Download Disease managementofBuffaloforMilk/Dairypurpose

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Factsheet : Disease management of Buffalo for Milk/Dairy purpose at Adult stage
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Index
Specie: Buffalo Animal Preferred Scientific Name: BUBALUS BUBALIS
Animal Local Name:
Mahish,
Mosh
Bhensh
Milk/Dairy
Age Group:
Adult
Bhainsh Emme
Marathi Oriya Punjabi Tamil
Erumu/Polthu Mahis
Telugu
Erumai Geadhelu,
Barrelu
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Function:
Kannada Malayalam
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Assamese Bengali Dogri Gujarati Hindi
Knowledge Domain: Disease management
All states
Livestock Zone:
Applicable to all livestock Zones
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State:
Common
Female
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Activity Gender Tag:
Text
Disease English Name: Brucellosis
Disease category: Infectious bacterial disease
Causal organism scientific name: Brucella ab ortus
Cause & characteristics
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The disease is caused by Brucella abortus and in bovines, occurs in sexually mature animals.
The disease is also known as contagious abortion or Bang’s disease.
Spread of disease occurs primarily by ingestion, skin penetration or udder contamination.
B. abortus is usually transmitted by contact with the placenta, fetus, fetal fluids and vaginal discharges from
infected animals. Animals are infectious after either abortion or full-term parturition.
The organisms may also be found in the milk, urine, semen, feces. Shedding in milk can be prolonged or lifelong,
and may be intermittent. Many infected cattle become chronic carriers.
Congenital infection may be present in calves.
The semen of infected bulls is a good source of infection during artificial insemination.
After gaining entry, the organisms are localized in the pregnant uterus, udder, testes, accessory male sex gland
and joint capsule to produce symptoms.
The disease is of zoonotic importance as dairy workers, veterinarians or butchers may pick up infection by
handling the infected foetal membrane, uterine discharge or aborted foetus. Human being suffers from undulant
fever.
The infection can be picked up by ingestion of contaminated milk.
Symptoms
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In buffalo, abortions and stillbirths usually occur two weeks to five months after infection. Reproductive losses
typically occur during the second half of gestation; thus, the incubation period is longer when animals are infected
early in gestation.
The symptoms are primarily based on the immune status of animals.
The placenta may be retained and secondary metritis can occur. Lactation may be decreased. After the first
abortion, subsequent pregnancies are generally normal; however, cows may shed the organism in milk and
uterine discharges.
In herds there is usually a “storm” of abortion.
In bulls epididymitis and orchitis (inflammation of testicles) occurs involving one or both the scrotal sacs.
The testicles are enlarged and reveal painful swelling.
If stifle, hock or knee joints are involved, animals show painful movement.
Diagnosis
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Brucellosis
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The disease is diagnosed by the history of abortions and clinical signs.
It can be confirmed by isolation of causal organisms from visceral organs and lymph nodes of aborted foetus.
It can also be confirmed by agglutination test by using coloured or plain antigen.
The disease can also be diagnosed by testing milk by ABR test by using coloured antigen.
Other diseases causing abortion or epididymitis and orchitis should be considered. In buffalo, the differential
diagnosis includes trichomoniasis, vibriosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and various
mycoses.
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Topic
Male
Treatment
Treatment
Long acting oxytetracycline (20 mg / kg b wt.) along with streptomycin (20 mg / kg b wt.) when given by
intramuscular route for 5-7 days, is useful in treating the cases. However veterinary doctor must be consulted
before giving injection.
Other broad spectrum antibiotics are also helpful.
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Control
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References
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The animals can be vaccinated in 3-6 months old female calves.
Adult animals are not generally vaccinated as organisms are excreted in milk and interfere with agglutination test
and give false positive reaction.
Bulls once declared positive by agglutination test are not used for breeding purpose.
Greatest care must be taken in handling and disposal of aborted foetus, foetal membrane and uterine discharge,
etc. as it may spread the infection to human being or other animals
1. Bhat PN(2010), Buffalo Production, Studium Press (India) Pvt. Ltd.: 234
2. http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu
Constipation
Definition
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Constipation is a condition of the digestive system in which an animal experiences hard feces that are difficult to
expel.
