricle pumps blood out of the heart to the rest of the body.
▶ Amphibian hearts usually have three chambers: two atria and one ventricle.
• The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.
• The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body.
• Both atria empty into the ventricle. Some mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood
occurs in the ventricle.
▶ Most reptilian hearts have three chambers. However, most reptiles have a partial partition
in the ventricle, so there is little mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood in the
ventricle.
▶ Modern mammals have four-chambered hearts that are actually two separate pumps
working next to one another.
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Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
1. Use the Venn diagram to compare and contrast open and closed circulatory systems.
Open Circulatory Systems
blood only partially
contained in vessels;
found in arthropods
and most mollusks
2.
Closed Circulatory Systems
heart pumps
blood through
system
blood entirely
contained in vessels;
found in larger
invertebrates and
all vertebrates
Label the structures shown on each organism. Then write on the line
below the organism whether the organism has an open or a closed circulatory system.
hearts
Grasshopper
blood vessels
Open circulatory system
Earthworm
heartlike structures
blood vessels
Closed circulatory system
Single- and Double-Loop Circulation
3. Identify where the blood is carried in each loop of a double-loop circulatory system.
One loop carries blood between the heart and the lungs. The other loop carries blood
between the heart and the body.
4. Why is a four-chambered heart sometimes described as a double pump?
One pump moves blood through the lung loop, and the other moves blood through
the body loop.
5. What is the difference between a reptilian heart and an amphibian heart?
The reptilian heart has a partial partition in the ventricle that reduces the mixing of
oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.
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For Questions 6–9, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.
6. In most vertebrates with gills, the heart consists of
two
chambers.
7. The heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart is called the
8. Most vertebrates that use gills for respiration have a
system.
single
ventricle
.
loop circulatory
9. In a double-loop system, oxygen-poor blood from the heart is carried to the
lungs
10.
.
Draw the arrows showing the path of blood through the circulatory
systems shown. On the lines beneath the illustrations, identify what kind of animal may
have each type of circulation.
Gill
capillaries
Lung
capillaries
One
ventricle
Two
atria
Heart
One
atrium
Heart
Two
ventricles
Body
capillaries
Body
capillaries
fish or vertebrate with gills
mammal
11. On the basis of what you have learned about circulatory systems, infer how many
chambers a bird’s heart has. Explain your answer.
SAMPLE ANSWER:
Birds most likely have a four-chambered heart. Their metabolisms are
very rapid due to the amount of energy needed to maintain flight and body heat.
Their respiratory system brings in a constant supply of oxygen. The most efficient way
to handle this supply is with a heart that includes two separate pumps: one to the
lungs and one to the rest of the body.
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27.4 Excretion
Lesson Objectives
Describe the methods animals use to manage nitrogenous wastes.
Explain how aquatic animals eliminate wastes.
Explain how land animals eliminate wastes.
Lesson Summary
The Ammonia Problem Ammonia is a waste product that can kill most cells, even in
moderate amounts.
▶ Animals either eliminate ammonia from the body quickly or convert it into other
nitrogenous compounds that are less toxic.
▶ The elimination of metabolic wastes, such as ammonia, is called excretion.
▶ Many animals use kidneys to separate wastes and excess water from blood.
Excretion in Aquatic Animals In general, aquatic animals can allow ammonia to diffuse
out of their bodies into surrounding water, which dilutes the ammonia and carries it away.
▶ Many freshwater invertebrates lose ammonia to their environment by simple diffusion
across their skin. Many freshwater fishes and amphibians eliminate ammonia by diffusion
across the same gill membranes they use for respiration. Freshwater fishes also actively
pump salt inward across their gills.
▶ Marine invertebrates and vertebrates typically release ammonia by diffusion across their
body surfaces or gill membranes. These animals also actively excrete salt across their gills.
Excretion in Terrestrial Animals In dry environments, land animals can lose large
amounts of water from respiratory membranes that must be kept moist. In addition, they
must eliminate nitrogenous wastes in ways that require disposing of water.
