Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
United States presidential election, 1860 wikipedia , lookup
Issues of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Reconstruction era wikipedia , lookup
Hampton Roads Conference wikipedia , lookup
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution wikipedia , lookup
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution wikipedia , lookup
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution wikipedia , lookup
The 13th Amendment By: Kyle Kay, Georgia Dettmann and Harrison Shapiro The Thirteenth Amendment ● The Thirteenth Amendment was added to the Constitution to abolish slavery. ● The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified by different states at different times in 1865. ● The amendment is two sections and two sentences long. Emancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment ● ● ● ● The Emancipation Proclamation freed all the slaves in the rebelling southern states. Lincoln sold this to America by making it a military measure to deplete the South's workforce and used his power as Commander in Chief of the military to pass it. While a useful temporary measure, the Emancipation Proclamation did not free all the slaves in America and may not have maintained its legality and validity after the war. In January 1864, a Missouri congressman drafted a proposal for a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery, likely after Lincoln persuaded him to. This became the Thirteenth Amendment. Politics of the Thirteenth Amendment ● ● To pass a constitutional amendment, a two-thirds supermajority vote is required in the House of Representatives and in the Senate. The Amendment must then be ratified by three-fourths of the states. No presidential approval is required for it to pass. The state of Nevada was admitted to the Union to ratify the amendment. ● The Amendment was passed during the war when there were no Southern congressman in congress. It should have passed easily. ● The Senate passed the Amendment on April 8, 1864. ● The Amendment was initially shot down by the House of Representatives but was eventually passed on December 18th. ● Lincoln used corruption and other political tactics to convince House Democrats to vote for the Amendment. ● The vote was extremely close. But the Amendment passed. Ratification ● In order for constitutional amendments to become valid, three-quarters of the states must ratify them. ● The amendment was ratified by different states at different times throughout 1865. ● These initial ratification dates range from February 1st, 1865 (Illinois) to December 6th, 1865 (Georgia) ● Some states ratified the Amendment later after initially rejecting it. Ratification and Key Ratified amendment, 1865 Ratified amendment post-enactment, 1865–1870 Ratified amendment after first rejecting amendment, 1866–1995 Territories of the United States in 1865, not yet states Appomattox and the End of the Civil War ● After the Confederates suffered a brutal defeat in the Appomattox campaign, General Robert E. Lee of the Confederate Army decided to surrender his army to General Ulysses S. Grant of the Union Army. ● General Lee and General Grant passed notes to each other to decide the date of meeting at Appomattox. ● The two planned to meet in the Town of Appomattox Court House, Virginia on April 9th, 1865. ● General Lee's men were sent home, but all war equipment was surrendered. The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln ● John Wilkes Booth was a young and handsome actor who was fiercely loyal to the Confederacy. ● ● ● In February of 1865, Booth tried to kidnap the President but failed. ● Booth waited in a foyer and walked up behind Lincoln when the sounds of his footsteps were concealed by laughter. Booth Shot him and escaped. Seward survived the assassination attempt and Johnson was never attacked. ● Booth was found in a barn in Virginia. Cavalry set the barn on fire and shot him. Lincoln only allowed one bodyguard to protect him. Booth plotted to shoot Lincoln at the play Our American Cousin on April 14th while two accomplices each assassinated Secretary of State William Seward and Vice President Andrew Johnson. Presidential Reconstruction ● The Thirteenth Amendment meant that a huge change had to occur in Southern society and the South's economy. Reconstruction would help ease the South into this new way of life. ● Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction made it very easy for formerly Confederate people and areas to rejoin the Union. ● Andrew Johnson, who took over after Lincoln's death, finished his vision of Reconstruction. The new South was too much like the old South, however, and radical Republicans in Congress were outraged. Congressional Reconstruction and "Redemption" ● The Republicans won the 1866 election by a landslide because most voters still distrusted the Democrats. ● The Reconstruction Act, passed by an angry Congress led by radical Republicans, declared that no legal governments existed in the South and divided it into five military districts. ● Under the Reconstruction Act, to rejoin the Union Southern states had to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and grant suffrage to freedmen. ● One of the requirements for these Southern states to rejoin the Union was that they had to create new state constitutions. However, only three groups of people could participate in the conventions to create them: blacks, Northerners living in the South, and Southerners who could prove that they had not participated in or directly supported the rebellion (there were very few of these people). ● The fraud-ridden and close 1876 election ended after backroom deals allowed the Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes to become President. Hayes pulled the army out of the South and in doing this ended Reconstruction. The Fourteenth Amendment ● The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments are all related to black rights and are known together as the "Reconstruction Amendments." ● The Fourteenth Amendment was passed by Congress in 1866, but it was ratified in 1868. ● This amendment makes anyone born in the United States a citizen. This includes blacks and any children of immigrants born in the United States. It was a huge leap forward because it granted these people the full rights of United States citizens. The Fifteenth Amendment ● ● This amendment passed Congress in 1869 and was ratified in 1870. ● In the text of the Amendment it grants suffrage to any male born in the United States. This was a huge thing for many races other than blacks as well, including Native Americans, Chinese, and immigrants from other countries as well. ● This Amendment also ensured that black votes were not counted as "subvotes." The Fourteenth amendment did not specifically grant African Americans the right to vote, although it lowered congressional representation for states that denied them the vote. This amendment specifically granted them this right. Racism and Discrimination ● The Thirteenth Amendment did not make blacks equal to whites or give them complete legal equality. As well as this, the Thirteenth Amendment does not even expressly mention blacks. ● "Jim Crow" laws were laws that segregated blacks and whites in public places, mostly in the South. Jim Crow-type laws were not made illegal by the Thirteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court upheld Jim Crow laws and declared the 1875 Civil Rights Act unconstitutional in an 8-1 vote. ● Due process of the law and suffrage were not granted to freed slaves by the Thirteenth Amendment either. These were granted to black people by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Slavery in Other Forms ● ● ● ● ● After the end of legal slavery, bondage appeared in other guises, including the Chinese coolie system and a kind of debt-based slavery in the Deep South backed up by local police called "peonage." Coolies were indentured laborers from China. Thousands of them were coerced or even kidnapped to work in other countries. Coolies were forced to work hard and had to endure constant abuse from white laborers. Peonage is a debt-based method of indentured servitude. It existed in the South as a method of keeping forced laborers. Despite peonage being outlawed, sharecropping emerged in the South instead. Sharecropping was never outlawed but simply died out when tractors replaced laborers. The Supreme Court made peonage and the coolie system illegal after rulings in the Slaughter House Cases of 1872 and the Clyatt v. United States case in 1905. Slavelike migrant labor by mexican immigrants exists in parts of America. The End