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Symptoms
There may be a continual switching of the tail, uneasiness and an effort to empty the bowels. Constipation is
more often noticed in newly born calves. Constipation is to be regarded as the sign of another disease, rather
than a disease itself. It occurs in almost all general fevers. In order to overcome constipation the treatment must
be applied to overcome the ailment which causes it.
Treatment
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In order to overcome constipation the treatment must be applied to overcome the ailment which causes it.
Seventy-five per cent of the cases of constipation are due to partial paralysis of the bowels. In this case the
bowels require a laxative and tonic, and not a physic, for if the bowels are paralyzed a physic will have a tendency
to cause irritation, congestion and inflammation. For this reason it is dangerous to give a cow salts or oil.
A cow suffering from constipation should be given plenty of warm drinking water, bran mashes made from
linseed meal. Also give enema with a few litter of warm water once or twice daily per rectum by the use of a
flushing outfit, and give the animal a reasonable amount of exercise.
Affected animals should be adequately hydrated. Mild constipation can often be treated by dietary adjustment
consisting of avoidance of dietary indiscretion, ready access to water and high-fiber diets, and the use of
suppository laxatives. Continued or long term use of laxatives should be discouraged unless absolutely
necessary to deter constipation.
In more severe cases, retained faeces must be evacuated using enemas and manual extraction. Complete
removal of all faeces may require 2-3 attempts 2-3 days. Concurrent fluid and electrolyte abnormalities should
also be corrected.
References
1. http://www.fao.org
2. http://www.oldandsold.com
3. http://www.merckvetmanual.com
Infectious Causes
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Among the various disorders of dairy cattle, the infection of Gastro-intestinal tract leading to diarrhea is one of the most
common clinical manifestations observed in routine practice. There are many causes in farm animals which results
clinical manifestation of diarrhea. In addition to primary causative factors, there are many influences exerted by the host
and environment, which can play an important role in facilitating or suppressing the ability of causative agents to cause
enteritis or diarrhoea. For example, Salmonellosis is commonly developed during the stress of transportation,
deprivation of feed, water etc.
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Salmonella causes stress induced diarrhea in all age group causing severe diarrhea & dysentery.
Clostridium sp. affect well nourished animals with severe hemorrhagic dysentery.
Proteus & pseudomonas act as a secondary infection causing chronic diarrhea and weight loss.
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) causes erosive gastro-enteritis and stomatitis.
Johne’s disease is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis, affects the intestines,
leading to diarrhoea, wasting or loss of body condition, and ultimately death.
Rinderpest is highly contagious causing shooting diarrhea, erosive gastro-enteritis and stomatitis with mortality.
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Diarrhoea in adult
animals
Other causes
Physical agents like sand, soil or other irritant cause severe to moderate diarrhea in adult.
Nutritional deficiency like copper causes chronic diarrhea in adult cattle.
Dietary abnormality like simple indigestion may affect adult cattle due to sudden change in diet showing mild to
moderate diarrhea.
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Winter dysentery affects adult cattle during winter causing acute diarrhea. Summer diarrhea causes moderate to
severe diarrhea & dysentery. Toxemia also cause severe diarrhea.
Therapeutic approach in management of diarrhea
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A veterinarian or animal health technician should be consulted on the best course of treatment—especially when
diarrhoea is severe or persistent.
Antimicrobial are used or treatment of bacterial enteritis and anthelmintics for parasitic diarrhea. However, there
is no specific treatment for viral diarrhea. The choice of antimicrobial agents depends on the suspected diseases.
Hence elimination of primary cause forms the 1st line of the therapy.
Always administer clean water or barley water at intervals of 2 to 3 hours to compensate for the loss of body
fluids.
Dosing activated charcoal with water may be of benefit in cases of poisoning.
Limewater, tannic acid or commercial diarrhoea remedies could be used to treat diarrhoea if the animal is in
danger of dehydrating.
If the diarrhoea is not severe and the animal is not dehydrating it is better not to stop the diarrhoea.
