Download Extended Lesvos island Geopark Application

Application
to Extend the area of
the LESVOS PETRIFIED FOREST
EUROPEAN and GLOBAL GEOPARK
and the recognition of the LESVOS ISLAND GEOPARK
for membership in the European Geoparks Network
LESVOS – GREECE
2011
Extended Lesvos island Geopark Application
Contents
A. Identification of the Area............................................................ ................................
1. Name of the proposed Geopark .........................................................................................
2. Surface area, physical and human geography characteristics of the proposed Geopark ..
3. Organization in charge and management structure (description, function and
organigram) of the proposed Lesvos Geopark …………………………………………………………………..
4. Application contact person (name, position, tel./fax, e -mail) ………………………………………..
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B – Geological Heritage …………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Location of the proposed Lesvos Geopark (please include a geographical map and the
geographic coordinates longitude and latitude coordinates) …………………………………………….
2. General geological description of the proposed Lesvos Geopark …………………………………..
3. Listing and description of the geological sites within the proposed Lesvos Geopark ……..
4 Details on the interest of these sites in terms of their international, national, regional
or local value (for example scientific, educational, aesthetic) ……………………………………………
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C. Geoconservation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
1. Current or potential pressure on the proposed Lesvos Geopark ……………………………………
2. Current status in terms of protection of geological sites within the proposed Lesvos
Geopark …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Data on the management and maintenance of these sites ……………………………………………
4. Listing and description of non-geological sites and how they are integrated into the
proposed Geopark …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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D. Economic Activity & Business Plan (including detailed financia l information) ……………
1. Economic activity in the proposed Lesvos Geopark ……………………………………………………….
2. Existing and planned facilities for the proposed Lesvos Geopark (e.g. geo-education,
geo-tourism, tourism infrastructure etc) …………………………………………………………………………..
3. Analysis of geotourism potential of the proposed Lesvos Geopark ……………………………….
4. Overview and policies for the sustainable development of:
- geo-tourism and economy
- geo-education
- geo-heritage ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Policies for, and examples of, community empowerment (involvement and
consultation) in the proposed Lesvos Geopark ………………………………………………………………….
6. Policies for, and examples of, public and stakeholder awareness in the proposed
Lesvos Geopark …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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E. Interest and arguments for joining the EGN/GGN ……………………………………………………… 50
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A. Identification of the Area
1. Name of the proposed Geopark
The applicant area’s name is “Lesvos Geopark” and the present application is for the extension
of the Lesvos Petrified Forest European and Global Geopark . Lesvos island is the third largest
Greek island, and the seventh largest in the Mediterranean .
Lesvos Island is well known for the Petrified Forest, its geodiversity and biodiversity, its
protected areas that cover the largest part of the island presenting a variety of birds and
wildflowers, the ancient olive groves and rare pine forests, the hot springs, its antiquities, the
medieval castles, traditional villages and culture. Lesvos has an excellent network of trails,
unique specimens of industrial architecture, monasteries and churches .
The island is the birthplace of famous people of art and literature like the phi losopher
Theophrastus, the singer and guitar-player Arion, the famous poet Sappho and Alkaeo, the
musician and founder of the guitar Terpandros, the philosopher Pittako, the painter George
Jakobidis and the Nobel Prize winner poet Odysseas Elitis.
2. Surface area, physical and human geography characteristics of the proposed Geopark
The island of Lesvos is located in the NE Aegean Sea. It is situated close to the coast of Asia
Minor with an area of 1.636 km2 and 370 km of coastline and a population of 90.463
inhabitants.
The sea enters deeply into the southern portion of the island and forms two enchanting
bays with narrow entrances, namely the Kalloni and Gera gulfs. Small coves and fishing
harbors ornament its shores and the headlands that are formed along the coast are most
picturesque. Olive and pine trees cover mountains and plains on the central and eastern part
of the island while a wide variety of aromatic and medical herbs are also present. 11 million
olive trees produce more than 20.000 tons of oli ves per year.
Mytilini is the capital town of the island and the administrative center of Lesvos Municipality
and the Region of North Aegean, the seat of the General Secretary of the Aegean & Naval
Policy and of the University of the Aegean. It is the commercial and cultural center of the island
and has a population of 37,881 inhabitants (2001 census). Mytilini is largely built on the ancient
town. It spreads amphitheatrically around the harbour with extension to the north and west
highs. On the north of Mytilini the Venetian castle crowns a magnificent pine wood which
reaches down to the shore. It is one of the largest mediaeval castles in the Eastern
Mediterranean. Places of special interest are the Ancient Theatre with marvellous acoustics,
the Archaeological Museum, the Byzantine Museum, Theophilos Museum, Teriade Museum
of modern art and some of the monumental churches, having both impressive architectural
features and ecclesiastical articles.
On the Northern edge of the island stands the Mythimna Municipal Unit (2,375 inhabitants)
which is the centre of the tourist development. Its capital is the picturesque town of
Mythimna (Molyvos) which has been declared a settlement subject to preservation. Its castle
crowns it from Byzantine times and makes it even more charming.
Other Municipal Units of the Island are Kalloni with 8,073 inhabitants, Polichnitos with 5,163
inhabitants, Plomari with 6,385 inhabitants, Agiasos with 2,581 inhabitants, Agia Paraskevi with
2,454 inhabitants, Petra with 3,721 inhabitants, Mantamados with 3,024 inhabitants,
Loutropoli Thermis 3,481 inhabitants, Evergetoulas with 3,242 inhabitants, Gera with 6,945
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inhabitants. On the extreme Western edge of the island lies the Eressos-Antissa Municipal Unit
with 5,111 inhabitants (2001 census). The villages of this area are of incomparable wild beauty,
where appear large accumulations of fossilised tree trunks comprising the well known
«Petrified Forest of Lesvos».
The Natural History Museum of Lesvos' Petrified Forest is located in Sigri village since 1994, in
order to undertake scientific research on the natural monument, as well as the preservation
and promotion of the Petrified Forest.
The local economy is based on the agricultural production with an emphasis on olive oil
production (of exceptionally high quality), cattle-raising (mainly dairy products) and fishing.
Distillery is developed and its main product is the world famous ouzo. Many of the island’s
inhabitants are professionally engaged in agricultural tourism.
The climate is mild Mediterranean, the mean annual temperature is 18 °C (64°F), and the mean
annual rainfall is 750 mm (29 in). Its exceptional sunshine makes it one of the sunniest islands
in the Aegean. Snow is extremely rare as are temperatures below freezing.
The Petrified Forest protected area
On the western part of Lesvos Island, remains of fossil
plants appear within volcanic rocks. The fossils
comprise the well-known «Lesvos Petrified Forest»,
which covers an area of 15,000 ha. Within this area,
several unique palaeo-botanical sites showing high
concentrations of fossilised tree-trunks have been
discovered.
The region of the Petrified Forest is characterized by
impressive volcanic geotopes, result of the intense
volcanic activity of the past. This region could be
characterized as a window on the geohistoric
development of the Aegean over the past 20 million
years.
Scientists researching and studying the Petrified
Forest speak enthusiastically of the rarity and great
scientific value of the monument and repeatedly
emphasize the uniqueness of the site. There are
many reasons for this. The Petrified Forest
constitutes an entire forest ecosystem that was
fossilised on site because of intense volcanic activity.
Lesvos Petrified Forest
The large number of fossilised trunks that have
remained standing upright, with their root system
fully developed, confirms that the trees were fossilised in their original position, thus this is an
autochthonous fossilised forest.
The fossilised trees and the parts of the plants have been preserved in excellent c onditions up
to the present. The age of the forest and the great variety of fossilised plant species that have
been found contribute to its great scientific value, whereas the composition of the fossilised
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flora is a particularly important guide to the climatic conditions, the environment and the
geological conditions at that period.
The systematic paleobotanical study of the petrified tree trunks and fossilised leaves enables
the determination of the genus and species of the plants that made up the forest of Lesvos 20
million years ago.
At the area of Gavathas, in northwestern Lesvos, findings of the oldest known land mammal in
Greece, Prodeinotherium bavaricum (first appearance of the family in Europe) have been
recovered.
