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Gregory I (The Great) Charles The Great (Charlemagne) Gregory I (590-604) - Pope Charlemagne (768-814) - Emperor Life Before Pope Mayor of Rome in 573 – – – – Organized city’s defenses against Lombards (Ger.) Sent to Constantinople as pope’s representative Adopted monastic lifestyle in 575 Returned to Rome in 585 City in disrepair: buildings, city walls, etc. – Floods, plague, Lombards; Gregory led efforts in maintaining the city Major Accomplishments Responsible for feeding & caring for large numbers of destitute people: Lombard invasion and serious plague – The church was the only authority people could rely on for help Appointed pope in 590; 1st monastic pope Kept the affairs of the churches under his immediate control: abbots, clergy, etc Detailed organizational structure to administer papal estates – – Papacy was the largest land owner in Italy – 1,800 sq. miles Each patrimony was administered by a rector – personal representative of the pope After Gregory the pope was as much a political figure as a religious leader Wrote a book, Pastoral Care Strong disagreements with Patriarch of Constantinople who called himself “Universal Bishop” – Gregory called him “forerunner of the Antichrist” Gregory adopted the title “servant of the servants of God” Significant contributions in theology: – – – – – Purgatory (developed Augustine’s idea) Mass repeated Christ’s sacrifice Original sin washed away by baptism Intercession by saints Holy relics Charles The Great (Charlemagne) King of the Franks (768-814) Holy Roman Emperor (800-814) Lombards threatened Rome again Pope called out his army (to protect his properties) Pope threatened excommunication (1st time a Pope threatened to excommunicate a king) Charlemagne defeated the Lombards and became king of Lombards as well as Franks He pledged protection for papal estates Leo III Elected pope 795 – 816 Much opposition – Not from elite family; accused of adultery and perjury Kidnapped by supporters of rival (April, 799) – – Tried to cut out his eyes and tongue (a traditional treatment of one’s enemy) Deposed and sent to a monastery Escaped & appealed to Charlemagne for help Charlemagne refused to accept the pope’s deposition from office; he then “investigated” the charges & declared him innocent – – Many think Charlemagne acted not because he had weighed the evidence, but because he accepted the idea that the pope was above human law He may also have thought it was more important to restore order and unity in the church Leo III placed the imperial crown on Charlemagne’s head on Christmas day 800 AD Charlemagne was now King of Franks, Lombards, Papal estates, and ruler of the western world Leo III did not tell Charlemagne in advance what he was doing This “coronation” began the Holy Roman Empire It also gave the appearance that Charlemagne was dependent on the pope for his power Charlemagne liked his new power, but not how he got it Charlemagne now viewed himself as – – Protector of the Church Military force Reformer/Purifier as Josiah of the OT Gave the empire a new set of laws To unify To educate Charlemagne and Augustine’s City of God – – Augustine had argued that a true Christian state should model itself after the heavenly city where perfect order and harmony existed Peace and justice must be established for all He became obsessed with regulating the religious and secular life of his people Charlemagne’s Accomplishments - Reforms Church management reform and discipline Reform and revival of monasticism – Rule of St. Benedict Church customs, worship – – Had Alcuin revise the Vulgate – one version Ordered a standard sacramentary so mass would be celebrated “properly” everywhere Doctrine Education New Struggles Feudalism – – – Political power exercised by wealthy land owners rather than centralized governments Church had to deal with wealthy individuals rather than kings Bishops became vassals of feudal lords Pornocracy (904-964) Lay investiture – secular rulers selecting and ordaining church officials Simony – selling church offices Pope Formosus and Emperor Lambert Formosus – pope, 891-896 More of a politician than a shepherd Crowned Lambert as Holy Roman Emperor, 894 Deposed him and crowned Arnulf as Emperor, 896 Died in 896 Lambert’s mother, Agiltrude, had Formosus’ body exhumed, dressed in papal robes, tried in public court, all his decrees nullified Had the 3 fingers used for papal blessings cut off; Dragged his corpse through he streets of Rome and thrown into the Tiber. Ironically, his body was burried in St. Peter’s a few months later. Pornocracy (904 – 964) Leading up to this period 896-904: 10 popes; 4 mths, 1 mth, 20 days Sergius III (904) – John XII (964) 60 yrs of the papacy controlled by wealthy people and political leaders. Sexual immorality widespread – chastity vows ignored. Theodora and her two daughters used their bodies for land, position, wealth. Marozia (Theodora’s daughter) had an illegitimate son by pope Sergius III That son later became pope John XI (931-936) Another son, Alberic, imprisoned, killed his mother, arrested his brother – the pope, and ruled as dictator over the church (though not as pope) Convinced church officials to elect his son, Octavian, as pope (955-964) John XII (Octavian) became pope at 16 Made a toast to the devil in a drunken orgy. Attended church only when he had to preside. Personal conduct was scandalous. Officially condemned many practices he enjoyed. Reform Otto I was crowned emperor by John XII. (962) Otto thought John’s conduct was not appropriate. Insisted that future pope’s be appointed only with his consent John XII opposed Otto and planned to overthrow him. Otto prepared to attack Rome, but John XII died “suddenly.” Abbey of Cluny Founded by Duke William of Aquitaine (September, 909) Called for return to monastic vow of chastity by all clergy. Reform of economic practices of abbeys; called for an end to simony. Free the church from secular control, return it to papal authority. Began on a small scale, but within a century had spread throughout Europe calling for reform among the clergy. Hildebrand (pope Gregory VII) – 1073-1085 Spiritual power supreme to temporal power Envisioned one world under the pope Prohibited lay investiture Gottschalk (808-868) Represented Augustine’s views on predestination; thought the church had misunderstood Augustine’s views God had chosen some for salvation before the world was created Their selection depended entirely on God’s grace No human effort could cause a person to be saved He was attacked and condemned as a heretic Beaten and imprisoned until he died Such teaching took away the role of the church in salvation The church as the “dispenser” of grace was undermined Transubstantiation Paschasius Radbertus – monk (790-865) Wrote The Body and Blood of the Lord When the priest says the words, “This is my body . . . this is my blood,” the bread and wine became the actual body and blood of Christ. Only true for those who believe this The presence of Christ in the Eucharist had been acknowledged for a long time The majority viewed it as symbolic Became official church doctrine in 1215; 4th Lateran council