Relief from distension of and abdominal pain should the aim of supportive therapy
References
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1. npractice.bmj.com
2. http://www.nda.agric.za
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Ephemeral fever
Disease English Name: Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF)
Disease category: Infectious viral disease
Causal organism scientific name: Bovine ephemeral fever virus
Vector pest’s English Name: Mosquitoes & midges
Vector pest’s preferred Scientific Name: Culicoides species, Anopheline and Culicine
Causes & characteristics
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The disease is also known as ‘Three Days sickness’ and affected animals suffer from hyperpyrexia(high fever),
muscular stiffness and lameness
It affects bovine and normally does not affect calves below 6 months.
The disease spreads primarily through blood sucking flies or mosquitoes.
Although the virus has been recovered from several Culicoides species and from Anopheline and Culicine
mosquito species collected in the field, the identity of the major vectors has not been proved.
It can also spread by blood transfusion.
Most of the cases occur in hot and humid environmental conditions when mosquito population is high.
After entering into circulation, virus multiplies and localizes in the mesodermal tissue in muscles and joints.
Most recovered animals have a lifelong immunity.
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Symptoms
The infected animals show sudden high rise of body temperature, anorexia and reduction in milk yield.
The disease is more severe in fat, lactating and heavily pregnant cows and heavy bulls/steers
There is increase in heart and respiratory rates with nasal and eye discharge. Swelling over muscular area of
shoulder, back and neck, shivering, stiffness and clonic (seizer) muscular movements are noticed.
The lameness is very prominent.
Many signs are attributable to the hypocalcaemia caused by BEF
Occasionally animals show lateral recumbency and abortions.
After three days body temperature becomes almost normal and they start eating and ruminating.
The morbidity rate (No. of animals infected) may go up to 80-90% but mortality rate (death rate) almost absent.
Treatment
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Diagnosis
The disease is diagnosed by the clinical symptoms and blood examinations.
The disease is confirmed by serological tests like agglutination, compliment fixation or fluorescent antibody tests.
Control
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Complete rest is the most effective treatment, and recovering animals should not be stressed or worked because
relapse is likely
As the symptoms disappear in 3 days, only supportive treatment is recommended.
The affected animals are given drugs to relieve temperature and muscle stiffness.
To prevent secondary infection broad spectrum antibiotics are given by injection.
There is no vaccine available against the disease in India.
The only way to reduce its occurrence is by adopting hygienic measures and reducing the vector population.
References
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ICAR, Handbook of Animal Husbandry :pp. 856
http://www.merckvetmanual.com
http://en.wikivet.net
www.cabi.org/ahpc
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Johne´s disease
(paratubercolosis) Disease English Name: Johne’s disease / Paratuberculosis
Disease category: Infectious bacterial disease
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Causal organism scientific name: Mycob acterium avium subspecies paratub erculosis
Cause & characteristics
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The disease is caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis which are comparatively resistant bacilli as they can
survive up to 1 year in pasture.
Though young animals are more susceptible but symptoms are seen mainly in 2-6 years old animals as the
organisms grow very slowly.
The disease is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated feed or water or by intra-uterine route.
Organisms are localised in the intestinal mucous membrane and adjoining lymph nodes and multiply there.
Symptoms
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In buffaloes, there is decreased milk production, progressive weight loss and submandibular oedema.
There is diarrhoea and faeces resemble pea soup and are without offensive odour.
Feed intake remains normal but water intake is increased.
On post mortem, corrugation of the lining of intestine is observed.
Diagnosis
It is diagnosed by clinical signs and history of persistent diarrhoea and continuous weight loss.
It can be confirmed by intra-dermal Johnin test
Faecal or rectal pinch examination also confirms the disease.
ELISA and Complement fixation test are also confirmatory.
Treatment
The treatment is difficult as organisms are mostly resistant to antibiotics and it requires prolonged treatment.
Animals are required to be treated with streptomycin @ 50 mg/kg body weight for 20-30 days.
Control
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It is difficult to control owing to long incubation period and lack of diagnostic test in field conditions.
The affected animals should be segregated and their faeces properly disposed off.