At the Petrified Forest, we can gather information regarding the plant species which
constituted the island’s flora, the climatic and geological conditions that prevailed in the
Aegean area 20 millions years ago. In other words, the Petrified Forest constitutes a unique
‘’testimonial’’ of the geological history of the Aegean basin over the past 20 million years.
Map of Lesvos isl. with the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark (yellow) and protected areas
The Paleofauna of Vatera
The Natural History Collection of Vrisa houses the fossils that were collected in Vrisa and some
characteristic rocks, animals and plants of Lesvos. The Collection was founded in September of
1999 and it is housed in the building of the old school of Vrisa.
Some of the samples of Collection are exposed, in order to give a general impression of the
natural history of the region. The core of this exposition is the fossils of animals, which lived
in Lesvos 2 million years ago.
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NATURA 2000 protected areas
In the eastern part of Lesvos a rather moist climate prevails, in comparison with the rest of the
island. The slopes of Mt. Olympus and the Amalis peninsula dominate the morphology, while in
between them is the tectonic basin of the Gulf of Gera with impressive steep cliffs on its
eastern side. Plants at lower elevations are typical of Mediterranean maquis plants,
characteristically consisting of evergreen bushes (2-2.5 meters in height) with tough leathery
leaves adapted to the Mediterranean climatic conditions. The se plants include olives, wild pear
etc. At higher elevations on the slopes of Mt. Olympus, the flora changes to plants which have
adapted to the more damp and cold climatic conditions. Myrtle, laurel, maple etc. grow here,
as well as cultivated tree crops rarely found on Greek islands such as the chestnut groves of
Agiassos and cherry, apple and pear orchards.
A large part of the eastern side of the island is covered by olive groves which blanket the hills
and slopes, supported by impressive dry stonewall terraces. From a distance the border
between the silver grey leaves of the olives and the dark green maquis plants and pines is quite
noticeable. This ecosystem sustains a wealth of birds, reptiles, insects and mammals.
The Gulf of Yera with the Dipi Marsh and Mt. Olympus make up one of the three regions of the
island which are part of a network of natural conservation called “NATURA 2000”.
In the central part of the island, and especially around the Gulf of Kalloni, the climate becomes
drier and there are plains with wheat, hay and vegetable fields. This region contains the largest
gulf of the island, the Gulf of Kalloni. To the east and north of the Gulf of Kalloni, there are large
mature pine forests which coincide with the borders of the ophiolitic remnants of the oceanic
crust of Tethys. In the coastal area around the gulf there are 17 natural and artificial wetlands
such as the salt flats which consist of a very important system that hosts significant numbers of
water birds, both migratory and non-migratory, of international interest. The area is inun dated
every spring by birdwatchers from all over the world. The Gulf of Kalloni is one of three regions
of the island which are part of a network of natural conservation called “NATURA 2000”.
In the western part of the island, where the Petrified Forest is located, the climatic conditions
change and become drier, the rocks are volcanic and the mountain slopes of Mt. Ordymnos
dominate the morphology of the area. The flora in this part of the island is typical of
Mediterranean frigana plants. The dominant pla nts are small round and thorny bushes
between the craggy rocks. Thorny burnet, euphorbia sp., prickly broom, and greater knapweed
constitute a continuous and thick layer of plants, which together with the rocks is virtually
impassable for a hiker. For the frigana micro-environment, spring and early summer brings the
blooming of a wide variety of plants such as orchids, the thirty different types of which impress
the observer with eccentric shades of color. In amongst these plants there are also many fruit
and insect-eating, as well as predatory, birds, rabbits, mice, turtles, impressive lizards, snakes
and many more organisms which are well-hidden in between the plants and rocks. Later in the
summer, a wide variety of prickly herbaceous plants and well -known thistles bloom.
The oak forests are also impressive in this region. Their acorns, once used for trade, supported
the economic life of the island at one point. This area is also criss -crossed by seasonal streams
with flowering plants growing on their banks. In spring, blooming oleanders and rhododendrons
and light up the region with their pink and yellow blossoms. This area is one of three areas of
the island which are part of a network of natural conservation called “NATURA 2000”.
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Biodiversity
The island of Lesvos is a richly endowed land. Its natural beauties, its climate and its fertile soil
have given birth to people with a profound sense of beauty and harmony, from the depths of
antiquity right up to the present. It is not by chance that even during mythological times Lesvos
was known for its flourishing arts.
Lesvos island can be divided into four main physiographical provinces: a. The south -eastern part
where the Olympus mountain range, reaching a maximum height of 967 m, dominates. b. The
Kalloni Gulf grabben. c. The central mountainous region, including the chain of the main
volcanic centres; this region starts west of Kalloni Gulf and extends to the northern shores of
the island, hosting also the highest peak of the island, Lepetymnos (968 m). d. The hilly western
part which is composed of pyroclastic rocks, and is characterised by irregular peaks that reach
heights of 600 m.
The East coast of Lesvos Isl. is separated from the West coast of Asia Minor by the Mytilini
strait. Olive and pine trees cover mountains and plains on the central and eastern part of the
island while a wide variety of aromatic and medical herbs are also present. Forests of pine and
some oak occupy 20%, and the remainder is scrub, grassland andurban.
Flora
The main feature of the forest flora of Lesvos is the close association of various vegetation
types with the island’s geological structure.
The geological makeup of Lesvos divides the
island to the following regions with their
corresponding vegetation: a) Lime region
(eastern Lesvos, Chamali, Pigi, Ippeios,
Karini), where olive trees represent the
dominant species (Olea europaea, b) Schist
region (southeastern Lesvos, Agiassos, Gera,
Plomari) with oak (Quercus sp.) and
chestnut trees (Castanea sativa), c)
Ophiolithic region (central Lesvos, west of
Olympos) with Mediterranean pines (Pinus
brutia) and d) Volcanic region (central,
Olive trees common at eastern Lesvos
northern and western Lesvos) with oak
(Quercus pubescens, Quercus aegilops),
yellow azalea (Rododendron luteum), black pines (Pinus nigra) and Sarcopoterium spinosum
and Centaurea spinosa shrubs.
The Herbaceous vegetation of the island is also impressive. Two anemone species (Anemone
coronaria & A. pavonina) and daisy species (Anthemis chia & A. arvensis), red (Papaver rhoeas)
and orange poppies (P. Levigatum), as well as asphodels (Asphodelus microcarpus), the typical
plants of the Elysian Fields of ancient Greeks, bloom over extensive areas and create a
multicolor display. The Lesbian Alyssum (Alyssum lesbiacum) seems to be the only endemic
species on the island, while Phododendron luteum (yellow azalea) and Haplophyllum
megalanthum (orchid species) are plants of the Orient, which, in the Greek territory, glow only
on Lesvos. Other species, such as Royal fern (Osmunda regalis), False hemp (Datisca
cannabina), Komper’s orchid (Comperia comperiana), small carnation (Dianthus anatolicus),
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chickweed (Elatine aslinastrum), Corydalis integra, a type of buttercup (Raunculus isthmicus)
and a type of campion (Silene urvillei), are very rare in other parts of Greece.
It is worth mentioning Colchicum Automnale, a bulbous plant that flowers with the first autumn
breeze, on the island. Its flower is perfect; it has both male reproductive organs, six stamens
and female ones, three carpels. All parts of the plant are poisonous’ they contain an active
poison called colchicines. According to mythology, Medea daughter of the king of Colchis,
kelled her own children with its poison, and so gave it its name.
Finally, dozens of rare and quite elusive orchid species are a fascinating part of Lesbian flora,
while there is a vast variety of toadstools and mushrooms, mainly in the district of Achladeri.
