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188 CHAPTER 8. STUDYING PECTIN SOLUTIONS 8.11 Pectin Degradation Clippings Figure 8.27: Polysaccharides: structural diversity and functional versatility By Severian Dumitriu 2005 edition p.483 Rubber in lab book #4 8.12 Oil-Water Samples 8.13 Diffusion Pectin Literature Review The ability of pectin to form gels has been exploited since the time of the Greeks and the Romans (cite Romarics paper: Microrheological investigations give insights into the microstructure and functionality of pectin gels). More recently, in 1934, pectin from citrus fruits was understood to be a primarily linear polygalacturonic acid, a view that remained in handbooks until the last decade of the twentieth 8.13. DIFFUSION 189 Figure 8.28: Chemical and functional properties of food saccharides By Piotr Tomasik p.185 Figure 8.29: Functional foods: biochemical & processing aspects By John Shi, G. Mazza, M. Le Maguer, 2002, p.292 190 CHAPTER 8. STUDYING PECTIN SOLUTIONS Figure 8.30: Handbook of food science, technology, and engineering, Volume 3 2006, By Yiu H. Hui p.140-6 8.13. DIFFUSION 191 Figure 8.31: Food chemistry By Hans-Dieter Belitz, Werner Grosch, Peter Schieberle p.316 Figure 8.32: Chemical and functional properties of food saccharides By Piotr Tomasik p.185 192 CHAPTER 8. STUDYING PECTIN SOLUTIONS Figure 8.33: Comprehensive reviews... p.89 century. Data collected over the past few decades however has led to a different understanding of pectin structure (cite: Pectin, a versatile polysaccharide present in plant cell walls, p.268). Pectins are complex biopolymers. Their functions within the cell wall are not yet fully understood [67, p.487]. In a normal western diet, about 4-5g of pectin is consumed each day [67, p.487]. A proportion of the backbone galacturonic acid residues of HG and XGA are methyl esterified at C-6 and/or O-acetylated at C-2 or C-3 [67, p.487]. It is generally agreed that homogalacturonan (HG), rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI) and rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) represent the three main building blocks of pectin [25, p.2]. HG is a linear, unbranched molecule composed of 1,4- linked a-D-galacturonic acid (GalA) residues. The GalA residues can be methyl esterified at C-6 [25, p.2]. 8.13. DIFFUSION 193 Figure 8.34: Polysaccharides and Polyamides in the Food Industry: Properties, Production ... By Alexander Steinbchel, Sang Ki Rhee p.364 194 CHAPTER 8. STUDYING PECTIN SOLUTIONS Figure 8.35: Polysaccharides: structural diversity and functional versatility By Severian Dumitriu 1998 edition p.395 WOW this is a cool quote to use somewhere!!! [83, p.263] Pectin is one of the major plant cell wall components and probably the most complex macromolecule in nature, as it can be composed out of as many as 17 different monosaccharides containing more than 20 different linkages [13]. WOW again, Blumich has a great piece on the Hurlimann type stuff here: [6, p.212]. 8.13. DIFFUSION 195 Figure 8.36: Food polysaccharides and their applications By Alistair M. Stephen