Download The Rise of Jacksonian Democracy

Opening: Go Over Unit 2 Test
Work Period: Chapter 13 The
Rise of Mass Democracy Notes
Closing: Chapter 13 Quiz
Election of 1824
• Four Republican candidates
–
–
–
–
Andrew Jackson
Henry Clay
William Crawford
John Quincy Adams
• John C. Calhoun was the vice presidential candidate on
both Adams & Jackson tickets
• Jackson won the popular vote but not a
majority of the electoral votes
– Vote goes to the House of Representatives
Amendment)
(12th
House of Representatives
• House would have to choose from the top 3
candidates
– Clay was eliminated / Crawford suffered a stroke
– Clay was Speaker of the House so he presided over
the hearings
• Clay met privately with Adams and assured
him of his support - supposedly
• Adams becomes president in 1825
“Corrupt Bargain”
• Adams selects Clay as his Sec of State
• Secretary of state
– 3 of the 4 preceding sec had become president
• Adams, the 2nd choice of the people, defeated the
1st choice of the people, Jackson
• Jackson condemned Clay – “Judas of the West”
• No clear proof that agreement was made
– If so, not necessarily corrupt
Yankee in the White House
• Better Sec of State than President
• “Minority president”
– Hard to get things accomplished
• Political spoilsmen annoyed Adams
• Proposals to Congress
– Construction of roads & canals
– National university
– Astronomical observatory
** If federal gov’t could meddle in local concerns
like education & roads, what about slavery?**
Campaign of 1828
• National Republicans – • Democratic-Republicans
Adams
– Jackson
• Mudslinging / about
Jackson
– Mother prostitute
– Coffins / duels
– adulterer
• Mudslinging / about
Adams
– Gambling
– Large sums of money
“Revolution of 1828”
• Jackson – 178
• Jackson
/
Adams – 83
(p. 261)
– Support from West & South/ common people
• Political revolution
– Increased voter turnout
– Political center of gravity was continuing
to shift away from the eastern seaboard
to the emerging states across the
mountains
• Peaceful Revolution
– Achieved by ballots instead of bullets
“Old Hickory”
• Jackson personified the new West
– Individualism, jack-of-all trades,
opportunism, etc…
• Background
– Orphaned, brawler, no college
education
– Born in the Carolinas/ moved to
Tennessee
• 1st president from
the West
Jackson’s Political Beliefs
• Suspicious of the federal gov’t as a defender of
privilege
• Sacredness of the Union & the
ultimate supremacy of federal
power over that of the states
• Demanded prompt & loyal
support from his subordinates
• Ignored the Supreme Court on
several occasions
• Frequently used his power of veto
Jackson & the Spoils System
• Spoil System (electing those who helped
elect you) introduced into the federal gov’t
on a large numerical scale
– “To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy.”
– No party overturn had occurred since the defeat
of the Federalists in 1800
• Lead to corruption & incompetence
– “Rotation in Office”
Cabinet Crisis
• Official Cabinet of 6
– Sec of State – Martin Van Buren
• “Kitchen Cabinet”
– 13 ever-shifting members
– Informal meetings with advisors
• Group did not gather in the kitchen
• Influence was exaggerated
• Not unconstitutional
Peggy Eaton Affair - 1831
• Sec of War – John H. Eaton
– Wife, Peggy Eaton, was looked down upon
because of her background
• Especially by VP Calhoun’s wife
– Jackson eventually turned against Calhoun
• Calhoun resigned as VP & entered Senate
– “Great Nullifier”
– Became a defender of states’ rights
“Tariff of Abominations”
• Congress had already increased the tariff of 1824
from 23% to 37%
– Woolen manufacturers wanted more
• Tariff of 1828 – tariff increased to 45%
– Supported by Jacksonites because they believed
that it would not pass; however, it passed
– Southerners were shocked
Reaction of the Tariff of 1828
• Southern beliefs
– Discriminated against them
• Cotton was unprotected & manufactured goods were
protected
– Higher prices lead to a reduced volume of
purchases, in both directions
• South would suffer both as consumers & as producers
• “The South Carolina Exposition”
– John C. Calhoun
– Proposed that the states should
nullify the tariff because it was
unjust & unconstitutional
Webster – Hayne Debate
(1830)
• Robert Hayne – SC
– Condemned disloyalty of
New England during War
of 1812 & tariff
– Nullification was the only
means of safeguarding
interest of the South
– Protecting southern
rights within the Union
• Daniel Webster
– Represented New
England
– Against nullification
– “people & not the
states had framed the
Constitution”
– “Liberty and Union,
now and forever, one
and inseparable.”