Fauna
The island’s fauna is just as rich as its flora combining animal species of both the Orient and the
West. Among the carnivores encountered in the olive groves are the fox (Vulpes vulpres), the
ferret (Martes foina) and the weasel (Mustela nivalis). The most important m ammal of Lesvos
is the squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) or galia as the natives call it, which lives in the Asia Minor
shores and nowhere else in Europe but on Lesvos. Other species present on the island include
the otter, the hedgehod (erinaceus concolor) and the hare (Lepus capensis). On Lesvos, we also
encounter the amphibian Greek March frog, the Euro pean tree frog, the Eastern spadefoot and
the green toad. Many reptiles also live on the island, the Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca)
Balkan terrapin (Mauremys revulata) , European pond terrapin (Emys orbicularis), Agama stelio,
Balkan green lizard (Lacerta trilineata), Balkan wall lizard (Podarcis taureca) armoured glass
snake (Phiosaurus apodus), Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus), Caspian
Whipsnake (Coluber jugularis), Balkan whip snake (Coluber gemonensis), Dahl’s Whipesnake
(Coluber najadum), coastal viper (Viperea xanthina), dice snake (Natrix tesselata), European
ratsnake (Elaphe situla), four-lined snake (Elaphe quatuorlineata), caat snake (Telescopus
fallax), sand boa (Eryx jaculus), worm snake (Typhlops Vermicularis), Montpellier Snake
(Malpolon monspessulanus).
An ideal place for bird watching, Lesvos is the island with the richest avifauna in the Aegean.
Due to the wide variety of habitats and its location half way in the migration routes of Eastern
Mediterranean, more than 300 species of birds pass, winter or nest on the island. Important
regions for bird watching are Olympos, Kalloni, the Bay of Gera, Prinovouni, Akrasia, around
Vatera, Lepetymnos, Agiassos, Sigri, Eressos, Petra, Skala in Polychnitos, Agra, Potamia et. al.
Sitta Krueperi is one of the rarest species, which has chosen to live only in the pinewoods of the
regions of Olympos, Achladeri and Akrasio in the whole of Europe. Cinereous Bunting (Emberiza
cineracea) can be traced in Eressos, Olympos and Agra. Other rare species nesting on the island
are Ruppell’s Warbler, the olive-tree Warbler, the Olivaceous Warbler, the Pied Wheatear, the
Rufous Bush Robin, the Masked Shrike, the Sombre Tit, the Rock Nuthatch, the Cretzschmar’s
Bunting, the Long-legged Buzzard, the Accipiter, the Alectoris chukar. The Ruddy Shelduck
(Tadorna ferruginea) is rare in Greece and nests in the area of Achladeri. Also on the island we
find a few pairs of Black Storks (Ciconia nigra). In Lesvos there are also White Storks (Ciconia
ciconia). Rare aquatic birds nest in the Bay of Kalloni, such as the Black-winged Stilt, the pied
avocet, the Stone Curlew, the Little Bittern, the king fisher, the Collared Pratincole, the Marsh
harrier, the Common Tern, the Little Tern, etc. As for more ordinary birds, Lesvos hosts
blackbirds, thrushes and starlings in the olive groves, as well as robins, Chaffinches, skylarks,
wrens, woodpeckers, Blackcaps and, in the summer, Wheatears. More rarely one might
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encounter the Sardinian Warbler (Sylvia melonocerhala) exclusively in the olive groves, the
Sylvia olivetorum and in recent years the wren. The Hoopoe nest in olive trees cavities, while in
dry branches we come across the small Dunnock (Prunellamodularis). During the winter the
wood cock and two species of thrush, the Fieldfare and the Redwing, visit the island, whereas
the Eurasian Eagle Owl is giving way to the Long-eared Owl.
An impressive group of insects with a diverse variety of species that inhabit Lesvos are the
dragonflies (order Odanata). The research is still in progress but 45 different species have
already been spotted on the island. These dragonflies seem to be members of the prehistoric
family of giant dragonflies, the first insects to become avian.
Finally, it is worth mentioning that more than 530 species of bees live on Lesvos. The list is
constantly growing as research progresses. This impressive variety of bees is, of course, related
to the huge range of plant and habitat variety of the island.
Wetlands
These are ideal locations for watching and photographing birds and they attract more and more
enthusiasts from around the world. In the wetland
of Kalloni Bay the sea has no waves or spoondrift.
Sea water is trapped in salt pans. This environment
swarming with life is chosen by birds, and bird
watchers can not but follow in spring and autumn
months, the coexistence of man and beast has
reached the point where flamingos with their long
legs and impressive pink plumage are not bothered
by human presence.
The wetland has been
included in Natura 2000 network, and includes,
besides the bay marine habitat, a large number of
Wetland of Kalloni
terrestrial wetlands: the saltpans of Kalloni and
Polichnitos, the stream beds of Tsiknias, Vouvari,
Mylopotamos, Ennia Kamares, Potamia, the lagoon of Messa, etc.
In the eastern part of the island, at the junction of Mytilini -Kalloni and Mytilini-Gera roads, the
river Evergetoulas and the marsh of Dipio create another impressive wetland called Dipio -Larso.
Wild geese and ducks, herons and other birds searching for food en d up in the mouths of the
rivers Almyropotamos and Vourkos in the wetland of Vatera. The clay soil and the shallow
waters of the area foster the development of various plant and animal species close to the
shore.
Thermal springs
Geological changes endowed Lesvos with numerous hot springs, which influenced life on the
island. The first settlements in prehistoric times were created near such “miraculous” waters,
which provide today’s traveler with a unique therapeutic experience.
The Hot Springs of Thermi are not only therapeutic, but they boast a brilliant history. They are
worth a visit, even if you are not interested in a therapeutic bath, just so that you can explore
the region’s past. The area flourished during the Hellenistic period, and the Romans used the
baths in their daily lives. Places like ancient temples, parts of which were used in later
constructions, domed buildings, created under the Ottoman rule by pashas who adored Lesvos,
Sarlitza Palace Hotel, designed by French architects and the pl ace Venizelos stayed at, all
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whisper secrets of History! Modern spa facilities housed in a renovated building with individual
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baths; are located right next to Sarlitza Palace. The water temperature is 49.9 C, and the
spring is characterized as a ferrous hot spring.
The Gulf of Gera Hot Springs are just a few kilometers form Mytilene. In the past, carts and
boats used to wait at the calm waters’ jetty and bring over people from the capital for their hot
baths. The temperature of the water is 39.7 o C and the spring is characterized as rich in sodium
chloride. The common bath with its view of the sea, as well as the stone and marble faucets
are also impressive.
Eftalou hot springs are situated on the northern coast of Lesvos, very close to Mythimna. The se
springs, well up through andesitic tuffs and conglomerates. The temperature of the water is
46.5o C and, the radiation lever 14.7 MACHE; this
makes Eftalou hot springs the most radioactive
springs on Lesvos. The building where the baths are
situated was built in the 17 th century and with its
curved dome and small sky light windows provides a
magical experience.
The four baths in the
renovated building situated next to this one
constitute a more modern version of a health spa.
Polichnitos hot springs are some of the warmest hot
springs in Europe, with temperatures ranging
between 62o C and 86o C. They are located 1km
southeast form the town of Polichnitos and offer
two swimming pools and modern facilities. The
waters are good for the treatment of rheumatism
and arthropathies.
Lisvori hot springs, hidden inside olive groves, spout
up through volcanic conglomerates and volcanic
Polichnitos hot springs, one of the warmest
hot springs in Europe
tuffs. The water temperature is 69 o C and its
chemical components are similar to those of
Policnitos hot springs. There are two swimming pools, one of which has been in use since the
Ottoman times.
3. Organization in charge and management structure (description, function and organigram)
of the proposed Lesvos Geopark
The organizations being in charge of the application and the management of Lesvos Geopark
are the Municipality of Lesvos, the University of Aegean and the Natural History Museum of the
Lesvos Petrified Forest which is also in charge for the “Lesvos Petrified Forest – European and
Global Geopark”, founding member of the EGN and member of GGN since 2004. The
cooperation of these organizations is based on the Agreement for the establishment of the
Lesvos Geopark, which was signed on 18.10.2011 with main aim the extension of the limits of
the existing Lesvos Petrified Forest – European and Global Geopark to include the entire
surface of Lesvos island.
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The Municipality of Lesvos is responsible for the local development. The University of the
Aegean is providing scientific advice on any issue dealing with the geodiversity and biodiversity
management and sustainable economic development in the area of the Lesvos Geopark. The
Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest is responsible for the management of
the Lesvos Geopark.
The Geopark’s applicant parties have extensive experience of cooperating in environmental and
tourism projects. The Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest European and
Global Geopark founding member of the European Geoparks Network and member of the
Global Geoparks Network of UNESCO.
