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Handbook of Neuro-Ophthalmology Contact Judit Somlai M.D. Neuro-Ophthalmologist Email [email protected] [email protected] Internet www.nosza.eu In 2011, the latest edition of the Handbook of Neuro-Ophthalmology was published by the NOSZA Foundation in e-book format. It may be read online, and be downloaded in Hungarian for free of charge. (See: http://nosza.eu/nokonyv) The English translation is in process - Table of Contents can be previewed inside of this leaflet. If you are interested in the English publication, please contact the Editor ([email protected]). The 500-page Handbook has been built upon the abiding parts of the previously published books on Neuro-Ophthalmology (1996, 2007). It makes an attempt to give a complete picture of all dimensions of visual loss and eye-movement disorders in the central nervous system; in addition to the review of the most advanced clinical, diagnostic and systemic ways and means of treatments. As in the past, so in the current edition, chapters are written by 50+ authorities of different professional fields – working in different Hungarian medical centres and areas of neurorehabilitation. The Handbook gives an overall picture for all interested in Neuro-Ophthalmology, borderline territories and overlaps. It is especially useful for ophthalmologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, traumatologists, neuroradiologists, and experts of cardiology and stroke. It also helps professional orientation on the broad fields of medicine, and study of residents too. For future clinicians, it reveals exciting relationships and connections with the borderlands of Neuro-Ophthalmology. In addition, there are parts for rehabilitation of visual disorders – written by the prominents of neurorehabilitation, neuropsychology, typhlopedagogy, and informatics. Introduction (HALÁSZ Péter) Table of Contents 1. SIGNIFICANCE AND TASKS OF NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY 1.1. SOMLAI Judit: Significance and tasks of neuro-ophthalmology in the clinical practice of the ophthalmologists. 1.2. KOVÁCS Tibor: Significance of neuro-ophthalmology in the neurological practice. 2. OBJECTIVES AND RECENT RESULTS IN THE NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGICAL CINICAL PRACTICE 2.1. BENEDEK György: Recent results of the neurophysiology: Parallel information processing mechanisms of the visual pathway. 2.2. BALÁZS Csaba: A new trend: neuro-endocrin-immunology. 2.3. PFLIEGLER György: Disorders of the visual and eye movement system in internal diseases. 2.4. MOLNÁR Mária Judit: The role of neurogenetics in neuro-ophthalmic diseases. 2.5. VAJDA János: Newer knowledge in the neurosurgical practice in concerning the visual system 2.6. SZEIFERT György, SZEIFERT Jenő: Modern radiosurgical methods – perspectives of the gamma knife radiosurgery in visual system diseases. 2.7. SZIKORA István: Neurointerventional treatments of vascular diseases cause neuro- ophthalmic symptoms 2.8. KOVÁCS Tibor: Recent results of neuropathology: demyelinisation and conformational diseases. 3. CONVENTIONAL AND NEWER OPHTHALMOLOGICAL AND ADDITIONAL EXAMINATIONS 3.1. Functional examinations of the visual system 3.1.1. SOMLAI Judit: The internationally also approved guideline for neuro-ophthalmic examination. 3.1.2. JANÁKY Márta: Objective and subjective methods for examination of visual acuity. 3.1.3. JANÁKY Márta: Examination of contrast sensitivity. 3.1.4. ACZÉL Klára: Examination of color vision. 3.1.5. FARKAS Ágnes: Electroretinography (ERG): Electrophysiological examination of the retina. 3.1.6. JANÁKY Márta: Functional examination of the visual pathway using electrophysiological techniques (application of ERG and VEP examinations together). 3.1.7. SOMLAI Judit: Clinical significance of the conventional and the modern visual field examinations in the topographical diagnostics of visual pathway diseases. 3.1.8. GÁCS Gyula, SZILVÁSSY Ildikó: Differential diagnosis of the visual field defects at bedside. 3.1.9 RÉCSÁN Zsuzsa, SZEPESSY Zsuzsa: The role of fluorescein angiography (FLAG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the examination of circulatory disorders of the optic nerve head. 3.1.10. SOMFAI Gábor Márk, TÁTRAI Erika: Optical coherence tomographic examination of the optic disc and the macula in neurodegenerative diseases. 3.2. Neuro-ophthalmic examination of the eye movements 3.2.1. SOPRONI Anna, DOMSA Patricia: Diagnostics, differential diagnostics and treatment of the congenital eye movement disorders. 3.2.2. PÁLFIA Judit. †PÁLFIA Ernő: About the Pola-test. 3.2.3. SALOMVÁRY Bernadett: Physiology and examination methods of the pupillomotor pathway. 3.2.4. SOMLAI Judit: Methods for double vision analysis applied in neuro-ophthalmology. 3.3. Supplementary examinations 3.3.1. BARSI Péter: Carotid and vertebral duplex ultrasound examination. 3.3.2. PÁNCZÉL Gyula: Transcranial Doppler examination. 3.3.3. NÉMETH János, HARKÁNYI Zoltán, MORVAY Zita: Color-coded Doppler sonography in the orbital diseases. 3.3.4. CSÁKÁNY Béla, Németh János: The role of ophthalmic ultrasound in neuro-ophthalmology. 