Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
A Guide to Wola District. Wola, one of 18 districts of Warsaw is a unique district. Apparently in the backstreets of Wola backyards, in memory of the inhabitants of this part of the city the real atmosphere of Warsaw has been preserved The origins of this part of town are hidden in the depths of history. Suffice it to say, for the first time the areas of modern day district were mentioned in 1367.Wolka at that time was a name used for numerous places on the Polish map and it frequently meant the villages established in the wastelands and forests. The centre of Great Wola village was a small church of St. Lawrence and the oldest street became a route in the direction of Wielkopolska, today's Wolska Street. 1. The Election Field The first free election, in which every Polish nobleman could participate, was held in 1573 on the right bank of the Vistula River, on the meadows near the Kamion village (the area of today's Prague Stoneware). At that time, Prince Henry of Valois was chosen the king, his coronation was held in February 1574 , and in June of the same year the ruler fled to his native France. Another election was called in November 1575 on the left bank of the Vistula. It took place in the area between the village of Great Wola and Warsaw. It was here that, in the years 1575-1764, the nobles decided about the next elections of rulers: from Stefan Batory to Stanislaw August Poniatowski. The exception to this tradition was calling a free election in 1733 on the fields of the Kamion village. With the support of Saxon diplomats and Russian troops Augustus III Strong was proclaimed a ruler. At the same time on the field of Wola Stanislaw Leszczynski became successful, yet he had to flee the country shortly afterwards. Ten out of twelve, carried out in the Commonwealth, free elections were held in Wola. At the site of the former electoral field, at the intersection of Obozowa and Gostyńska, these events are commemorated by the obelisk "Electio viritim": "The obelisk Elctio viritim erected on 400th anniversary of Warsaw community on the former election field in place of the senatorial shed and knightly circle where in the years 1575-1764 ten of the Polish kings were chosen." 2. Powazki The first cemetery was founded at the Powazki cemetery in November 1790, on the ground donated by the Szymanowski family. In the same, 1792, the construction of St. Charles Borromeo’s church, designed by Dominik Merlini, was completed. In 200 years of existence, the cemetery was extended 19 times, now it occupies the area of 43 hectares. Famous Poles were buried here, many of whom rest in the Alley of Merit, founded in 1925. After World War II a mausoleum was established in the catacombs where the ashes of concentration camp victims were laid. 3. The Insurgents Cementery – Wolska Street. It was founded on November 25, 1945. The civilian casualties of World War II and soldiers killed, among others, during the Warsaw Uprising were buried there. Their ashes were brought here from the war graves scattered throughout the capital. On the assumption of 1946 a mausoleum designed by Romuald Gutt and Alina Scholtz was to be built here. However, the authorities did not agree with that and work at a very early stage was suspended. In 1960-61 the necropolis was partially cleaned up. Tadeusz Wyrzykowski the sculptor responsible for this project used the first concept of a park-cemetery, adding to it some projects of his authorship. Each of the 177 mass graves has been marked by an equally-looking monument - a vertical stone slab. In 1973, on the mound, where the ashes of the Second World War victims were buried, a sculpture Fallen – Undefeated carved by Gustav Zemła was set. A dying warrior defending a breach in the barricade with his own body and shield. It was the first post-war commemoration of the Warsaw Uprising. Behind the statue there is an inscription: "Here lie the remains of more than 50,000 Poles, Warsaw civilians and the Home Army soldiers who died for the freedom of their Homeland murdered by the Germans during the Warsaw Uprising in August and September 1944. On 6th August 1946 117 coffins were laid here with the ashes of murdered and burned who then were transported among others: from the Gestapo headquarters in Szucha Alley, Wolska Street, Górczewska Street, Sowiński Park, the hospital of St. Stanislaus (Franaszek’s factory), Moczydło and Młynarska Street. "In 2015, the cemetery was completely rebuilt and reorganized. 4. Reduta Ordona. The famous Reduta 54, described by Adam Mickiewicz, located in what is now the Ochota district. Reduta was part of fortifications from the times of the November 1831 and it sheltered, about 2 km distant, Wola earthwork. At the corner of Mszczonowska and Włochowska, next to a railway station platform, a monument commemorating this event was set. The proper terrain of Reduta is located about a kilometer away nearby the roundabout of Siberian Exiles, besides the street on Bateryjka. 5. Warsaw Uprising Museum. In a former tramway power station built in 1908, the Museum of the Warsaw Uprising has been established. In the early twentieth century the buildings of an industrial and administrativeresidential character were erected here . The plant was partially destroyed early in the war, and then bombed during the Warsaw Uprising. The remaining walls were blown up by the Germans. As part of the post-war changes the power station has been transformed into a heating plant, and its buildings have been rebuilt by subsequent owners several times. 