LESVOS GEOPARK
ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL
ESTABLISHMENT AGREEMENT
Municipality of Lesvos
University of Aegean
Natural History Museum of the LPF
Scientific
Committee
Nomination by the
institutions
Coordination
Committee
Lesvos Geopark M.A.
Management and Action
Plan
Steering
Committee
Nomination by the
institutions
Organizational Model of the Lesvos Geopark
Coordination Committee
The Lesvos Geopark’s Coordination Committee consists of representatives nominated by the
different organisations, which contribute to the activities of the Lesvos Geopark :
 Lesvos Municipality
 Region of North Aegean
 Decentralised Administration of the Aegean / Forest Authority of Lesvos
 University of the Aegean
 University of Athens – Dept. of Geology and Geoenvironment
 Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest
 Ephorate of Antiquities of Lesvos
 Museums and Cultural Organizations
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
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ETAL SA (LEADER Local Action Group)
Chamber of Lesvos
Geotechnical Chamber of Aegean
Steering Committee
The Lesvos Geopark’s Steering Committee comprises of the Mayor of Lesvos and one
representative of the Municipality of Mytilini, one representative of the University of Aegean
and a representative of the Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest. In addition,
experts from different fields could attend meetings of the Steering Group when necessary .
Scientific Committee
The Geopark Scientific Committee consists of scientists nominated by the different
organisations, which participate in the Lesvos Geopark Coordination Committee. The Geopark
Scientific Committee meets twice per year and is responsible to provide advise on any issue
dealing with the Lesvos geopark outlined in the Organisational chart.
Funding
The Geopark’s operational funds are based on the contribution of the participating
organisations which are responsible to secure the appropriate budget for its activities.
Personnel
The Lesvos Geopark’s personnel consists of individuals employed by the Municipality of Lesvos,
the Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest and the University of the Aegean
and the contribution of all participating organizations in the Lesvos geopark Coordination
Committee.
Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest
The Museum is a legal non-profit entity that belongs to the Greek state and is overseen by the
Minister of Culture (N. 2260/1994). The aim of the Museum is the study, research, promotion,
exhibition, maintenance, protection and any suitable usage of the Petrified Forest of Lesvos, as
stated by paragraph 2 of article 2 of N.2260/94.
More specific aims of the Museum, as determined by the Administrative Council, are:
o the research and promotion of elements that are part of the geohistoric development of
the region in which Petrified Forest was developed, as well as the comparative study
of modern and fossilized ecosystems, in order to increase awareness of the value and
importance of the Petrified Forest
o the presentation, promotion and projection of the fossilized finds through exhibitions
o the management, protection and promotion of the Petrified Forest
o the protection of geodiversity and biodiversity, biotopes and geotopes, landscapes and
more generally the natural environment
o environmental education.
o the cultural and economic growth of the region
The legislative framework that determines the operation of Museum includes:
o LAW
2260/94, (OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC 204/A/5-12-1994)
[ARTICLE 2]: Foundation of the Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest
o P.D. 183/95, (OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC 96/A/30-5-1995):
Operation regulations of the Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest
12
The Museum is managed by a seven member Administrative Council and the Director.
The Museum employs staff and collaborators for a variety of different functions.
Structure of the Museum Organisation:
 Department of Research, Study and Validation
 Department of Exhibitions, Publications, and Educational Programs
 Department of Administration, Support and Finances
 Technical Service
The scientific actions of the Museum include:
1. Research
The Museum is active in the following research areas: Palaeobotanical – Paleontology,
Geological structure and geodynamic development of the Aegean, Natural environment –
Modern ecosystems, Geotopes, geodiversity and Geoconservation, Promotion of natural and
cultural heritage, Methodologies in the preservation of fossils and biological samples
2. Mapping
An important research activity of the Museum involves the mapping of fossil -bearing locations,
on which is based the impressive picture of the vegetation zones, palaeomorphology and plant
variety of the Petrified Forest.
3. Excavations
Systematic excavations in the Petrified Forest began in 1997 and continue today. The
excavations have brought to light important discoveries, which already have been presented i n
the scientific community and have been published in established international and Greek
scientific magazines. The objective of excavation research, is the collection of new elements
that concern the composition of fossilized ecosystem.
4. Conservation
Particular care is applied in the conservation and aesthetic restoration of fossils. The fully
equipped and functional Conservation laboratory is housed in the Museum. Systematic
interventions for the conservation of plant fossils are carried out in the op en-air spaces of the
Petrified Forest with the application of special pioneering techniques. The occurrence and
conservation of new and existing discoveries enrich the exhibitions of the Museum.
4. Application contact person (name, position, tel./fax, e -mail)
Dimitris Vounatsos, Mayor of Lesvos
El. Venizelou 11-17, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
Dr. Nickolas Zouros
Assoc Prof University of Aegean
Director of the Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest
8th November 17, 81100 Mytilini, Greece
Phone: +030 22510 47033, Fax: +030 22510 47033, E-mail: [email protected]
This application is uploaded at the internet address:
http://www.petrifieforest.gr/Lesvos_Geopark_Application.pdf
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B. Geological Heritage
1. Location of the proposed Lesvos Geopark
The island of Lesvos is located in the NE Aegean Sea. During Cenozoic, Lesvos took its present
impressive shape which the Nobel prize poet Elytis likened to the leaf of a plane tree. On the
extreme Western edge of the island on an area of incomparable wild beauty, appear large
accumulations of fossilised tree trunks comprising the well known «Petrified Forest of Lesvos»,
The glossiness and the chromatic variety of the petrified pieces is fascinating. On Megalonisi,
the island which protects the bay of Sigri, lie some marvellous trunks of petrified trees.
The protected area of the Petrified Forest (15.000 ha) declared as Protected Natural
Monument, is a founder member of the European Geoparks Network (2000) and is included in
the Global Geoparks Network in 2004.
The new application includes the already recognized Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark and the
remaining 148.000 ha of the total surface of the island.
2. General geological description of the proposed Lesvos Geopark
Lesvos island belongs to the Pelagonian geotectonic zone of Greece which represents fragment
of the Cimmerian Continent (Mountrakis 1983; 1992).
The geology of Lesvos has been described by Hecht (1971; 1974; 1975), Pe-Piper (1978),
Katsikatsos et al. (1982, 1986). Hecht (1971;1974) presented the geological map of the island
(1: 50.000 scale). Chemical analyses of the volcanic rocks have been carried out by Georgalas
(1949), Borsi et. al. (1972), Pe-Piper (1978; 1980; 1984) and Pe-Piper and Piper (1980; 1989;
1997).
Geological Map of Lesvos Island
14
According to the published data the geological structure of Les vos Island comprises the
following rock-units.
 An autochthonous unit of Permo-Triassic age, including schists, quartzites,
metasandstones, phyllites with intercalation of marbles and crystalli ne carbonates.
These rocks are widely extended on the Southeast part of the island, while in the
Northwest part they have a rather small extension.
 The allochthonous units that represent remnants of an ophiolitic sequence, comprising
basic and ultrabasic rocks and associated deep-sea fine-grained sediments, as well as
metamorphic rocks, amphibolites and amphibole schists, metabasites and
metasediments, parts of the sole, overthrusted the metamorphic basement. These
alpine and pre-alpine rocks were later covered by Tertiary volcanic rocks and Neogene
marine and lacustrine deposits, as well as Quaternary deposits. The Neogene volcanic
rocks, dominate the Central and Western part of the island.
The Metamorphic basement
The autochthonous unit, according to Katsikatsos et al. (1982,1986), is a series of formations
ranging from Neopaleozoic to Upper Triassic age. It has no strati-graphic unconformities and it
consists entirely of metaclastic rocks, crystalline limestones and dolomites. It is characterised by
a very low grade metamorphism.
These rocks dominate on the Southeast part of the island, where the visible thickness, in places,
is more than 1.000 m. In the Northwest part of the Island they have relatively small extension
(areas of Sigri, Gavathas, Eressos) and they are exposed under the postalpine volcanic rocks and
lacustrine deposits.
The metamorphic rocks consist of schists (mainly micaceous, sericitic and chlo-ritic) alternating
with metasandstones (mainly arkoses), and quartzites as well as lenses and intercalations of
crystalline
limestones
and
dolomites.