3.3.5. MOLNÁR Mária Judit: The role of electromyography (EMG) and electroneurography (ENG) in the diagnostics of neuro-ophthalmic diseases. 3.3.6. KENÉZ József: Computed tomography examinations. 3.3.7. VÁRALLYAY György, KOZÁK Lajos Rudolf: Neuroradiology. The functional MRI (f-MRI). 3.3.8. SZIRMAI Ágnes. Relationship between otoneurology and neuro-ophthalmology in the clinical practice. 3.3.9. GULYÁS Szilvia: Electrooculographic (EOG) examination of the eye movements. 3.3.10. NEMES László: The importance of thrombophilia in clinical practice. New ways in anticoagulant theraphy. 3.3.11. TÓTH Szabolcs: Newer concepts about the role of brainstem evoked response tests. 4. DISORDERS OF THE RETINA AND THE OPTIC NERVE 4.1. Congenital diseases of the retina and the visual pathway 4.1.1. FARKAS Ágnes: Hereditary diseases of the retina. 4.1.2. JANÁKY Márta: Significance of electroretinography and visual evoked response test in the retinal and/or visual pathway disorders. 4.1.3. JANÁKY Márta: Congenital diseases of the visual pathway. 4.1.4. SOMLAI Judit: Phacomatoses. 4.2. Acquired diseases of the optic nerve 4.2.1. INFLAMMATORY diseases of the optic nerve 4.2.1.1. LOVAS Gábor: Retrobulbar optic neuropathy – perspective of the neurologist 4.2.1.2. ILLÉS Zsolt: Neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s syndrome). A new conception of an old disease. 4.2.1.3. SOMLAI Judit: Acquired inflammatory diseases of the optic nerve, from the perspective of the neuroophthalmologist. 4.2.2. Diseases caused by CIRCULATORY disorders of the optic nerve 4.2.2.1. PFLIEGLER György: Vascular diseases of the optic nerve – perspective of the internist. 4.2.2.2. NIESZNER Éva: Cardiovascular background of the so-called ”intracerebral small vessel disease.” 4.2.2.3. SOMLAI Judit: Vascular disorders of the optic nerve – perspective of the neuro-ophthalmologist. 4.2.3. Disease leads to optic nerve COMPRESSION 4.2.3.1. VAJDA János: Diseases lead to optic nerve compression – a neurosurgeon’s perspective. (4) 4.2.3.2. SALOMVÁRY Bernadett: Neuro-ophthalmological aspects of the tumors cause the compression of the visual system. 4.2.4. TRAUMATIC optic nerve injuries 4.2.4.1. SOMLAI Judit, SZEIFERT György: Significance of neuro-ophthalmology in diagnostics and treatment of cranial traumas. 4.2.5. Toxic damage of the optic nerve 4.2.5.1. KLEIN Vera: Nutritional and toxic diseases of the visual pathway. 4.3. Eye symptoms of the increased intracranial pressure. 4.3.1. SOMLAI Judit: Eye symptoms of the increased intracranial pressure. 4.3.2. SZILVÁSSY Ildikó, GÁCS Gyula: The blind spot enlargement syndrome. 5. NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE EYE MOVEMENT SYSTEMS 5.1. Disorders of the pupillomotor system 5.1.1. SOMLAI Judit: The most common diseases of the pupillomotor system in the clinical practice. 5.2. Peripheral neurogenic pareses: 5.2.1. DEÁK Andrea: Congenital eye movement disorders 5.2.2. SOMLAI Judit: The main clinical syndromes, differential diagnostics and therapies of the acquired peripheral eye movement disorders. 5.3. Neurogenic pareses caused by brainstem dysfunctions 5.3.1. SOMLAI Judit: Types of eye movement disorders associated with brainstem dysfunctions, clinical significance of hight localization, modern therapeutic principles. 5.3.2. SZIRMAI Ágnes: Clinical significance of otoneurology in differential diagnostics of brainstem disorders. 5.3.3. GERÉBY György: Examination techniques of eye movements in a comatose patient. 5.4. The supranuclear eye movement systems and their clinical siginificance. 5.4.1. GULYÁS Szilvia: Supranuclear regulation of eye movements and the significance of their disorders. 5.5. The so-called pseudopareses and the mixed type of eye movement disorders. 5.5.1. FORNÁDI László S: Disorders of the neuromuscular junction and their differential diagnostics. 5.5.2. SOMLAI Judit: Main characteristics and differential diagnostics of the so-called pseudopalsies and the mixed type of eye movement disorders. 5.5.2.1. The so-called non-isolated eye muscle palsy 5.5.2.2. Myogenic palsies 5.5.2.3. The so-called ocular myasthenia gravis 5.5.3. BALÁZS Csaba: The endocrine myopathy and orbitopathy. 6. ORBITAL DISEASES 6.1. KORÁNYI Katalin: Diagnostics and therapy of the orbital diseases. PULAY György: Traumatic injuries of the orbita. 6.2. 7. NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE FACIAL NERVE 7.1. GÁDOR Ildikó: Tumorous lesions of the facial nerve 8. NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HEADACHES 8.1. ERTSEY Csaba: Neuro-ophthalmological aspects of headaches, from a neurologist’s perspective. . 9. REHABILITATION– LIFELONG CARE 9.1. VERSEGHI Anna: From up to down gaze. Visual disorders due to cortical injuries. 9.2. VERSEGHI Anna, S. NAGY Zita: The ignored world, without lack: The NEGLECT. 9.3. SZUHAJ Mihály, FÁBRI Timea, SZATMÁRI Péter: Introduction of aids and services which may improve the quality of life of visually impaired people. 9.4. TOLNAYNÉ CSATTOS Mária, JOSZT László: Basic and occupational rehabilitation of the visually impaired individuals. 9.5. SOMLAI Judit: Significance and possibilities of rehabilitations for the neuro-ophthalmologist. 10. INDEX