Download WHO/PAHO Collaborating Center on New and Emerging

WHO COLLABORATING CENTER-ANNUAL REPORT
1.Title of the Centre:
WHO/PAHO Collaborating Center on New and Emerging Zoonoses
2. Annual report:
Year 2003 (covering period 2000-2003)
3. Address:
Veterinary Public Health Laboratory
Department of Population Health and Reproduction
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California, Davis
Davis, CA
95616 USA
4. Head of Centre:
Bruno B. Chomel, DVM, PhD
Professor of zoonoses
5. Terms of reference of the Centre:
5. 1. Develop appropriate epidemiologic and laboratory methodology, including
risk assessment for new and emerging zoonoses:
a) Establish epidemiological analysis methods to predict the trends of new and
emerging zoonoses, define appropriate methods of risk assessment of disease
introduction by international trade and population migration.
b) Develop diagnostic tools and molecular biological markers for diagnosis and
epidemiological relationship between animal and human infections.
5.2. Conduct laboratory research on new and emerging zoonoses:
a) Develop methods of detection of new emerging pathogens,
b) Establish appropriate animal models for experimental reproduction of disease,
c) Perform molecular epidemiological studies on new zoonoses agents
d) Develop and test in laboratory animals appropriate vaccines or treatments to
prevent or cure new and emerging zoonoses.
5.3. Accept WHO sponsored trainees in epidemiology and diagnosis of new and
emerging zoonoses, should resources be made available.
5.4 Conduct other activities, as requested by and agreed with WHO and its
regional offices, toward preventing spread of new and emerging zoonoses.
6. Implementation of the work plan
6. 1. Work performed in relation to the terms of reference:
Name of the activity: Develop appropriate epidemiologic and laboratory
methodology, including risk assessment for new and emerging zoonoses:
a) Establish epidemiological analysis methods to predict the trends of new
and emerging zoonoses, define appropriate methods of risk assessment of
disease introduction by international trade and population migration.
During the last few years Drs Gardner and Carpenter developed several
epidemiological analysis methods to evaluate presence of diseases and test
accuracy. Even if many of these studies do not implicate directly zoonotic agents,
such concepts are fully applicable to new and emerging zoonoses. Dr. Gardner
and Carpenter have taken a leading role in this field. The involvement of these
Center’s partners is shown through the list of their recent publications, as follows:
Guthrie AJ, Howell PG, Gardner IA, Swanepoel RE, Nurton JP, Harper CK, Pardini A, Groenewald D,
Visage CW, Hedges JF, Balasuriya UB, Cornel AJ, MacLachlan NJ. West Nile virus infection of
Thoroughbred horses in South Africa (2000-2001). Equine Vet J. 2003;35(6):601-605.
Carpenter TE, Gardner IA, Collins MT, Whitlock RH. Effects of prevalence and testing by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay and fecal culture on the risk of introduction of Mycobacterium avium subsp.
paratuberculosis-infected cows into dairy herds. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2004;16(1):31-38.
Carpenter TE. Evaluation and extension of the cusum technique with an application to Salmonella
surveillance. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2002;14(3):211-218.
Suess, EA; Gardner, IA; Johnson, WO. 2002. Hierarchical Bayesian model for prevalence inferences and
determination of a country's status for an animal pathogen. Prev. Vet. Med., 55(3):155-171.
Pouillot, R; Gerbier, G; Gardner, IA. 2002. "TAGS", a program for the evaluation of test accuracy in the
absence of a gold standard. Prev. Vet. Med., 53 (1-2):67-81.
Greiner, M; Gardner, IA. 2000. Epidemiologic issues in the validation of veterinary diagnostic tests. Prev.
Vet. Med., 45(1-2): 3-22.
Greiner, M; Gardner, IA. 2000. Application of diagnostic tests in veterinary epidemiologic studies. Prev.
Vet. Med., 45(1-2): 43-59.
Christensen, J; Gardner, IA. 2000. Herd-level interpretation of test results for epidemiologic studies of
animal diseases. Prev. Vet. Med., 45 (1-2):83-106.