Cement for the Union
• Each section was satisfied with its
champion
• Jefferson Day Banquet (1830)
– Jackson – “Our union, it must be preserved.”
– Calhoun – “The Union, next to our liberty, most
dear!”
“Nullies” in South Carolina
• Southerners were still angry over the
Tariff of 1828
– Were trying to get the 2/3 vote for
nullification
• Tariff of 1832 – passed by Congress
– Reduced tariff by 10%
– SC still threatening nullification & possible
secession
– SC Flag
SC’s Response
• Clash of Nullifiers & Unionists
– Nullifiers received more than 2/3 majority
• Declared Tariff of 1832 “null and void” in SC
• Called upon state legislature to take any military
preparations necessary
• Threatened to secede from the Union if Washington regime
attempted to collect customs duties by force
•
•
•
•
JACKSON’S RESPONSE
Privately threatened to hang nullifiers
Dispatched naval and military reinforcements to SC
Issued proclamation against nullification
--Gov Haynes issued counter-proclamation
Civil War?
The Great Compromiser
• Henry Clay (KY)
• Tariff of 1833
– Reduced the Tariff of 1832 by
about 10% over a period of 8 years
– Squeezed through Congress
– Favored by Calhoun & the South
– Opposition from New England & the middle
states
• Force Bill (“Bloody Bill”) also passed
– Authorized the president to use the army &
navy, if necessary, to collect federal tariff
duties
Issue of Slavery
• Southern reaction to the tariff
– Anxieties about possible federal interference with
the institution of slavery
• Charleston 1822- Denmark Vesey
– Free black who plotted a slave rebellion
• Washington could next take a stand on slavery
– Strong stand against all federal encroachments
on states’ rights
– South was not developing like other regions
• Overcropped land & cotton prices had fallen
Land & Indian Problems
• Adams’s land policy
– Tried to curb speculation in the
public domain
• Angered Westerns
• Cherokee Indians & Georgia
– Georgians wanted Indians out
– Adams tried to deal with friendless Indians
– Georgian governor threatened to use arms to
prevent federal gov’t from helping the Indians
Transplanting the Tribes
• 1790s – gov’t recognized tribes as separate nations &
agreed to acquire land from them only through formal
treaties
• Indians were repeatedly coerced or tricked into ceding
huge tracts of territory to whites
• Census in 1830 – 13 million people in US
• 1820s - 125,000 Native Americans lived east of the
Mississippi
Relations with the Natives
• “civilizing” & Christianizing the Indians
– Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians
– Congress appropriated $20,000 for promotion of literacy
& agricultural & vocational instruction among the
Indians
Cherokee Indians
• Made remarkable efforts to learn the ways
of whites
– Agriculture & private property
– Cherokee National Council – written legal code
– Cotton planters & slave owners
• Five Civilized Tribes
– Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws,
Seminoles
• 1828 - Georgia legislature declared council
illegal & asserted its own jurisdiction over
affairs & lands
• Cherokees applied to Supreme
Court
Jackson & the Indians
• Supreme Court ruled in favor of the
Indians
– Jackson refused to recognize their decision
– “John Marshall made his decision; now let him
enforce it.”