A live vaccine consisting of a non-pathogenic strain of Jone’s bacillus wth an adjuvant has been developed. It
reduces incidence of clinical cases.
The calves are vaccinated soon after birth through subcutaneous route
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References
1. Bhat PN(2010), Buffalo Production, Studium Press (India) Pvt. Ltd pp.238
2. http://www.mda.state.md.us
3. http://www.cabi.org/ahpc
Disease English Name: Cow pox
Disease Category: Contagious viral disease
Causative organism scientific name: Cowpox virus
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Cause & characteristics
Symptoms
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This is a mild contagious skin disease of cattle, usually affecting the udder that is caused by a virus and
characterized by the eruption of a pustular rash. Cowpox, also called vaccinia, is a disease communicable from
one cow to another and to human beings.
Under natural conditions, the infection takes place through inoculation by the cutaneous route and readily spreads
from one animal to another through milkers.
The occurrence of cow-pox is frequently associated with the incidence of small-pox in human beings.
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Teat and Udder
ulcers (Cowpox)
After an incubation period of 2-5 days, there is some rise in body temperature, which, however, is usually
overlooked, and the first sign is tenderness of the teats.
On examination they will be found to be redder and hotter than normal and at the end of two or three days, the
animal develops pin-point red spots and papules of the size of mustard which can be felt by hand.
Later these papules grow like little peas, pale red in color, and gradually grow larger.
These papules joins together to form vesicles. Papules occurring on the udder are generally circular, but those on
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These papules joins together to form vesicles. Papules occurring on the udder are generally circular, but those on
the teats are elongated.T
The milk yeild is diminished.
From the seventh to the tenth day the eruptions form into blisters with depressions in the center and raised
margins.
If the papules form on the area, where there is a thick coat of hair, it does not form a blister, but oozes out through
the skin.
The animal suffers intense pain while being milked, as the scabs are cracked and broken by the hands of the
milker.
The lesions heal in the course of 15-20 days and the udder and the teats regain their normal appearance.
In males, the disease is very often goes unnoticed, because the lesions, being on the scrotum and inside of the
thighs are often covered with dirt and consequently hidden from view.
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Diagnosis
The lesions, virus isolation in cell-cultures and electron microscopy of skin scrapings are the basis on which
diagnosis is made.
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Treatment & control
The lesions heal by themselves in the normal course.
Only the usual rules of hygiene need to be observed. The lesions to be cleaned with 1:1000 solution of potassium
permanganate followed by the application of an antiseptic ointment such as 1:10 boric acid.
The affected animals should be isolated and milked by separate attendants
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References
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1. ICAR, Handbook of Animal Husbandry :pp. 459
2. http://www.britannica.com
3. http://www.merckvetmanual.com
Disease English Name: Bovine Mastitis
Disease category: Infectious bacterial disease
Causative organism scientific name: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, S. Uberis, Brucella
melitensis, Corynaebacterium bovis, Mycoplasma, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella spp. etc
Cause & characteristic
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Mastitis is the inflammation of mammary gland caused by large number of infectious organisms.
Like cattle, in the buffalo species also, mastitis is the most costly disease in the dairy industry even though buffalo
has been traditionally considered less susceptible to mastitis than cattle.
In comparison to cattle, buffaloes have some characteristics that may contribute to greater risk of mastitis such
as more pendulous udder and longer teats. Conversely, they have a long narrow teat canal, which may be
expected to prevent the invasion of microorganism. It has been stated that teat sphincter of buffalos have
smoother muscular fiber in such a way it constitutes a better barrier to microorganism invasion than cows teat
sphincter.
It affects animals that are kept in unhygienic place and condition.
A large number of bacteria are responsible for causing Mastitis, the most common being Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus agalcatiae, S. Uberis, Brucella melitensis, Corynebacterium bovis, Mycoplasma. Escherichia
coli, Pasteurella spp. etc.
Staphylococcus aureus is the most problematic and significant pathogen in contagious mastitis due to the
occurrence of pathogen strains particularly resistant to antibiotics.