Gardner, IA; Stryhn, H; Lind, P; Collins, MT. 2000. Conditional dependence between tests affects the
diagnosis and surveillance of animal diseases. Prev. Vet. Med., 45 (1-2):107-122.
Hanson, TE; Johnson, WO; Gardner, IA. 2000. Log-linear and logistic modeling of dependence among
diagnostic tests. Prev. Vet. Med., 45 (1-2):123-137.
Cowling, DW; Gardner, IA; Johnson, WO. 1999. Comparison of methods for estimation of individuallevel prevalence based on pooled samples. Prev. Vet. Med., 39 (3):211-225.
Carpenter, TE. 2002. Evaluation and extension of the cusum technique with an application to Salmonella
surveillance. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 14(3):211-218.
Carpenter, TE. 2001. Use of sample size for estimating efficacy of a vaccine against an infectious disease
(vol 62, pg 1582, 2001). Am J. Vet. Res. 62(12):1902.
Carpenter, TE. 2001. Methods to investigate spatial and temporal clustering in veterinary epidemiology.
Prev. Vet. Med., 48(4):303-320.
Carpenter, TE. 2001. Financial considerations of the sets technique in animal-disease surveillance. Prev.
Vet. Med., 48(3):155-165.
Carpenter, TE. 2001. Evaluation of effectiveness of a vaccination program against an infectious disease at
the population level. Am. J. Vet. Res. 62(2):202-205.
Ward, MP; Carpenter, TE. 2000. Techniques for analysis of disease clustering in space and in time in
veterinary epidemiology. Prev. Vet. Med., 45(3-4):257-284.
Ward, MP; Carpenter, TE. 2000. Analysis of time-space clustering in veterinary epidemiology. Prev. Vet.
Med., 43(4):225-237.
Moore, DA; Carpenter, TE. 1999. Spatial analytical methods and geographic information systems: Use in
health research and epidemiology. Epidemiol. eviews, 21 (2):143-161.
Foot and Mouth Disease modeling:
Carpenter TE, Thurmond MC, Bates TW. A simulation model of intraherd transmission of foot and
mouth disease with reference to disease spread before and after clinical diagnosis. J Vet Diagn Invest.
2004;16(1):11-16.
Bates TW, Carpenter TE, Thurmond MC. Benefit-cost analysis of vaccination and preemptive slaughter
as a means of eradicating foot-and-mouth disease. Am J Vet Res. 2003;64(7):805-12.
Bates TW, Thurmond MC, Carpenter TE. Results of epidemic simulation modeling to evaluate strategies
to control an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. Am J Vet Res. 2003;64(2):205-210.
Bates, TW; Thurmond, MC; Carpenter, TE. 2001. Direct and indirect contact rates among beef, dairy,
goat, sheep, and swine herds in three California counties, with reference to control of potential foot-andmouth disease transmission. Am. J. Vet. es.62(7):1121-1129.
b) Develop diagnostic tools and molecular biological markers for diagnosis and
epidemiological relationship between animal and human infections.
Similarly, partners of the Center have been working in developing tools for
diagnosis of emerging zoonoses and have analyzed epidemiological trends of some
zoonotic diseases, as illustrated by the following publications:
Fosgate, GT; Carpenter, TE; Chomel, BB; Case, JT; and others. Time-space clustering of human
brucellosis, California, 1973-1992. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2002;8: 672-678 and 8:877 (correction).
Courtin, F; Carpenter, TE; Paskin, RD; Chomel, BB. Temporal patterns of domestic and wildlife rabies in
central Namibia stock-ranching area, 1986-1996. Prev. Vet. Med. 2000;43:13-28.
Fosgate, GT; Adesiyun, AA; Hird, DW; Johnson, WO; and others. Comparison of serologic tests for
detection of Brucella infections in cattle and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Am. J. Vet. Res.
2002;63(11):1598-1605.
Sato, K; Carpenter, TE; Case, JT; Walker, RL. Spatial and temporal clustering of Salmonella serotypes
isolated from adult diarrheic dairy cattle in California. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2001;13: 206-212.
Tharratt, RS; Case, JT; Hird, DW. Perceptions of state public health officers and state veterinarians
regarding risks of bioterrorism in the United States. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 2002;220:1782-1787.