6. St. Lawrence’s Church + Reduta Wolska - Wolska 140a The history of this church formerly located in the village of Great Wola dates back to the fourteenth century. As an independent parish it was established in 1611. At that time it was a small wooden church, which burned down during the Swedish Deluge (1666) .In the same place, thanks to the efforts of Bishop Nicholas Poplawski, in 1695 they started building a brick temple. The funds for this purpose were allocated by King Jan III Sobieski’s wife-Maria Kazimiera. The turbulence associated with the events of the Northern War and the havoc in Wola stopped the construction. Eventually, the church was completed in 1764 thanks to the donation of Maria Anna Brühl, the wife of the minister King Augustus III. During the subsequent national uprisings the church served the insurgents for defensive purposes. One of the repercussions after the November Uprising, was changing the temple into the Orthodox church. In 1834 its equipment was removed, and the interior was adapted to the needs of the Orthodox liturgy. The area around the church, or Reduta Wolska, was changed into the cemetery The church was destroyed by World War II and the Warsaw Uprising. After the war, the temple was reconstructed, restoring its original eighteenth-century form. The most valuable monuments stored in the church are: "St. Lawrence’s Martyrdom" by Michael Willmann (1663) and a copy of the image of the Black Madonna of Czestochowa by professor Leonard Torwirt. The side altars present St. Lawrence’s plays (seventeenth century) and Jesus’s Heart (beginning of the twentieth century). On one of the outer walls of the church there is a plaque commemorating the 97 anniversary of the death of Sowiński General. 7. Karcelak. The town market whose borders are defined by the streets Chłodna, Towarowa, Okopowąaż to Leszno (now Solidarity Alley). The name comes from the surname of the marketplace and the land owner - Joseph Kercelak. In the nineteenth century there was a grain market. In the interwar period everything that could be sold was available here: groceries, old clothes, pets ... Market burned down early in the war, but in November 1939 there were stands with the articles often confiscated by the occupants. Once again Kercelak burned during the Soviet bombing in September 1942. It was closed by the German authorities a few months before the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising. The end for Kercelak Market was the construction of WZ Route in the 40s of the twentieth century. 8. Norblin’s Factory. In fact, Norblin B-cia Buch and T. Werner’s non-ferrous metals factory. The first seat of the plant in the years 1834-1882 was located in 5 Chlodna Street. From 1882 to 1948 the firm operated in 49/53Iron Street. In the late 40s the company was nationalized and converted into "Warsaw" Iron Mill, which existed at that address until 1982. Later, up to 2008, the Industrial Museum was located here. In 2012, the draft of the area redevelopment was presented with the idea of establishing an office and a retail complex. In February 2014, one of the historic factory halls was demolished for redevelopment of Prosta Street. Currently, there are plans to build a shopping centre there. 9. Chlodna Street and the Warsaw Ghetto. The Warsaw ghetto was established in the autumn of 1940, the western part of the Jewish Quarter (current Wola and part of downtown) within the streets: Bagno ,Grzybowski Square, Elektoralna, Banking Square, Garden Krasinski’s Garden, Nowolipki, Swietojerska, Freta, Sapiezynska, Konwiktorska, Stawki, Okopowa, Żelazna, Wronia, Waliców, Żelazna i Sienna. Two streets belonged to the Aryan district which were restricted from the ghetto area: Mirowski Square and a part of Chlodna. These were important communication routes. In December 1941, the area between the street Leszno and Grzybowska, was excluded from the ghetto which caused a division between the small and the large ghetto. In January of the following year a pedestrian bridge over Chlodna street was opened connecting the two parts of the ghetto. In July 1942, the great liquidation action started, which resulted in the deportation of 254 thousand people to the Treblinka extermination camp. During the deportation 8 thousand people fled to the Aryan side. 35 thousand people stayed in the ghetto legally, and another 25 thousand lived in hiding. The final liquidation of the ghetto took place on 19 April 1943, at that time a group of Jewish fighters of the Jewish Fighting Organization and the Jewish Military Union remained there defending the ghetto until May. Being detected in bunkers and shelters they were killed on the spot or sent to Treblinka. The next step was to totally destroy buildings of the closed district, which culminated in blowing up the Great Synagogue near Tłomackie Square on 19 April 1943 on the orders of Jurgen Stroop. 10. Warsaw Gasworks + inactive gas tanks. At the site of the former "Factory Gas at Czyste" in Kasprzak Street (formerly Dworska Street) are nineteenth-century industrial buildings. They are the remaining buildings of Wolska Gasworks at Czyste, which was opened in autumn 1887. Its area took 3.5 hectare between Great Wola and the municipality of Czyste. Initially it supplied the gasworks for the lantern urban network. With time, however, there came private users who wanted to light and warm their homes or cook a meal. The rapid development of the gas industry in the interwar period when to the capital of an independent state new districts were attached. Gasworks operated even in the 50s of XX century, when it produced gas extracted from coal. Finally, it was replaced by cheaper natural gas. Already closed buildings, such as gas commutators (seen, inter alia, from Kasprzak Street, round buildings), a neo-Gothic tower and a chimney have been entered into the register of monuments. The current owner, the company PGNiG plans to transform the remaining parts of the plant into a conference center. 