Download WRES1103 REKABENTUK DIGITAL

REKABENTUK DIGITAL
WRES1103
Introductory Digital Concepts
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Analog & Digital
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Analog
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Having continuous values
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Analog & Digital
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Digital
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Having discrete values
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Analog & Digital
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Digital Advantage
• Can be processed & transmitted more
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efficiently and reliably
Advantage of storage (e.g. compression,
enhancement etc)
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Analog & Digital
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An analog Electronic System
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Analog & Digital
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A System using Digital and analog methods
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Logic Levels
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Example:
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High for TTL => 2V to
5V
Low for TTL => 0V to
0.8V
0.8V to 2V
unacceptable/ never
used
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Digital Waveforms
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A Digital Waveform Carries
Binary Information
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A Digital Waveform Carries
Binary Information
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Transfer
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Encoding & Decoding Function
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Multiplexer & Demultiplexer
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Mux
• Switches from several inputs line onto single
output line in a specified time
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Demux
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Purpose
• Vice versa
• Data can be transferred from several sources
over one line to a distant location and
redistributed to several destination
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Multiplexer & Demultiplexer
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Storage Functions
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Flip-flops
Registers
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Semiconductor memories
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Magnetic memories
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• Formed by several flip-flops
• ROM (permanent), RAM (temporary)
• Floppy, internal hard disk
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Storage Functions
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Storage Functions
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Fixed Function Integrated
Circuit
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All components make up circuits (transistor, diode, resistors
and capacitors) are integral part of that single chip.
Logic function set by manufacturer and cannot be altered
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IC Packages
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Through-hole mounted
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Dual in-line package (DIP)
Surface-mount technology (SMT)
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Save space
Smaller than DIP (pins close together)
Example
• Small-outline integrated circuit (SOIC)
• Plastic lead chip carrier (PLCC)
• Leadless ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)
• Flat Pack (FP)
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IC Packages
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IC Packages
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Example of SMT package configurations
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Pin Numbering
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Dot always next to pin 1
Number increase going counterclockwise.
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Programmable Logic Device
(PLD)
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SPLD
CPLD
FPGA
Will be discussed in WRES1102 (VHDL)
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Introduction to Test Instruments
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Oscilloscope – Analog, Digital
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Introduction to Test Instruments
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Amplitude = (3 div)(1V/div) = 3V
Period = (4 div)(10 µs/div) = 40 µs
Frequency = f = 1/T = 1/40µs = 25 kHz
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Introduction to Test Instruments
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Logic Analyzer
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Oscilloscope format
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Timing diagram format
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State table format
• Display single or dual waveform
• Can display up to 32 waveform
• Display data in tabular form (e.g. hex, octal, BCD,
ASCII)
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Introduction to Test Instruments
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Logic Analyzer
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Introduction to Test Instruments
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Logic Probe
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Detect high-level voltage, low-level voltage, single
pulses, repetitive pulses and opens on PCB
Logic Pulser
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Produce repetitive pulse waveform
Current tracer
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= current probe
Sense pulsating current – locating shorts on PCB
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Introduction to Test Instruments
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Introduction to Test Instruments
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Introduction to Test Instruments
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DC Power Supply
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Converts AC from standard wall outlet into regulated DC
voltage.
Function Generator
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Provides pulse waveforms, sine wave, triangular wave
Digital multimeter (DMM)
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Measure DC and AC voltage
Measure DC and AC current
resistance
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Introduction to Test Instruments
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