Duarte PC, Daft BM, Conrad PA, Packham AE, Gardner IA. Comparison of a serum indirect fluorescent
antibody test with two Western blot tests for the diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J Vet
Diagn Invest. 2003;15(1):8-13.
Berge AC, Atwill ER, Sischo WM. Assessing antibiotic resistance in fecal Escherichia coli in young
calves using cluster analysis techniques. Prev Vet Med. 2003;61(2):91-102.
Zoonotic diseases in Non-Human Primates:
Switzer WM, Bhullar V, Shanmugam V, Cong ME, Parekh B, Lerche NW, Yee JL, Ely JJ, Boneva R,
Chapman LE, Folks TM, Heneine W. Frequent simian foamy virus infection in persons occupationally
exposed to nonhuman primates. J Virol. 2004;78(6):2780-2789.
Andrade MR, Yee J, Barry P, Spinner A, Roberts JA, Cabello PH, Leite JP, Lerche NW. Prevalence of
antibodies to selected viruses in a long-term closed breeding colony of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
in Brazil. Am J Primatol. 2003;59(3):123-128.
Munoz-Zanzi, CA; Thurmond, MC; Hird, DW; Lerche, NW. Effect of weaning time and associated
management practices on post-weaning chronic diarrhea in captive rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Lab.
Anim Sci, 1999;49:617-621.
Lerche, NW; Switzer, WM; Yee, JL; Shanmugam, V; and others. Evidence of infection with simian type D
retrovirus in persons occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates. J. Virol., 2001;75:1783-1789.
Blewett, EL; Black, DH; Lerche, NW; White, G; and others. Simian foamy virus infections in a baboon
breeding colony. Virology, 2000;278:183-193.
Schroder, MA; Fisk, SK; Lerche, NW. Eradication of simian retrovirus type D from a colony of
cynomolgus, rhesus, and stump-tailed macaques by using serial testing and removal. Contemp. Topics Lab.
Anim. Sci., 2000;39 (4):16-23.
Gobar, GM; Kass, PH. World Wide Web-based survey of vaccination practices, postvaccinal
reactions, and vaccine site-associated sarcomas in cats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2002;220:1477-1482.
Water borne zoonotic agents:
Hoar BR, Atwill ER, Elmi C, Farver TB. An examination of risk factors associated with beef cattle
shedding pathogens of potential zoonotic concern. Epidemiol Infect. 2001;127(1):147-155.
Xiao L, Sulaiman IM, Ryan UM, Zhou L, Atwill ER, Tischler ML, Zhang X, Fayer R, Lal AA. Host
adaptation and host-parasite co-evolution in Cryptosporidium: implications for taxonomy and public health.
Int J Parasitol. 2002;32(14):1773-1785.
Atwill ER, Hoar B, das Gracas Cabral Pereira M, Tate KW, Rulofson F, Nader G. Improved quantitative
estimates of low environmental loading and sporadic periparturient shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum
in adult beef cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69(8):4604-4610.
Atwill ER, Pereira MG. Lack of detectable shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by periparturient
dairy cattle. J Parasitol. 2003;89(6):1234-1236.
Atwill, ER; Hou, LL; Karle, BA; Harter, T; and others. Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts
through vegetated buffer strips and estimated filtration efficiency. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 2002;68:
5517-5527.
Tate, KW; Atwill, ER; McDougald, NK; George, MR; and others. A method for estimating cattle fecal
loading on rangeland watersheds. J. Range Management, 2000;53:506-510.
Tate, KW; Atwill, ER; George, MR; McDougald, MK; and others. Cryptosporidium parvum transport
from cattle fecal deposits on California rangelands. J. Range Management, 2000;53:295-299.
6.2. Conduct laboratory research on new and emerging zoonoses:
a) Develop methods of detection of new emerging pathogens,
b) Establish appropriate animal models for experimental reproduction of disease,
c) Perform molecular epidemiological studies on new zoonoses agents
d) Develop and test in laboratory animals appropriate vaccines or treatments to
prevent or cure new and emerging zoonoses.