11. St. Adalbert’s Church - 76 Wolska Street. Work on the construction of the church was started in 1898 by the architectural design of Joseph Pius Dziekonski. The rapid development of labour Wola in the interwar period led to the decision of Cardinal Kakowski to appoint a parish here in April 1927. During the campaign in September 1939, the church was seriously damaged. Until the early 40s masses were held in the lower church. During the Warsaw Uprising Germany established a temporary camp here for the residents of Warsaw before their resettlement to Pruszkow. After the war the church was gradually rebuilt and renovated. In January 1997, it was awarded St. Adalbert’s relics. 12. Main Railway Station with Railway Museum. It is located in Towarowa Street. In the mid-nineteenth century, its sidings and freight halls were used by the Warsaw-Vienna railway. During the interwar period the train station was turned into a freight station. Given for the passenger traffic after World War II, in July 1945. Until the opening of the Warsaw Central Station (1975), it acted as the main metropolitan station. With time it lost its importance and became one of the suburban railway. Even during the operation of the railway in 1972, the Central Station was transformed into the Railway Museum. The last train pulled away from here in 1997, then most of the platforms and the tracks were dismantled. There are only installations used by the Museum. 13. Monument to Victims of Wola murdered during the Uprising in 1944. At the intersection of Leszno Street and Solidarity Alley, unveiled in 2004. Created, designed by a sculptor Richard Stryjecki. A burnt fragment of the building wall with bullet holes and the effects of intense shelling, arranged in ten silhouettes - victims. On the monument there are two inscriptions engraved on the west side: "Residents of Wola assassinated in 1944 during the Warsaw Uprising," and on the east side: "Memory of 50,000 inhabitants of Wola murdered by the Germans during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944". 14. Museum of Wola – 12 Srebrna Street. Originally a palace built in 1880 for the sculptor Alexander Sikorski. After his death (1881) the estate became the property of a stone company. In 1895 Maurice Berman bought it, in the years 1905 to 1929 it was owned by his wife Cecilia. Since 1937, the palace became the property of the state treasury. Until 1944 there was a seat of the Municipal Health Center and later one of the squad of the Chrobry’s 1st was battalion was stationed here. After the war, the headquarters of the " Prasa-Książka-Ruch " Publishing House were located here, and since 1974 - the Museum of Wola, a branch of the Historical Museum of Warsaw. 15. Janusz Korczak’s Orphanage -6 Jaktorowska Street. Before the war in 92 Krochmalna Street. The building, inaugurated in 1912, was created and designed by Henryk Steifelman by the initiative of the Jewish Society "Help for orphans." They purchased the land for the orphanage in 1910, and the construction started a year later. In the building committee there appeared, among others, Janusz Korczak,a doctor, a teacher and later the headmaster of the orphanage. On the ground floor of the building there were classrooms, an office and a recreation room being a canteen at the same time. The first floor bedrooms were occupied by pupils, on the second floor there were the girls’ rooms and a teacher’s room for Stefania Wilczyńska – a form teacher and the person who together with Korczak led the institution. Janusz Korczak’s room was in the attic. The facility was coeducational and run jointly with children. After the establishment of the ghetto, in 1940, the orphanage was outside its boundaries. Germany ordered the transfer of the orphanage, so Korczak and the children took refuge in the building of the J. and M. Roeslers’ National Male School of Commerce in 33 Chlodna Street. Another moving, a year later, was associated with the exclusion of this part of the ghetto. The pupils found a refuge in the Union of Commercial, Industrial and Office Workers in Warsaw in 16 Sienna Street. From there, in August 1942, they were driven off to Umschlagplatz from where they were deported to Treblinka. 16. Wawelberg’s Colony – 15 Gorczewska Street + Zagozdzinski’s confectionery. Three almost identical brick buildings (15,15a Gorczewska, 3 Wawelberg Street) were built in the years 1898-1900 for 50th anniversary of the establishment of Hippolytus Wawelberg’s Banking House. The Wawelbergs funded the first cheap housing for workers in Warsaw. The colony of residential houses in Gorczewska were created according to the design of Edward Goldberg. Its grounds were also a laundry room, a school, a bath and a reading room. In 15 Gorczewska , operating since 1925, Zagoździński’s confectionery is located there. Marshal Jozef Pilsudski, among others, admired the taste of doughnuts from this confectionery. 