▶ Some terrestrial invertebrates produce urine in nephridia, which are tubelike excretory
structures that filter body fluid. Urine leaves the body through excretory pores.
▶ Other terrestrial invertebrates, such as insects and arachnids, convert ammonia into uric
acid. Nitrogenous wastes, such as uric acid, are absorbed from body fluids by structures
called Malpighian tubules, which concentrate the wastes and add them to digestive wastes
traveling through the gut.
▶ Mammals and land amphibians convert ammonia into urea, which is excreted in urine. In
most reptiles and birds, ammonia is converted into uric acid.
The Ammonia Problem
1. Why does ammonia build up in organisms? Ammonia is a waste product caused by the
breakdown of proteins by cells.
2. Why is ammonia a problem in the body of an animal?
It is poisonous even in moderate amounts.
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3. Complete the concept map.
Ways to Store Nitrogenous
g
Waste
Ammonia
is converted into
uric
acid
urea
byy
by
mammals and
some amphibians
most insects,
reptiles, and birds
Excretion in Aquatic Animals
4. How do many freshwater invertebrates rid their bodies of ammonia?
Ammonia diffuses from their body tissues into the surrounding water.
5. Describe how flatworms maintain water balance.
Flatworms have flame cells that remove excess water from body fluids. That water travels
through excretory tubules and leaves through pores in the skin.
6. Why do freshwater fishes typically have very dilute urine and marine fishes have very
concentrated urine?
In freshwater environments, the concentration of water is higher than the concentration
of water in fish body fluids. So water moves into fish bodies by osmosis. Salt leaves by
diffusion. Because of the large water intake, urine is dilute. Marine fishes tend to lose
water to their surroundings because their bodies are less salty than the surrounding
water. Their kidneys produce small amounts of concentrated urine to conserve water.
For Questions 7–8, write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.
A
7. Marine organisms tend to lose water to their surroundings because
A. their bodies are less salty than the water they live in.
B. their bodies are more salty than the water they live in.
C. their cells actively pump water across their membranes.
D. their cells actively pump ammonia across their membranes.
C
8. Which of the following structures helps remove excess water from an organism’s
body?
A. a gill
C. a flame cell
B. a ventricle
D. an operculum
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Excretion in Terrestrial Animals
9.
Label the excretory organs on the organisms shown. Then, describe
the function of the labeled organs on the lines below.
nephridia
Annelid
Nephridia are tubelike excretory structures that filter body fluid. Body fluid enters
through openings called nephrostomes and becomes more concentrated as it moves
along the tubes.
Malpighian tubules
Arthropod
Nitrogenous wastes are absorbed from body fluids by Malpighian tubules, which
concentrate the wastes and add them to digestive wastes traveling through the gut.
For Questions 10–12, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.
10. In terrestrial vertebrates, excretion is carried out mostly by the
kidney
urine
11. In mammals, urea is excreted from the body in a liquid known as
12. Most vertebrate kidneys cannot excrete concentrated
salt
.
.
.
13. How does the structure of a gill make it an ideal excretory organ?
Gills are feathery structures that expose a large surface area of thin membrane to
water. Inside gill membranes is a network of capillaries. Many substances can pass
through the thin walls of capillaries. As an animal actively pumps water over the gills,
wastes in the blood could diffuse out into the water.
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Chapter Vocabulary Review
Match the image with the best term.
Term
Image
E
1.
A. lung
B. gill
C. closed circulatory system
D. open circulatory system
A
2.
B
3.
C
4.
D
5.
E. nephridium
For Questions 6–13, write True if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the
underlined word or words to make the statement true.
Extracellular
6. Intracellular digestion is the process in which food is broken down
outside cells and then absorbed.
Malpighian tubules 7. Kidneys concentrate the wastes and add them to digestive wastes
traveling through the gut.
digestive tract
8. Many invertebrates and all vertebrates digest food in a gastrovascular
cavity, which has two openings.
True
9. Excretion is the elimination of metabolic wastes from the body.
True
10. A pouchlike extension of a stomach in which symbiotic bacteria
digest cellulose is called a rumen.