Several members of the Center have investigated new and emerging zoonoses.
Many of these studies have focused on molecular epidemiology of new and
emerging zoonoses, particularly of vector-borne zoonoses, such as Babesia,
Ehrlichia, Bartonella, toxoplasma.
Babesia and Toxoplasma:
Arkush KD, Miller MA, Leutenegger CM, Gardner IA, Packham AE, Heckeroth AR, Tenter AM, Barr
BC, Conrad PA. Molecular and bioassay-based detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocyst uptake by mussels
(Mytilus galloprovincialis). Int J Parasitol. 2003;33(10):1087-1097.
Kjemtrup, AM; Lee, B; Fritz, CL; Evans, C; and others. 2002. Investigation of transfusion
transmission of a WA1-type babesial parasite to a premature infant in California. Transfusion,
42:1482-1487.
Innes, EA; Andrianarivo, AG; Bjorkman, C; Williams, DJL; and others. 2002. Immune
responses to Neospora caninum and prospects for vaccination. Trends in
Parasitol, 18:497-504.
Miller, MA; Gardner, IA; Kreuder, C; Paradies, DM; and others. 2002. Coastal freshwater runoff
is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris
nereis). Int. J. Parasitol., 32:997-1006.
Miller, MA; Gardner, IA; Packham, A; Mazet, JK; and others. 2002. Evaluation of an indirect
fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for demonstration of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in
the sea otter (Enhydra lutris). J. Parasitol. 88:594-599.
Macintire, DK; Boudreaux, MK; West, GD; Bourne, C; and others. 2002. Babesia gibsoni
infection among dogs in the southeastern United States. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 220:
325-329.
Penzhorn, BL; Kjemtrup, AM; Lopez-Rebollar, LM; Conrad, PA. 2001. Babesia leo n. sp from
lions in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, and its relation to other small
piroplasms. J. Parasitol., 87:681-685.
Kjemtrup, AM; Robinson, T; Conrad, PA. 2001. Description and epidemiology of Theileria
youngi n. sp from a northern Californian dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes)
population. J. Parasitol. 87:373-378.
Kjemtrup, AM; Kocan, AA; Whitworth, L; Meinkoth, J; and others. 2000. There are at least three
genetically distinct small piroplasms from dogs. Inter. J. Parasitol., 30:1501-1505.
Kjemtrup, AM; Thomford, J; Robinson, T; Conrad, PA. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of
human and wildlife piroplasm isolates in the western United States inferred from the 18S
nuclear small subunit RNA gene. Parasitol. 120:487-493.
Bartonella:
Chomel BB. Cat Scratch Disease. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz. 2000;19(1):136-150.
Chang, CC, Chomel BB, Kasten RW et al. Isolation of Bartonella spp. from wild cervids, bovids and
domestic cattle in North America. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2000;6(3):306-311.
Chang CC, Kasten RW, Chomel BB et al. Coyotes (Canis latrans) as the reservoir for human pathogenic
Bartonella sp.: Molecular epidemiology of Bartonella vinsonii subp. Berkhoffii infection in coyotes from
Central coastal California. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2000;38:4193-4200.
Bermond D, Heller R, Barrat F, Delacour G, Dehio C, Alliot A, Monteil H, Chomel B, Boulouis HJ,
Piemont Y. Bartonella birtlesii sp nov., isolated from small mammals (Apodemus spp.) Int. J. Syst.
Bacteriol. Evolut. Microbiol., 2000;50:1973-1979.
Maruyama S, Kasten RW, Boulouis HJ, Gurfield NA, Katsube Y and Chomel BB. Genomic diversity of
Bartonella henselae isolates from domestic cats from Japan, the USA and France by pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis. Vet. Microbiol., 2001,79:337-349.
Gurfield AN, Boulouis HJ, Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Heller R, Bouillin C, Gandoin C, Thibault D, Barrat F
and Piemont Y. Epidemiology of Bartonella infection in domestic cats in France. Vet. Microbiol.,
2001;80:185-198.
Chang CC, Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Romano V, Tietze N. Molecular evidence of Bartonella spp. in
questing adult Ixodes pacificus ticks in California. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2001;39:1221-1226.