Abrasion of the teat end and faulty milking encourages the transfer of bacteria into the udder. It can cause mostly
subclinical mastitis and it remains for long time in farms.
Streptococcus agalactiae is udder strict bacteria being transmitted exclusively during milking procedure. This
infection remains in the milk ducts as superficial. It causes clinical and mostly subclinical mastitis.
Symptoms
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The udder may be hard, hot and painful.
Acute staphylococcal mastitis is characterised by sudden rise in body temperature, enlargement and hardening
of affected quarter with cessation of milk secretion.
The milk secretion become blood strained, and contains pus.
If the animal survives, the quarter will become functionless. Sometimes the affected quarter becomes dark in
colour, cold gangrenous and finally sloughs off.
Fatal cases die of toxaemia.
In chronic cases, there may be blockage of one or more teats.
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Diagnosis
It is diagnosed by clinical symptoms and palpation of udder. However, subclinical cases are difficult to diagnose.
In chronic, subclinical mastitis ("hidden" mastitis), udder and milk are not visibly changed. Only laboratory or cow
side tests, for example CMT, show mastitis.
In chronic, mild mastitis, the udder may be slightly swollen and hard and the appearance of milk slightly abnormal.
Paddle tests/ laboratory tests will confirm diagnosis
Milk of suspected animal can be examined by number of tests to detect abnormality.
The milk can be collected in strip cup as it helps in detecting the discolouration of milk and presence of pus, clot,
flake or any abnormality.
During inflammatory reaction, there is increase in leukocytes in the milk and they can be counted directly or
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Mastitis
During inflammatory reaction, there is increase in leukocytes in the milk and they can be counted directly or
indirectly by California mastitis test (CMT).
Treatment
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Hot fomentation with magnesium sulphate may be applied on the udder, 2/3 times a day.
Treatment with proper antibiotics, both locally (intra mammary) and intramuscularly, as per the advice of a
veterinarian, may be helpful.
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Control
References
Cause & characteristics
There are many reasons for vaginal discharge, some are normal (physiological) and some are abnormal
(pathological). •Normal discharges from vagina happen when the animal is in heat, before parturition, after
parturition etc.
Problem is there when the discharges are due to infection.
Bacterial contamination of the uterus is common in buffalo after parturition, often leading to infection and uterine
disease.
Parturition is a period of high risk for mother and calf in all species, and buffalos are no exception.
There is also a risk of physical damage during the birth process or failure to release the placenta after parturition,
and that may be the cause of microbial infections, in cows that need assistance with calving and in cows with
milk fever.
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Discharges from
vagina
Bhat PN(2010), Buffalo Production, Studium Press (India) Pvt. Ltd.: 246-47
www.aspajournal.it/index.
http://classes.ansci.illinois.edu
http://www.fao.org
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To control mastitis, strict hygiene should be maintained.
Washing the teats (teat dips) and hands of the milker, before and after milking, is a must.
The affected animals should be separated from healthy stocks and they should be milked last to avoid spread of
disease.
Symptoms
Acute metritis causes fever and depression within a week of infection, and is commonly followed by chronic
metritis, with persistent purulent vaginal discharge. Specific venereal infections, such as trichomoniasis,
campylobacteriosis and brucellosis, may also lead to metritis with purulent discharge.
Pyometra is the accumulation of pus in the uterus. It is a common cause of anoestrus and cows with pyometra
should be treated promptly. Postpartum metritis, endometritis and pyometra may be common where cows and
heifers are confined at delivery time in a building or area in which others have recently calved.
Diagnosis
The clinical signs of uterine disease such as purulent material discharging from the uterus into the vagina are
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readily detected. The examination of the contents of the vagina for the presence of pus is the most useful
procedure for diagnosis of uterine infection.
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Treatment
Whenever there is any abnormal discharge is seen from the vagina, a veterinarian to be contacted immediately
for the diagnosis of the cause and necessary treatment
References
Version
UserName
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Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
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Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
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Priyanka Anand
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Version and Authoring History
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu
http://www.merckvetmanual.com
http://www.ilri.org
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05/08/2013 17:16:04
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05/08/2013 17:18:07
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30/08/2013 12:36:29
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