Generally the extension and the thickness of
the carbonate rocks are always limited, except
in the upper parts of certain areas, where the
carbonates dominate.
In these rocks and in several localities and
different stratigraphic horizons, a rich fauna of
Carboniferous-Permian age was found (Hecht
1972; 1974; 1975, Katsikatsos et al. 1982)
consisting
of
foraminifers,
algae,
lamellinbranches, gastropods, echinoderms,
crinoids and corals.
The Triassic formations represent the upwards
Mountain Olympos - Metamorphic rocks
normal transition of the Neopaleozoic
formations and they are found only in the Southeast part of Lesvos. They consist mainly of
schists and metasandstones. Within these formations very thick intercalations of crystalline
carbonates usually occur, where fossils of Megalodon have been found by Katsikatsos (Migiros
1994). They are characterised by the presence of breccia and big carbonate blocks, mainly
within their upper horizons.
15
The Ophiolitic sequence
Basic and ultrabasic rocks, associated deep-sea sediments, as well as basic metamorphic rocks,
overthrust the metamorphic basement. All these rocks have an allochthonous origin, they are
remnants of an ophiolitic sequence and represent fragments of the Neo -Tethyan oceanic
lithosphere, which were emplaced on the Pelagonian margin during Mesozoic (Mountrakis et
al. 1992).
According to Katsikatsos et al. (1982; 1986), the allochthonous rocks are divided into two
tectonic nappes. The lower nappe, comprising Triassic volcano-sedimentary formations and the
upper one, comprising ophiolitic rocks.
The lower nappe, occupies a large area in the Southeast part of the island and its thickness
exceeds, in places, 1.000 m. It consists of various types of metabasites, which usually domina te
in the upper parts, and metasediments. At the base of the lower tectonic nappe, crystalline
limestones and dolomites appear forming lenses and intercalations with schists of various
mineralogical composition (chlorite, mica, sericite, e.t.c.) and conglomerates. Characteristic
fossils of Lower-Middle Triassic age have been found in the carbonate rocks (Katsikatsos et al.
1982).
The volcano-sedimentary rocks suffered initially a low grade metamorphism in the pumpellyite actinolite-chlorite zone (Katsikatsos et al. 1982). But in some places the presence of
glaucophane, provides a high-pressure metamorphism.
The upper ophiolitic nappe occupies a large area in the Southeast part of Lesvos. Geophysical
data indicate that in the central part of the island (Kallo ni gulf) the ophiolites are continuous at
depth below the Neogene volcanic rocks. The ophiolitic rocks overthrust, in their larger part,
the volcano-sedimentary formations and can be divided into two parts, which are in tectonic
relation, an upper part which mainly consists of ultramafic rocks (peridotite, pyroxenperidotite, and olivinite) and a lower part consisting of metamorphic basic ophiolitic rocks.
Ultramafic rocks, of various degrees of serpentinization, are intersected by veins of pyroxenites
and gabbros. Their thickness exceeds in places 1.000 m. Metamorphic basic ophiolitic rocks,
mainly amphibolites and amphibolitic schists, are always tectonically inter calated with the
ophiolitic rocks and the underlying volcanosedimentary formations. Their thickness reaches, in
places 300 m.
Both these rock - groups which belong to the ophiolitic tectonic nappe have suf fered at least
one very low grade metamorphism in the pumpellyite-actinolite-chlo-rite zone, similar to the
one that suffered the volcano-sedimentary nappe (Katsikatsos et.al. 1986; Katagas & Panagos,
1979).
The Postalpine volcanics
Neogene volcanic rocks dominate the Central and Western part of the island. Lesvos is part of a
belt of late Oligocene to middle Miocene calc-alcaline to shoshonitic volcanism of the Northern
and Central Aegean Sea and Western Anatolia.
In the central part of the island there is a series of stratovolcanoes, of basalt, andesite, dacite
and rhyolite, termed the main volcanic chain, which extends in a SW-NE direction and includes
a probable caldera complex near Vatoussa (Pe-Piper 1978; 1980).
The Oligocene-Miocene volcanic rocks of Lesvos are shoshonitic, with only minor interbedded
calc-alkaline andesites. There was minor earlier (21.5 M.a.) and later (16.5 M.a.) calc-alkaline
volcanism. Several volcanic formations can be distinguished:
16
The Eressos Formation is the oldest igneous formation, composed by porphyritic
andesites interbedded with agglomerate and volcaniclastic rocks, dated at 21.5 M.a., by
Pe-Piper & Piper (1993). These lavas are 3 to 4 M.a., older than the main volcanic
sequence of Lesvos.
 The Skoutaros Formation is a normally magnetised sequence of andesite and basalt
flow approximately synchronous with Sigri pyroclastics and Polychnitos ingnimbrite. In
the upper part of the formation pyroxene andesite lavas interbedded with hornblende biotite dacite lavas and felsic pyroclastic rocks of Sigri pyroclastic Formation.
 The Sigri pyroclastics, thickest in the west of the island, are connected with the
development of the Petrified forest and are overlain by several sheets of the Polichnitos
ignimbrite. The Kapi rhyolite domes are of approximately the same age, of about 17.0
M.a.
 The Polychnitos ignimbrites occur in correlable units 5-30 m thick. Each unit has an
upward decrease in size of lithic tephra, often poor welding at the base. Commonly an
abundance of glass lenticules or obsidian are present near the base, and good columnar
jointing exists at the top of the unit. They are believed to be cooling units. The
ignimbrites thin out against both metamorphic basement highs, and the main volcanic
chain (where they interbed with volcani-clastic conglomerate).
 The Skalochorion Formation lay inbetween the lower Skoutaros Formation
and the upper Sykaminea lavas,
composed by reversely magnetised
intermediate lavas and contain feldspar
megacrysts, commonly associated with
mafic xenoliths.
 The Sykaminea Formation dominates in
central Lesvos and comprise a reversely
magnetised stratovolcanic sequence of
andesites, dacites and rare rhyolitic
pyroclastics, dated at 17.3 M.a. (Pe-Piper
1980).
Panagia Gorgona - Volcanic rocks
 The Mytilene Formation, was defined by
Pe-Piper (1978; 1980) as local basalt
flows that Prager (1966) claimed to overlay Pontian marls. New radiometric data
indicate that the Mytilene formation is part of the main sequence of the volcanic
activity in Lesvos, dated at 16.8 M.a. (Pe-Piper & Piper 1993), (Borsi, et al. 1972.).
 Mesotopos dykes, dated by Pe-Piper (1978) at 16.2 M.a., are widespread in western
Lesvos. Volcanic equivalents are rare or absent.
The impressive in volume and time duration (21.5-16.2 M.a.) volcanic activity in the area left a
large number of active surface thermal manifestations and include hydrothermal alterations.
The numerous hot springs, various geothermal fields, etc., should be connected mainly to the
recent active tectonic activity.

17
The Neogene marine and lacustrine deposits
A long period of erosion, with deposition of Pliocene marine and lacustrine deposits, preceded
the local basaltic andesitic activity of Eastern Lesvos. The Pliocene deposits consist of white
marly limestones, partly concretionary and oolithic, intercalated with sandstones,
conglomerates, whitish marls and clays containing several shell beds. The total thickness of
these sediments is more than 60 meters. Neogene sediments are overline by Pleistocene and
Holocene talus and continental deposits, composed by cemented and unconsolidated
conglomerates, gravels, grey and red clays and sands.
The Petrified Forest of Lesvos
Western Lesvos, exposes large accumulations of fossilised tree trunks comprising the Petrified
Forest of Lesvos. Isolated plant-fossils have been found in many other places of the island,
including the area of Mythimna and Polichnitos (Velitzelos and Zouros 1997).
The formation of the Petrified Forest is directly related to the intense volcanic activity in Lesvos
island during late Oligocene - middle Miocene. In particular, it is related to the volcanic ash and
pyroclastic materials erupting during the various episodes-phases. These materials covered
entirely the vegetation of the area with a great quantity of fine, mainly volcanic, material.