Honadel TE, Chomel BB, Yamamoto K, Chang CC and Farver TB. Sero-epidemiology of Bartonella
vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in United States government working dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.,
2001,219:480-484.
Boulouis HJ, Barrat F, Bermond D, Bernex F, Thibault D, Heller R, Fontaine JJ, Piemont Y and Chomel
B. Kinetics of Bartonella birtlesii infection in experimentally infected mice and pathogenic effect on their
reproductive functions. Infection and Immunity, 2001;69:5313-5317.
Chomel BB, Mac Donald KA, Kasten RW, Chang CC, Wey AC, Foley JE, Thomas WP and Kittleson M.
Aortic valve endocarditis in a dog due to Bartonella clarridgeiae. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2001:39:3548-3554.
Ciervo A, Petrucca A, Ciarrocchi S, Pinto A, Bonazzi L, Fabio A, Farnetti E, Chomel BB, Ciceroni L.
Molecular characterization of the first human Bartonella strain isolated in Italy. J. Clin. Micobiol., 2001;39
(12): 4554-4557.
Maruyama S, Sakai T, Morita Y, Tanaka Y, Kabeya H, Boonmar S, Poapolathep A, Chalarmchaikit T,
Chang C-C, Kasten RW, Chomel BB, Katsube Y. Prevalence of Bartonella species and 16S rRNA Gene
Types of Bartonella henselae from Cats in Thailand. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2001, 65(6):783-787.
Yamamoto K., Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Hew CM, Weber DK, Lee WI, Droz S, Koehler JE. Experimental
infection of domestic cats with Bartonella koehlerae and comparison of protein and DNA profiles with
those of other Bartonella species infecting felines. J. Clin. Micobiol., 2002;40(2):466-474.
Chomel BB, Boulouis HJ, Petersen H, Kasten RW, Yamamoto K, Gandoin C, Corinne Bouillin C, Hew
CM. Epidemiology of Bartonella infection in domestic cats in Denmark. Vet. Res., 2002;33: 205-213.
Bermond D, Boulouis HJ, Heller R, Van Laere G, Dehio C, Monteil H, Chomel B, Sander A, Piemont Y.
Bartonella bovis Bermond et al. sp nov. and Bartonella capreoli sp nov., isolated from European
ruminants. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. Evolut. Microbiol., 2001;52: 383-390.
Chang CC, Hayashidani H, Puserla N, Kasten RW, Madigan JE, Chomel BB. Investigation of Bartonella
infection in ixodid ticks from California. Comp Immunol. Microbiol. Infect Dis, 2002:25:229-236.
Ciceroni L, Fabbi M, Ciarrocchi S, Pinto A, Ciervo A, Kasten RW and Chomel BB. Characterization of the
first Bartonella henselae strain isolated from a cat in Italy. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.,
2002;25: 217-228.
Chang CC, Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Tappero JW, Sanchez MA, Koehler JE. Molecular epidemiology of
Bartonella henselae infection in HIV-infected patients and their cat contacts using pulsed field gel
electrophoresis and genotyping. J. Infect. Dis.,2002; 186:1733-1739.
Yamamoto K, Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Hew CM, Weber DK, Koehler JE and Pedersen NC. Infection and
re-infection of domestic cats with various Bartonella species or types: B. henselae type I is protective
against heterologous challenge with B. henselae type II. Vet. Microbiol., 2003;92:73-86.
Hoar BR, Chomel BB, Rolfe DL, Chang CC, Fritz CL, Sacks BN, Carpenter TE. Spatial analysis of
Yersinia pestis and Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii seroprevalence in California coyotes (Canis
latrans). Prev Vet Med. 2003;56(4):299-311.
Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Sykes JE, Boulouis HJ, Breitschwerdt EB. Clinical Impact of persistent
Bartonella bacteremia in humans and animals. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2003;990:267-278.
Breitschwerdt EB, Suksawat J, Chomel BB, Hegarty BC. The immunologic response of dogs to Bartonella
vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii antigens: as assessed by western immunoblot analysis. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest.,
2003;15:349-354.