Ventricles
11. Atria pump blood out of the heart.
True
12. Circulatory systems contain a pumplike organ called a heart.
True
13. Alveoli in lungs provide an enormous surface area for gas exchange.
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Drinking clean water is a vital part of
maintaining your health. The Chapter
Mystery showed that drinking the wrong
water can have negative health effects.
(NEAR) DEATH BY
SALT WATER
Learning
Why Clean Water?
Clear water may look clean, but it could possibly contain dissolved contaminants.
Contaminants include pesticides or other agricultural chemicals, industrial chemicals,
disease-causing microorganisms, and high concentrations of minerals. Contaminants often
have no taste and can be toxic to humans. You could develop serious health problems by
drinking contaminated water. Therefore, it is important to be aware of drinking water
regulations and treatment methods. Below are some facts about drinking water.
Important Facts about Clean Drinking Water
1. The Safe Drinking Water Act regulates the supply of public drinking water, or tap water. The
regulations protect rivers, reservoirs, springs, and other sources so that the public water supply
remains safe. The regulations also set guidelines for testing and treating the public water supply
and detail which chemicals and the amount of each chemical that can be present in the supply.
2. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and individual state laws regulate bottled water. All
bottled water must be sampled and analyzed before it is considered safe for drinking.
3. Tap water is treated with filters and/or disinfecting agents such as chlorine. When water flows
through filters, many contaminants are removed. Disinfectants such as chlorine help kill bacteria
and fungi in water.
4. Bottled water is sealed in sanitary or sterilized plastic bottles according to both federal and state
standards. Chemicals and sweeteners cannot be added to bottled water.
5. Bottled water sources include municipal supplies, springs, and wells. Springs and wells are
considered natural sources. About 75% of bottled water comes from these natural sources.
6. The FDA has defined different kinds of bottled water. Definitions are based on the source of the
water and on the chemicals in the water at its source. FDA classifications include artesian well
water, mineral water, spring water, and well water.
7. Before water is bottled, it can be treated using distillation, reverse osmosis, filtration, and
ozonation. Not all bottled water is treated this way. If a manufacturer treats water using these
methods, the manufacturer can sell and label the water as purified.
Continued on next page ▶
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Date
Science and Economic
Literacy
1. What federal laws regulate public drinking water and bottled water, and how are these
laws similar?
The Safe Drinking Water Act regulates tap water. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act regulates bottled water. Both acts require that drinking water and bottled
water must be tested and deemed safe to drink.
2. How is tap water treated to prevent consumers from getting sick?
Filters eliminate many contaminants, and disinfection with chlorine removes fungi and
bacteria.
3. What do you think most public water is used for?
SAMPLE ANSWER:
I think most of it is used by people for drinking; cooking; bathing; and
washing dishes, clothing, cars, and so on.
4. Suppose a city’s tap water became temporarily unsafe. What would be the likely
consequences?
SAMPLE ANSWER:
Some people drinking the unsafe water may become ill. Many people
would turn to bottled water for their drinking supply.
5. If you wanted to start a bottled water company, what would be the first thing you would do?
SAMPLE ANSWER:
I would review state and federal water regulations and learn more
about the kinds of bottled-water sources and the types of water treatment.
Learning
Bottled Water Business Plan
The skills used in this activity include information and media literacy; communication
skills; critical thinking and systems thinking; problem identification, formulation, and
solution; interpersonal and collaborative skills; accountability and adaptability; and social
responsibility.
Working in small groups, create a business plan to sell bottled water. Research and
enhance the facts given on the previous page about bottled drinking water. Start by visiting
the FDA’s Web site to learn more about how the FDA regulates bottled water. Create a name
for your company and assign roles to each team member. Your business plan should include
the following: a summary description of the business, product description, an analysis of the
bottled water market, strategy and implementation of the business plan, management team,
and a financial or budgetary plan.
Present your business plan to your class.
Evaluate students’ business plans based on their comprehensiveness (including information about each factor mentioned above), the organization and clarity of the
writing, the accuracy of any researched information the plan contains, the students’
argument for feasibility, and how realistic the budget is.
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