The rapid covering of tree trunks, branches, and leaves lead to isolation from atmospheric
conditions. Along with the volcanic activity, hot reach in SiO2 solutions penetrated and
impregnated the volcanic materials that covered completely the tree trunks. Thus the major
fossilisation process started with a molecule by molecule exchange of the organic plant by
inorganic materials. In the case of the Petrified Forest of Lesvos, the Lesvos was perfect due to
favourable conditions. Therefore morphological characteristics of the tree trunks such as the
annual rings, barkers, as well as the internal structure of the wood, are all preserved in
excellent condition. From the orientation of the trees we can presume also the direction of
movement of the pyroclastic flow units (from E to W).
The study of the fossil tree trunks, leaves and seeds gives useful data about the Palaeoflora, the
climate and the relative age of the Petrified Forest in Lower Miocene. In addition to the large
number of fossilised leaves, the genus or the species of the trees, can also be determined from
the micro-analysis of the internal structure of the fossil wood. The erect tru nks, the roots and
branches of many trees, give evidence that the fossilisation took place in situ.
Despite the fact that the systematic study of the Petrified Forest has not yet been completed,
the classification of the fossils allows certain conclusions to be drawn. All of the genera and
species determined belong to higher plant groups: Angiospermae and Gymnospermae.
Complete development of the flora was achieved in the presence of Angiosperms, the most
evolved plants.
From phytogeographical point of view the above mentioned plants can be distinguished into
two main groups. The first group contains subtropical plants like Laurus (laurel), Cinnamomum
(cinnamon), whose related species are actually developed in the forests of South -Eastern Asia.
The second group includes plants which prefer mild temperatures like Alnus (alder), Carpinus
(hornbill), Populus (poplar), Querqus (oak), Pinus (pine), Taxodioxylon gypsaceum (sequoia),
etc. Related vegetation flourishes today in the warm continental zones of South -Eastern Asia
and North America (Velitzelos 1988; 1993, Velitzelos & Gregor 1990, Suss & Velitzelos 1994).
18
A comparison of the stratigraphic expanse of the plant fossils with other Euro pean flora and
with the Palaeoflora of Greece leads to the conclusion th at the Palaeoflora of Lesvos developed
during Lower Miocene, under subtropical or warm temperate seasonal climatic conditions.
The high proportion of upright petrified tree trunks, with well preserved roots in the fossilised
soil, allows us to infer that the petrified forest of Lesvos island represents a complete
autochthonous (fossilised in situ) ecosystem.
The Fossilised Forest was developed during the time period from the end of the Late Oligocene
to Lower - Middle Miocene (ca. 20-15 million years before present), in contrast to most well
known fossilised forests on Earth, which developed in earlier geological periods. According to
recent data, the composition of the fossil flora is characterised by a high proportion of
angiosperms (flowering plants) and gym-nosperms (conifers), and a low proportion of
Pteridophytes (ferns). The silicified tree trunks and their organs - especially the wood - are very
well preserved. Furthermore, fossilised leaves, cones and seeds provide the raw data for
important scientific studies. Taxonomic study of the flora shows that they do not grow today in
the Mediterranean, but only in tropical to subtropical regions such as Asia and Central America.
(Velitzelos 1988; 1993).
All of the above mentioned criteria certify that the Petrified Forest of Lesvos represent an
important stage of the earth's evolutionary processes. It is considered a unique natural
geological monument offering rare scientific data as no other analogous monument from this
time period and stage of plant development exists.
The Greek State recognised the exceptional palaeontological and geological value of this unique
natural monument. In order to protect the Petrified Forest and ensure its proper management,
five terrestrial and marine areas with fossil accumulations, as well as all the isolated fossils were
declared as Protected Natural Monument with a special Presidential Decree (443 /1985).
The need for further research and protection of the fossils led to the establish ment of the
Natural History Museum of Lesvos' Petrified Forest in 1994. Its scope is to undertake scientific
research on the Petrified Forest as well as to preserve and to promote this monument. In
addition the Museum will organise special environmental education programs in order to
cultivate a widespread sense of respect to the Earth's Heritage and the Natural monuments,
among young students.
Further research in the Petrified Forest will provide new data concerning the volcanology,
stratigraphy, palaeoecology, palaeontology, palaeoclimatology and palaeogeography of the
Southeast Mediterranean, at the Cross-roads of Europe and Asia.
The Paleofauna of Vatera
The Natural History Collection of Vrisa houses the
fossils that were collected in Vrisa and some
characteristic rocks, animals and plants of Lesvos.
The Collection was founded in September of 1999.
It is part of the Museum of Paleontology and
Geology of the University of Athens and it is housed
in the building of the old school of Vrisa.
Some of the samples of the Collection are exposed,
in order to give a general impression of the natural
history of the region. The core of this exposition are
Paleofauna of Vatera
19
the fossils of animals, which lived in Lesvos 2 million years ago.
At that time, the fauna of Vatera was pretty different from the fauna of today. On the open
plains, the ungulate herbivores (gazelles, antelopes and wild oxen, horses)
and mammoths were grazing, being stalked by sabre-toothed cats.
In the woods, deer, rhinoceroses, mastodonts, raccoon dogs and wild cats lived. This forest was
not very dense. Giant macaques were found at the forest edge. Either in the open or in the
forest, tortoises walked around, a small one and a giant one, as big as a car. Along the
river, badgers and possibly otters made a living. High in the sky, eagles were circling. They are
extinct since long, and their story is told only by their fossils.
At the same time, two million years ago, the same animal species were found also in the rest
of Europe and in Asia as well. The fauna of Vatera is part of that large ecosystem, ranging from
Spain and France in the West to China in the Far East. The geological period of this fauna is the
end of the Late Pliocene (MN 17). It is the time of the gradual transition from the warmer
Pliocene period to the colder Pleistocene period. The Pleistocene speci es are very similar to the
species of today, but those of the Pliocene are rather different. The climate of Lesvos two
million years ago was warm and relatively dry. The landscape of Vatera was mainly an opencanopy woodland, as indicated by the presence of antelopes, gazelles, giraffes, rhinos and
horses. But there may have been also a more closed woodland, where the deer and wild ox
roamed. Typical forest dwellers (pigs, tiny ruminants) are missing; these habitats were not
available around Vatera. The climate, the landscape and the fauna of Vatera two million years
ago was similar to the subtropical open woodlands and savannas of Africa and India of today.
(www.vrissa.geol.uoa.gr)
Neotectonics
From the geological, neotectonic, seismotectonic and geophysical point of view North Aegean
and its surroundings have attracted the attention in the last decade.
The northern section of the Gulf of Gera is dominated
by the steep slope of the Larsos fault
20
The 300-km long North Aegean Trough (NAT), with a maximum depth around 1900 m, is well
defined by the 400-m isobath. It extends from the narrow Saros Trough to the east, as a
continuation of the North Anatolian Fault through the Mar mara Sea, as far as the Sporades
basin in the west. The trough is controlled by en echelon faults, which show normal character
as it is derived from the seismic profiles (Biju-Duval, et al. 1972; Lalechos & Savoyar 1979; Brooks
& Ferentinos 1980; Lyberis 1985; Roussos & Lyssimachou 1988) and there is also evidence for
important dextral strike-slip movement. Lesvos island laying in the North - East Aegean area
has a key role in understanding the geodynamics of the area.
Map of active Faults of Lesvos Island
Major geological faults can be observed at many places in Lesvos. These have caused cracks in
the rock such as those in the area of the Gulf of Gera and created the valley along which the
River Evergetoula flows. They are also responsible for the existence of warm springs in the area.
The faults are also responsible for the impressively steep incline near to Larsos, into which the
channel for the Roman aqueduct of Lesvos has been carved. In the region of the Gulf of Kalloni
there is a large fault zone which was the cause of a powerful earthquake in 230 BC. This quake
is linked to the destruction of the ancient city of Pyra, the ruins and ancient port of which are
now beneath the sea in the Gulf of Kalloni. The same fault zone also appears to be linked to the
most powerful earthquake to have taken place in Lesvos’s more recent his tory. The quake took
place in 1867 with its epicentre in the Agia Paraskevi region. It registered 6.8 on the Richter
scale and caused massive damage. Many geological faults can be seen along the whole length
of the road as far as Sigri.