Chomel BB, Wey AC, Kasten RW. Isolation of Bartonella washoensis from a dog with mitral valve
endocarditis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2003, 41:5327-5332.
Chomel BB, Wey AC, Kasten RW, Stacy BA, Labelle P. A fatal case of endocarditis in a domestic cat
associated with Bartonella henselae type I infection. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2003, 41:5337-5339.
Ehrlichia/Anaplasma:
Pusterla N, Chang C-C, Chomel BB, Chae J-S, Foley JE, DeRock E, Kramer VL, Lutz H and Madigan
JE. Serologic and molecular evidence of Ehrlichia spp. in coyotes in California. J. Wildl. Dis., 2000;36
(3):494-499.
Foley, JE; Foley, P; Madigan, JE. Spatial distribution of seropositivity to the causative agent of
granulocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs in California. Am. J. Vet. Res.,2001; 62: 1599-1605.
Pusterla, N; Anderson, RJ; House, JK; Pusterla, JB; and others. Susceptibility of cattle to infection with
Ehrlichia equi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 2001;218:11601162,1152.
Pusterla, N; Chae, JS; DeRock, E; Madigan, JE. One-tube PCR for the detection of the Ehrlichia
phagocytophila genogroup. Vet. Rec. 2000;147:22-23,24-28.
Foley, JE; Kramer, V; Weber, D. 2002. Experimental infection of dusky-footed wood rats (Neotoma
fuscipes) with Ehrlichia phagocytophila sensu lato. J. Wildl. Dis. 38:194-198.
Lane RS, Foley JE, Eisen L, Lennette ET, Peot MA. Acarologic risk of exposure to emerging tick-borne
bacterial pathogens in a semirural community in northern California. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis.
2001;1(3):197-210.
Pusterla N, Chae JS, Kimsey RB, Berger Pusterla J, DeRock E, Dumler JS, Madigan JE. Transmission of
Anaplasma phagocytophila (human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent) in horses using experimentally infected
ticks (Ixodes scapularis). J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2002;49(10):484-488.
West Nile virus:
Guthrie AJ, Howell PG, Gardner IA, Swanepoel RE, Nurton JP, Harper CK, Pardini A, Groenewald D,
Visage CW, Hedges JF, Balasuriya UB, Cornel AJ, MacLachlan NJ. West Nile virus infection of
Thoroughbred horses in South Africa (2000-2001). Equine Vet J. 2003;35(6):601-605.
Other activities:
Review articles:
Chomel BB. Zoonoses bactériennes émergentes [emerging bacterial zoonoses] Point Vét.,
2000;31:195-202.
Kjemtrup, AM; Conrad, PA. 2000. Human babesiosis: an emerging tick-borne disease. Int. J.
Parasitol. 30:1323-1337.
Madigan, JE; Pusterla, N. 2000. Ehrlichial diseases. Vet. Clinics N. Am. Equine Pract., 16:
487-499.
Hoar, BR; Atwill, ER; Elmi, C; Farver, TB. 2001. An examination of risk factors associated with beef
cattle shedding pathogens of potential zoonotic concern. Epidemiol Infect., 2001;127: 147-155.
Chomel BB. Control and prevention of emerging zoonoses. J. Vet. Med. Educ. 2003;30:145-147.
Sacks BN, Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Caswell-Chen EP, Chang CC, Sanders R, Leterme S. Validation for
use with coyotes (Canis latrans) of a commercially available ELISA for Dirofilaria immitis. Vet. Parasitol.
2002; 109:45-58.
Development of a web Site:
A Web site is being prepared and should be operational by Spring 2004. It will
include a series of powerpoint presentations concerning Zoonotic diseases of domestic
animals (with update on emerging zoonoses in each species): slide series are made for:
Zoonoses of dogs part 1: viral and bacterial; part 2: parasitic and mycotic)
Zoonoses of cats
Zoonoses of Horses
Zoonoses of ruminants
Zoonoses of swine
Zoonoses of birds
A series of 18 lectures on Zoonoses of non-human primates
A few slides sets on Emerging infectious diseases and emerging zoonoses
The web site will also be connected to journals or centers dealing with emerging
zoonoses.