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REKABENTUK DIGITAL WRES1103 Introductory Digital Concepts 1 Analog & Digital z Analog • Having continuous values 2 Analog & Digital z Digital • Having discrete values 3 Analog & Digital z Digital Advantage • Can be processed & transmitted more • efficiently and reliably Advantage of storage (e.g. compression, enhancement etc) 4 Analog & Digital z An analog Electronic System 5 Analog & Digital z A System using Digital and analog methods 6 Logic Levels z Example: • • • High for TTL => 2V to 5V Low for TTL => 0V to 0.8V 0.8V to 2V unacceptable/ never used 7 Digital Waveforms 8 A Digital Waveform Carries Binary Information 9 A Digital Waveform Carries Binary Information zData Transfer 10 Encoding & Decoding Function 11 Multiplexer & Demultiplexer z Mux • Switches from several inputs line onto single output line in a specified time z Demux z Purpose • Vice versa • Data can be transferred from several sources over one line to a distant location and redistributed to several destination 12 Multiplexer & Demultiplexer 13 Storage Functions z Flip-flops Registers z Semiconductor memories z Magnetic memories z • Formed by several flip-flops • ROM (permanent), RAM (temporary) • Floppy, internal hard disk 14 Storage Functions 15 Storage Functions 16 Fixed Function Integrated Circuit z z All components make up circuits (transistor, diode, resistors and capacitors) are integral part of that single chip. Logic function set by manufacturer and cannot be altered 17 IC Packages z z Through-hole mounted • Dual in-line package (DIP) Surface-mount technology (SMT) • • • Save space Smaller than DIP (pins close together) Example • Small-outline integrated circuit (SOIC) • Plastic lead chip carrier (PLCC) • Leadless ceramic chip carrier (LCCC) • Flat Pack (FP) 18 IC Packages 19 IC Packages z Example of SMT package configurations 20 Pin Numbering z z Dot always next to pin 1 Number increase going counterclockwise. 21 Programmable Logic Device (PLD) z z z z SPLD CPLD FPGA Will be discussed in WRES1102 (VHDL) 22 Introduction to Test Instruments z Oscilloscope – Analog, Digital 23 Introduction to Test Instruments • • • Amplitude = (3 div)(1V/div) = 3V Period = (4 div)(10 µs/div) = 40 µs Frequency = f = 1/T = 1/40µs = 25 kHz 24 Introduction to Test Instruments z Logic Analyzer • Oscilloscope format • Timing diagram format • State table format • Display single or dual waveform • Can display up to 32 waveform • Display data in tabular form (e.g. hex, octal, BCD, ASCII) 25 Introduction to Test Instruments z Logic Analyzer 26 Introduction to Test Instruments z z z Logic Probe • Detect high-level voltage, low-level voltage, single pulses, repetitive pulses and opens on PCB Logic Pulser • Produce repetitive pulse waveform Current tracer • • = current probe Sense pulsating current – locating shorts on PCB 27 Introduction to Test Instruments 28 Introduction to Test Instruments 29 Introduction to Test Instruments z z z DC Power Supply • Converts AC from standard wall outlet into regulated DC voltage. Function Generator • Provides pulse waveforms, sine wave, triangular wave Digital multimeter (DMM) • • • Measure DC and AC voltage Measure DC and AC current resistance 30 Introduction to Test Instruments 31