17. Krochmalna and Zelazna Streets. Krochmalna Street was originally called Lawendowa or Lawendowska, the secondary name was given in 1770 and comes from a starch factory functioning there at that time. At the end of the eighteenth century there were 4 breweries here and about forty wooden houses, then a kilometer of the street was paved. In the nineteenth century between Zelazna and current Towarowa Street there were 5 breweries, and on the corner of Ciepla Street – a warehouse. By the end of the 20s the nineteenth century a huge brewery or a starch factory and underwear factory were built here. In the early 60s there were several houses, the rest was constructed in the late nineteenth century. Mostly poor Jewish community lived in this area and Krochmalna was portrayed in the Nobel Prize winner Isaac Bashevis Singer’s books, its former resident. The street found itself in the so-called Small Ghetto (1940-1942), and almost all buildings were destroyed in 1944. After the war a housing estate "Behind the Iron Gate" was established there, fifteenstorey blocks of flats intended for a large number of inhabitants. 18. Zelazna Street. The street name comes from the eighteenth-century Iron Inn located in Sienna and Twarda Streets. The official name given to it in 1770. In 1805 Ceglana Street (now Perec) Urlychow Gardens were created, later transferred to Gorka. Five years later, at the confluence of Zelazna and Zytnia a palace of the director of Wojciech Bogusławski’s National Theatre in Warsaw was built. The mid-nineteenth century saw the rapid development of local industry - industrial plants, tanneries, metal plants appeared. The labour Wola and the labour movement originated here. In the early twentieth century the first Warsaw electric tram line was constructed. In the late 20s a viaduct was built over the railway trench. In the fall of 1940 a part of Zelazna between Grzybowska and Leszno (now Solidarity Alley), the eastern side of the street between Leszno and Nowolipie and the part north of Nowolipie were within the Warsaw ghetto. In December 1941, when odd part of the street was excluded from the ghetto, a wall stood in its centre. Inside the remaining building in 103 Zelazna SD-Befehlstelle was located, the German unit responsible for managing the deportation action to Treblinka extermination camp. Zelazna buildings were destroyed during World War II and during the Warsaw Uprising. In the postwar period, many buildings were demolished as well. In the 70s "Behind the Iron Gate” housing estate was built here. In the 90s, they gradually demolished old houses, and in their place there arose new seal. 19. Wola windmills. Once an integral part of the landscape were the windmills in Wola. Shown, for example, in paintings by Canaletto from the eighteenth century. Huge outdoor areas located in the western part of the city ideally suited to build windmills that have driven winds blowing from this side. On the maps of this part of today’s Warsaw from 1856, 86 windmills were added. The last, which stood in Bem’s Street survived until the early twentieth century. 20. St. Augustine’s Church. The church, founded by Aleksandra Potocka - the widow of Augustus Potocki, was built in the late nineteenth century, designed by Edward Cichocki and Joseph Huss. The square for the church was given by Joseph Mikucki, an official of the Warsaw Provincial Credit Union . The parish was established here in 1903, and the church was consecrated three years later. In 1940, after the establishment of the Warsaw Ghetto, the church was in its limits and for a year it served its function. Later, it became successively a furniture warehouse and a stable. In the basement of the temple a military hospital was created. The walls of the church survived both the Ghetto Uprising and the Warsaw Uprising. The characteristic silhouette of the church appears in many photos of postwar Muranow. For the purposes of the faithful the church was handed over in 1947, but renovations lasted nearly until the end of the 50s. 21. Haberbusch’s Brewery. In 1846 a plot in Krochmalna Street, where stood a brewery of "Schöffer and Glimpf", company was bought by former employees of the plant - Konstanty Schiele and Blaise Haberbusch, the third co-owner was Henry Klawe. The brewery brought such a high income, that already in 1849 an additional plot adjacent to the property was purchased. Twenty years later, Henry Klawe was repaid and Haberbusch, Schiele and their descendants became the rightful owners of the brewery. This is how one of the most recognizable beer brands in Warsaw was created. When the sons of the founders took over the management it began to develop rapidly, and beer sales exceeded the production capacity of the plant. For this reason, in the late nineteenth century, it was expanded and modernized. In 1907, it was combined with the Steam Brewery Joint-Stock Company W. Kijok. The period of the First World War brought the company huge losses. That's why in 1919 it was decided to merge the five Warsaw breweries in a joint-stock company "United Breweries of Warsaw under the Haberbusch and Schele’s company". The production concentrated at the brewery in Krochmalna. World War II interrupted the momentum of the company. In October 1939, the control of the plant was taken over by Germans, which resulted in the sale of beer mainly on the market of the General Government. A part of the brewery buildings burnt down during the Warsaw Uprising, the Germans set fire in the other part when after the capitulation they took the remaining equipment. In 1946, the brewery was nationalized - since then it functioned as the Warsaw Brewery. Beer production in the reconstructed halls started in August 1954 and lasted until 2004.