21
3. Listing and description of geological sites within the proposed Lesvos Geopark
GEOSITE
ASSESSMENT
Petrified Forest Parks
1. Petrified Forest Park (Main Park)
2. Sigri Petrified Forest Park
3. Plaka Petrified Forest Park
International significance
Scientific Value (S)
Educational Value (E)
Aesthetic Value (A)
Tourism attraction(TA)
International significance (I)
Scientific Value (S)
Educational Value (E)
Aesthetic Value (A)
Tourism potential (T)
National significance
Scientific Value (S)
Educational Value (E)
4.
5.
6.
Chamandroula Petrified Forest Park
Skamiouda Petrified Forest Park
Nisiopi Petrified Forest Park
Fossil sites (plant fossil sites)
7. Antissa
8. Gavathas
9. Mesotopos
10. Eresos
11. Vatousa
12. Rougada
13. Lapsarna
14. Agra
15. Sarakina
Fossil sites (plant fossil sites)
16. Mythimna
Fossil sites (mammal fossil sites)
17. Vatera vertebrate fossil sites
National Significance
Scientific Value (S)
Educational Value (E)
Aesthetic Value (A)
Tourism potential (T)
International significance (I)
Scientific Value (S)
Educational Value (E)
Fossil sites (mammal fossil sites)
18. Gavathas Dinotherium fossil site
19. Lapsarna micromammal site
International significance (I)
Scientific Value (S)
Educational Value (E)
Volcanic sites
20. Vatousa Caldera
21. Agra Caldera
22. Anemotia Volcano
23. Lepetymnos Volcano
24. Mesotopos Volcano
25. Petra Volcanic Neck
26. Pithariou Dome
27. Ipsilou Dome - Columnar Lavas
28. Eresos Dome
29. Mythimna Dome – Castle Columnar Lavas
30. Eresos Laccolith
31. Pelopi Columnar Lavas
32. Alifada Dyke
33. Filia Dyke
34. Eresos Dyke
35. Avlaki Dyke (Petra)
National significance
Scientific Value (S)
Educational Value (E)
Aesthetic Value (A)
Tourism potential (T)
22
36. Volcanic Structure of Panagia Gorgona
(Skala Sikamineas)
37. Achladeri Ignimbrite
38. Skamiouda Ignimbrite
39. Parakila
Volcanic
Rocks
Alteration
Structures
40. Vatoussa Spheroidal Erosional landforms
41. Pterounda Volcanic Conglomerate
42. Voulgaris Volcanic Conglomerate
43. Panagia Islet Columnar Lavas (Tokmakia)
44. Mparmpalias Islet Ignimbrite
Thermal Springs
45. Polichnitos
46. Lisvori
47. Argenos
48. Eftalou
49. Thermi
50. Gera – Therma
Thermal Springs
51. Panagia Krifti
Ancient Quarries – Mines
52. Moria Ancient Quarry
53. Mine galleries of Northern Lesvos
54. Polichnitos Magnesite Mines
55. Ancient quarries of Skala Loutron
56. Lignite Mine galleries (Lapsarna)
57. S. Lesvos Ancient Mines (Tarti, Τsaf)
58. Eressos Ancient quarry
Caves & Karstic structures
59. Alifada Cave
60. Agios Vartholomaios Taxiarhis Cave
61. Mihos Cave
Caves & Karstic structures
62. Antissa Cave
63. Panagia Krifti (Plomari)
64. Asomatos Cave
Waterfall - Gorge
65. Pessa Waterfall
66. Mankatsa Waterfall Mantamados
67. Eresos Waterfall
68. Voulgaris Gorge (Vatousa)
69. Tsiknia Gorge
Erosional Structures
70. Candles Volcanic Erosional Structures
71. “Dragon’s Jump” Volcanic Erosional
Structure (Napi)
72. Lapsarna Erosional Structures – Orfikia
73. Fikiotrypa
74. Sigri Tafoni
Regional significance
Scientific Value (S)
Educational Value (E)
Regional significance
Scientific Value (S)
Educational Value (E)
Tourism Attraction (TA)
Regional significance
Scientific Value (S)
Educational Value (E)
Tourism potential (T)
Regional significance
Scientific Value (S)
Educational Value (E)
Tourism potential (T)
Regional significance
Scientific Value (S)
Educational Value (E)
Tourism potential (T)
Regional significance
Scientific Value (S)
Educational Value (E)
Tourism potential (T)
Local significance
Educational Value (E)
Tourism potential (T)
Regional significance
Scientific Value (S)
Educational Value (E)
23
River delta
75. Evergetoula Delta
76. Kalloni Wetlands – Tsiknias Delta
Springs
77. Agiasos Water Springs
Tectonic Structures
78. Larsos Fault – Gera Gulf Fault
79. Agia Paraskevi Fault
80. Amali Faults
81. Olympos Tectonic Window
82. Nisiopi Graben
83. Lambou Miloi Nappe
84. Ancient Pyrra Fault
85. Taxiarhis Tectonic Structures
86. Antissa Fault
Interesting
Geological
– Geomorphological
Structures
87. Ophiolite – Ampeliko
88. Ophiolite - Amali
89. Gera Schists
90. Plomari beach-rock formation
91. Megali Limni
Local significance
Educational Value (E)
Tourism potential (T)
Local significance
Educational Value (E)
Tourism potential (T)
Regional significance
Scientific Value (S)
Educational Value (E)
Local significance
Scientific Value (S)
Educational Value (E)
ANNEX I
4. Details on the interest of these sites in terms of their international, national, regional or
local value (for example scientific, educational, aesthetic).
Eighty two Geosites have scientific importance.
Nineteen geosites have significant paleontological value; the most notable are the Petrified
Forest Park at Bali Alonia, the Plaka Park, Sigri Park and the Nissiopi Park declared as Natural
Monuments.
Thirty one of them are Geosites with valuable geomorphologic features. Specially, they are
remarkable the domes of Pitharion (Eresos-Mesotopos road), the dome of Ipsilou and the Geras
fault scarp as well as the Lepetymnos – Mirivili peak and the Olympos peak due to their
geological views.
Twenty two sites have also cultural interest, due to their significance for cultural and religious
reasons. Fifty seven geosites can be used for education and geotourism.
The Petrified Forest Fossil sites have been declared natural monuments since 1985.
The Lesvos Volcanic Centres
In Lesvos, eruptions resulted in immense volcanic structures all through the central and
western part of the island. There are impressive volcanic chambers, large dykes, volcanic necks
and numerous exit points of volcanic material. Major craters are located in central Lesvos in the
regions of Vatoussa, Agra and Lepetymnos. Today, the traditional village of Vatoussa and the
villages of Pterounta and Chidira are located in an impressive volcanic crater. It is a huge crater
with diameter of 6 kilometres which was the result of intense volcanic activity in the area 21.5
to 16.5 million years ago. The Petrified Forest of Lesvos and a variety of geosites in Lesvos
24
island are the results of volcanic activity in the
northern Aegean region 20 million years ago.
Miocene volcanic activity has created impressive
geomorphic forms and a large number of
natural resources such as extensive geothermal
fields and thermal springs, ores and minerals.
The traces of volcanic activity represent a
unique natural treasure for Greece, one which
we should capitalise on for developmental,
educational and scientific purposes.
Pelopi Columnar Lavas
The Lesvos Faults
Major geological faults can be observed at many places in Lesvos. These have caused cracks in
the rocks such as those in the area of the Gulf of Gera and created the valley along which the
River Evergetoulas flows. They are also responsible for the existence of warm springs in the
area. The faults are also responsible for the impressively steep incline near to Larsos, into which
the channel for the Roman aqueduct of Lesvos has been carved. In the region of the Gulf of
Kalloni there is a large fault zone which was the cause of a powerful earthquake in 230 BC. The
same fault zone also appears to be linked to the most powerful earthquake to have taken place
in Lesvos more recent history. The quake took place in 1867 with its epicentre in the Agia
Paraskevi region. It registered 6.8 on the Richter scale and caused massive damage. Many
geological faults can be seen along the whole island.
Agia Paraskevi fault
25
C. Geoconservation
1. Current or potential pressure on the proposed Lesvos Geopark
GEOSITE
CHARGE CAPACITY (C.C.) AND
ACCESSIBILITY (Acc.)
