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Theremin Experiment But what IS a Theremin? • A Theremin is a device that changes pitch by sensing the players hands in relation to itself. • It was created in 1920 by Leon Theremin. • Leon’s machine uses antenna to sense hand position, and then feed to a loud speaker • Our build uses a photo receptor to sense light, and therefore our hand. This is what its supposed to look like Components • There are only four components to our Theremin. They are : • 1-100k ohm resistor • 1-photo cell (light dependant resistor) • 1-100 micro faraday capacitor • 1- LM386 integrated circuit • These components are so small….. 100k ohm resistor • A resistor works by passing electricity through a medium that resists the flow of energy. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor 100k ohm resistor colour 1st band 2nd band 3rd band 4th band (multiplier) (tolerance) Black 0 0 X10^0 Brown 1 1 X10^1 +/- 1% (F) 100 ppm Red 2 2 X10^2 +/- 2% (G) 50 ppm Orange 3 3 X10^3 15 ppm Yellow 4 4 X10^4 25 ppm Green 5 5 X10^5 +/- 0.5% (D) Blue 6 6 X10^6 +/- 0.25% ( C ) Violet 7 7 X10^7 +/- 0.1% (B) Grey 8 8 X10^8 +/- 0.05% (A) White 9 9 X10^9 Gold X10^-1 +/- 5% (J) Silver X10^-2 +/- 10% (K) none +/- 20% (M) Temp. Coefficient 100k ohm Resistor • The amount of resistance is calculated as such: Therefore this resistor is 10x10^4 ohms +/- 50 ohms OR 100000 +/- 50 ohms. Photo Receptor • A photo receptor uses a semiconductor that uses photons to start the flow of electrons, therefore increasing resistance. http://www.rp-photonics.com/photodetectors.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodetector 1-100 Micro Farad Capacitor • A capacitor stores energy and releases it either as a single high voltage pulse, or as a continuous stream, depending on the circuit's resistance. • A capacitor works by allowing static electricity to accumulate, and then be released. 1-100 Micro Farad Capacitor • A Farad is the SI unit for capacitance named after Michael Faraday. (god of capacity) • One farad is how much charge a capacitor takes per every volt. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/capacitor.htm 100 Micro Farad Capacitor Ours LM386 Integrated Circuit Chip http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LM386 • Widely used in battery powered acoustic electronics. • Takes between 4-18 volts, and outputs between 325mW, and 1000mW. LM386 Integrated Circuit Chip • The LM386 passes current and voltage through sets of resistors to give logic http://www.wiringdi functions. agrams21.com/2009/ 03/12/lm386-specsfeatures-andapplication-audiopower-amplifier Measurements component Resistance (ohms) Current (amperes) Potential difference (Volts) Photo receptor From 0.9 – 6.8 ----- 0.02 Resistor 98300 ----- 3.87 Capacitor No resistance to almost infinite resistance ----- 4.98 Total circuit ----- 5.3 6.24 Galvanoscope • A galvanoscope is a type of ammeter used for detecting electrical current. • This is not to be confused with the galvanometer, as a galvanometer gives a definite measurement, whereas a galvanoscope gives a rough magnitude. • It works by having several turns of wire around a magnetic needle, so that when magnetic fields move, so does the needle and attached plate. Galvanoscope • The magnetic coil was given more turns in the wire to multiply the effect of a single turn on the needle. • The magnetic field flowing through the wires turns the needle to identify that current is flowing through. • The galvanoscope is important because it provides safety to scientists that routinely work with electricity. http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Ele ctrical_Measurements/Galvanoscope/Galvano scope.html A Galvanoscope http://chestofbooks.com/crafts/popular-mechanics/The-Boy-Mechanic-700-Things-for-Boys-toDo/How-To-Make-A-Galvanoscope.html Scientific, Technological, Societal and Environmental Implications • The galvanoscope was first developed by Hans Oersted in 1820. It was developed further to have “multipliers” that helped to determine the magnitude of a current. • In 1858, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) developed what is now a galvanometer. • The galvanoscope allowed mankind to become more advanced in the use of electricity. Mass Spectrograph Mass Spectrograph • A mass spectrograph is a device that identifies a substance. • First It burns a sample, then adds a charge to the particles. It then propels them through a magnetic field, and calculates the mass of the particle from where it lands on a detector plate. (lighter particles are deflected more than heavier ones) Scientific, Technological, Societal and Environmental Implications • Mass Spectrometers allow people to measure particulate in the air, soil, and water to check for contamination. • Mass Specs are used in solving crimes. • Mass specs are also helping to evolve the detectors of colliders such as the LHC at Cern. http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Electromag net Lifting Electromagnets An electromagnet is a magnet in which the magnetic force is produced by the flow of current flowing through a wire wound into a coil. By winding like this, the magnetic field created by the current is concentrated. The magnetic field can be enhanced further if a “core, ” such as a soft iron is placed in the middle. By having the core, the current aligns the domains within the core, which results in an increase in the electrical current, increasing the magnetic field further. The advantage of using this type of magnet is that it can be easily manipulated by adjusting the electrical current to allow for heavier lifting. Lifting Electromagnets • In 1820, Hans Orsted discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields. Four years later, William Sturgeon developed the first electromagnet. His electromagnet was horseshoe shaped and wrapped in bare copper wire. It only weighed 200 grams and was able to lift 4 kilograms. In 1827, Joseph Henry improved the magnet greatly by winding much more wire around the metal and allowing the magnets he created to lift http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet 936 kilograms. Electromagnets • Electromagnets allow society nowadays to lift many heavy objects with ease. They are used often in junk yards to lift around the broken and old vehicles. Electromagnets give humans to lift metal objects that normally could not be lifted by magnetic force. These magnets are very important to have in our society. http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Electromag net http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=gk6PpeXgM8 Scientific, Technological, Societal and Environmental Implications • Lifting electromagnets have been used in applications ranging from auto body construction, to scrap metal destruction.