• Jackson proposed removal of Native
Americans
– Uproot more than 100,000
Indians
• 1830 – Indian Removal Act
– Transplanting of all Indian
tribes east of the
Mississippi
Trail of Tears
• Countless Indians died
• Forced to newly established Indian
Territory (Oklahoma), where they were
to be free of white encroachments
• 1836 - Bureau of Indian Affairs
– Administer relations
with Indians
Conflicts Begin
• Sauk & Fox braves from Illinois &
Wisconsin lead by Black Hawk resisted
– Crushed in 1832 by regular troops (Jefferson
Davis & Abraham Lincoln)
• Florida – Seminole Indians (1835 –
1842)
– Guerrilla war in the Everglades - 1500
soldiers dead
– Costliest Indian conflict in American history
– Leader Osceola – captured
Nationalism & Jackson
• Jackson dealt nationalism a blow
– Hostile towards roads & canals
• State’s rights - federal money should not be used
for roads built entirely within individual states
• Vetoed the Maysville Rd. (KY) (King Andrew)
Jackson and the Bank
• Bank too monopolistic and private
institution who was accountable
only to the elite
– Banks minted gold and silver coins
but did not issue paper money, that
was printed by private banks.
Bank War of 1832
• Webster and Clay pushed to have charter
renewed because the BUS controlled much of the
nation’s gold and silver and provided a source of
credit and stability. (Clay thought if AJ passed it,
his followers would be angry but if he didn’t he
would lose the next presidency.)
• Jackson vetoed the bill
– "unauthorized by the Constitution, subversive to the
rights of States, and dangerous to the liberties of the
people“
– Bank charter expired in 1836
Election of 1832
• Jackson (Democratic Republican)
vs. Clay (National
Republican/Whig)
• New Party: Anti-Masonic Party
– Opposed Masonic order (people of
privilege and monopoly)
– Jackson was a mason although he
was against monopolies
• Jackson easily wins reelection
against Clay
• Van Buren V.P.
Financial Woes
• Used National Banks to pay for
government operations
• Other federal funds put in “pet”
banks
• Smaller banks began producing
“wildcat” currency
– Unreliable
– Specie Circular – all public lands
must be bought with hard currency
– Led to panic of 1837
The Whigs
• Supported government programs,
reforms and public schools
• Internal improvements
• Party of the Common Man
• Democrats – “the party of
corruption”
Democrats
• Rights of the individual
• Supported states' rights
• Federal restraint in social and
economic affairs.
Election of 1836
• Van Buren elected (Jackson handpicked him)
• Whigs defeated because of lack of
unity behind one person (They
ran several “favorite sons”
hoping to send the election to the
House of Reps)
Panic of 1837
–Speculators were buying land on borrowed money
–Agricultural failures added to problems
–Jackson’s economic policies (specie circular, pet banks)
played major role
–European banks failed resulting in calling of foreign
(American) loans which led to American banks failing
including pet banks which had government funds
•land sales stopped, Federal government ran out of money for
internal improvements
•DIVORCE BILL-wanted to “divorce” the government from
banking altogether which created the independent treasury
Spain, Mexico and Texas
• 1824 a poor Mexico declared
independence from Spain
• Mexican gov’t invited Americans
to settle the territory through
Stephen Austin (must speak
Spanish, convert to Catholicism)
• 1830 Mexico prevented
immigration, levied taxes and
prohibited slavery
Lone Star Rebellion
• Texas declared independence from
Mexico in 1836
– Sam Houston
• Alamo
– Texan defeat led to many joining army
• Battle of San Jacinto
– Defeat of Mexicans
– Santa Anna captured forced to sign peace
treaty
• North did not want Texas admitted as a
state
– Not admitted until 1845
Tippecanoe and Tyler Too-1840
• William Henry Harrison defeats Van
Buren (log cabins and hard cider)
• Panic of 1837
Recap-Politics for the People
• By 1820s, aristocracy was frowned upon &
democracy was respectable
• Emphasis on common people
– Davy Crockett – (semiliterate & elected to Congress)
• However, most high offices continued to be
filled by “leading citizens”
Immediate Results
• The New Democracy
– Gov’t in the hands of the common people
– Based on universal white manhood
suffrage
• Strong political parties emerge
• Voter turnout increased
– 1840 – 78% of voters voted
• New style of politicking emerged
– Banners, badges, parades, etc. . .