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Download Introduction to the Muscular System
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Pathology of the Muscular System Medical Terminology Chapter 4 Fasciitis (or fascitis) fasci/o = fascia -itis = inflammation Inflammation of fascia Tenalgia ten/o = tendon -algia = pain Pain in a tendon Can also use tenodynia Tendinitis (or tendonitis) tendin = tendon -itis = inflammation Inflammation of the tendon Adhesion Band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally usually as a result of surgery or injury Muscle atrophy Wasting away of muscle caused by disuse or disease Mylosis my/o = muscle -lysis = break down or destruction Breaking down (degeneration) of muscle Polymyositis poly- = many myos/o = muscle -itis = inflammation progressive disease affecting skeletal muscles leading to weakness & atropy Hernia Protrusion of a structure through tissues normally containing it Myocele my/o = muscle -cele = hernia Protrusion of muscle through its ruptured sheath or fascia Muscle tone Atonic: lack of muscle tone Dystonia: abnormal muscle tone Hypertonia: excessive tone Hypotonia: diminished tone Myotonia: delayed relaxation of a muscle after a strong contraction Ataxia a- = without tax/o = coordination -ia = condition Inability to coordinate muscles in voluntary movement Dystaxia (partial ataxia) dys- = difficult, bad tax/o = coordination ia= condition Difficulty in controlling voluntary movement Contracture Abnormal shortening of muscle tissues Intermittent claudication Cramp like pain of leg muscles caused by poor circulation Spasmodic torticollis (wryneck) Stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side -kinesia = movement Bradykinesia: slow movement Dyskinesia: impairment of movement Hyperkinesia: increased activity Hypokinesia: decreased activity Tardive dyskinesia: late appearance of dyskinesia as a side effect of some antipsychotic drugs Myoclonus my/o = muscle clonus = violent action Spasm or twitching of muscle Nocturnal myoclonus Jerking of limbs that can occur normally as a person is falling asleep Singultus Hiccups Myoclonus of the diaphragm Myasthenia gravis my/o = muscle -asthenia = weakness Muscular Dystrophy Inherited, muscles disorders that cause muscle weakness – Duchenne’s MD: 2-6 yrs of age, progresses slowly, boys only, life into 20’s only – Becker’s MD: less severe, appears during adolescence, survival into middle to late adult Fibromyalgia fibr/o = fibrous connective tissue my/o = muscle -algia = pain chronic disorder of widespread pain & fatigue Myofascial damage my/o = muscle fasci/o = fascia -al = pertaining to Overworking muscles, resulting in tenderness & swelling of muscles & surrounding tissue Rotator cuff tendinitis Inflammation of tendons of rotator cuff – Also called tennis shoulder, pitcher’s shoulder Impingement syndrome Rotator cuff tendons become inflamed & get caught in between bones of shoulder joint Carpal tunnel syndrome Tendons in carpal tunnel become inflamed from chronic overuse & put pressure on median nerve causing pain, tingling, burning in fingers and hands Cervical Radiculopathy cervical = neck radicul/o = nerve root -pathy = disease Nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerves in neck Epicondylitis Inflammation of tissues around the elbow – Lateral epicondylitis: tennis elbow – Medial epicondylitis: golfer’s elbow Plantar fascitis Inflammation of the plantar fascia causing heel pain Heel spur: thickening on surface of calcaneus bone Sprain vs. strain Sprain: injury to joint usually involving stretched or torn ligament Strain: injury to body of a muscle or attachment of tendons Shin splint Pain caused by muscle tearing away from the tibia Hamstring injury Strain or tear of posterior femoral muscles Myoparesis my/o = muscle -paresis = partial paralysis slight paralysis of a muscle Hemiparesis hemi- = half -paresis = partial paralysis Slight paralysis of one side of body Paraplegia Paralysis of both legs & lower part of body Individual that if affected: paraplegic Quadriplegia Quadri- = four -plegia = paralysis Paralysis of all four extremities Hemiplegia Hemi- = half -plegia = paralysis Total paralysis on one side of body Cardioplegia cardi/o= heart -plegia = paralysis Paralysis of muscles of heart