Petrified Forest Parks
1. Petrified Forest Park (Main Park)
2. Sigri Petrified Forest Park
3. Plaka Petrified Forest Park
4. Chamandroula Petrified Forest Park
5. Skamiouda Petrified Forest Park
6. Nisiopi Petrified Forest Park
Fossil sites (plant fossil sites)
7. Antissa
8. Gavathas
9. Mesotopos
10. Eresos
11. Vatousa
12. Rougada
13. Lapsarna
14. Agra
15. Sarakina
Fossil sites (plant fossil sites)
16. Mythimna
Fossil sites (mammal fossil sites)
17. Vatera vertebrate fossil sites
C.C. : Medium
Acc. : Very good accessibility, by road, entrance fee
(Government or Museum property)
Fossil sites (mammal fossil sites)
18. Gavathas Dinotherium fossil site
Volcanic sites
19. Vatousa Caldera
20. Agra Caldera
21. Anemotia Volcano
22. Lepetymnos Volcano
23. Mesotopos Volcano
24. Petra Volcanic Neck
25. Pithariou Dome
26. Ipsilou Dome - Columnar Lavas
27. Eresos Dome
28. Mythimna Dome – Castle Columnar Lavas
29. Eresos Laccolith
30. Pelopi Columnar Lavas
31. Alifada Dyke
32. Filia Dyke
33. Eresos Dyke
34. Avlaki Dyke (Petra)
35. Volcanic Structure of Panagia Gorgona (Skala
Sikamineas)
36. Achladeri Ignimbrite
37. Skamiouda Ignimbrite
38. Parakila Volcanic Rocks Alteration Structures
C.C.: Medium
Acc. : Good accessibility by road – private property
C.C.: High.
No environmental impact.
Open sites.
C.C. : Medium
Acc. : Limited accessibility, works in progress
C.C. : Medium
Acc. : Limited accessibility – private property
C.C. : Medium
Acc. : Good accessibility by trail – private property
C.C. : Medium
Acc. : Very good accessibility, by road,
26
39. Vatoussa Spheroidal Erosional landforms
40. Pterounda Volcanic Conglomerate
41. Voulgaris Volcanic Conglomerate
42. Panagia Islet Columnar Lavas (Tokmakia)
43. Mparmpalias Islet Ignimbrite
Thermal Springs
44. Polichnitos
45. Lisvori
46. Argenos
47. Eftalou
48. Thermi
49. Gera – Therma
Thermal Springs
50. Panagia Krifti
Ancient Quarries – Mines
51. Moria Ancient Quarry
52. Mine galleries of Northern Lesvos
53. Polichnitos Magnesite Mines
54. Ancient quarries of Skala Loutron
55. Lignite Mine galleries (Lapsarna)
56. S. Lesvos Ancient Mines (Tarti, Τsaf)
57. Eressos Ancient quarry
Caves & Karstic structures
58. Alifada Cave
59. Agios Vartholomaios Taxiarhis Cave
60. Mihos Cave
Caves & Karstic structures
61. Antissa Cave
62. Panagia Krifti (Plomari)
63. Asomatos Cave
Waterfall - Gorge
64. Pessa Waterfall
65. Mankatsa Waterfall Mantamados
66. Eresos Waterfall
67. Voulgaris Gorge (Vatousa)
68. Tsiknia Gorge
Erosional Structures
69. Candles Volcanic Erosional Structures
70. “Dragon’s Jump” Volcanic Erosional Structure
(Napi)
71. Lapsarna Erosional Structures – Orfikia
72. Fikiotrypa
73. Sigri Tafoni
River delta
74. Evergetoula Delta
75. Kalloni Wetlands – Tsiknias Delta
Springs
76. Agiasos Water Springs
Tectonic Structures
77. Larsos Fault – Gera Gulf Fault
78. Agia Paraskevi Fault
79. Amali Faults
C.C. : High
Acc. : Accessibility by boat
C.C. : High
Acc. : Very good accessibility, by road,
C.C. : Medium
Acc. : Accessibility by boat or trail
C.C. : High
Acc. : Good accessibility, by road or trail
C.C. : Limited
Acc. : By permission only
C.C. : High
Acc. : Accessibility by trail or boat
C.C. : High
Acc. : Good accessibility, by trail
C.C. : High
Acc. : Good accessibility, by road
C.C. : High
Acc. : Good accessibility, by road
C.C. : High
Acc. : Good accessibility, by road
C.C. : High
Acc. : Good accessibility, by road
27
80. Olympos Tectonic Window
81. Nisiopi Graben
82. Lambou Miloi Nappe
83. Ancient Pyrra Fault
84. Taxiarhis Tectonic Structures
85. Antissa Fault
Interesting Geological – Geomorphological Structures
86. Ophiolite – Ampeliko
87. Ophiolite - Amali
88. Gera Schists
89. Plomari beach-rock formation
90. Megali Limni
C.C. : High
Acc. : Good accessibility, by road
ANNEX II
2. Current status in terms of protection of geological sites within the proposed Lesvos
Geopark
Petrified Forest protection status
The Law 3937/2011 on the Preservation of Biodiversity, which renewed the law 1650 / 1986 on
the Environmental Protection, includes explicit innovations regarding the geological heritage
and geodiversity protection, the interpretation of the physical, geological and biological
characteristics and the categories of the protected areas.
Recognizing the great environmental, geological and palaeontological value of the Petrified
Forest of Lesvos, the Greek State has initiated a series of actions for its protection. The first
Ministerial decision of the Minister of Culture was published on 31 January 1958 characterizing
the Petrified Forest of Lesvos as a specially protected region.
The expropriation of two regions of 500 acres each (at Bali Alonia and Hamandroula),
containing a large number of fossilized trunks, occurred in 1965 with the decision of the
Minister of Agriculture.
In 1985, on the proposal of the Ministry of Agriculture, the "Petrified Forest" is declared a
Protected Natural Monument (PD 443/85). With this decree, one marine and four land
sections are protected. These sections cover a large area of 150.000 acres in the regions of
Sigri, Antissa and Eressos, the marine section around the islet of Nisiopi or Megal onisi and four
land regions as well as individual appearances of fossilized trunks. Under this law, excavation,
embankment, sampling of ground and geological sublayers and other actions that could cause
the deterioration and alteration of the geological sh ape of the landscape, as well as the cutting,
collection, destruction or transport of fossils, is strictly prohibited.
In 1996 the Forest Police Provision regulates areas of the Petrified Forest declared Protected
Natural Monuments.
NATURA 2000 protected areas
By Law 2742/99 and 3044/02, the institutional framework for the protection of natural regions
of European Importance through the "Natura 2000 Network" is created, following the E.U.
directive (92/43/EC).
In these regions, the maintenance of natural ecosites as well as wild fauna and flora is
promoted. The area is more specifically divided into regions containing types of ecosites
28
identified in E.U directives, which should be maintained or, potentially, re -established to a
satisfactory level of maintenance, ecosites of priority, as well as types of flora and fauna. The
Petrified Forest is included among the regions that constitute the National List of the Natura
2000 Network, as “Western Peninsula Lesvos - Petrified Forest” (code GR 4110003).
In the central part of the island, the area around the Gulf of Kalloni, belongs to the Natura 2000
network. To the east and north of the Gulf of Kalloni, there are large mature pine forests which
coincide with the borders of the ophiolitic remnants of the oce anic crust of Tethys. In the
coastal area around the gulf there are 17 natural and artificial wetlands such as the salt flats
which consist of a very important system that hosts significant numbers of water birds, both
migratory and non-migratory, of international interest.
The Gulf of Yera with the Dipi Marsh and Mt. Olympus at the eastern part of Lesvos island make
up another protected area of the NATURA 2000 network.
An area of 34.000 Hectares in the region
has been characterized as an Area of
Special Protection for Birds (Special
Protected Area) according to the No. 4
Directive on Birds (79/409/EC). The
proposed region has the code "GR134:
South-western Peninsula-Petrified Forest
of Lesvos "and it follows along the western
seashores of the island and its north to
south border follows the imaginary line
that links the settlements of Lapsarna,
Ligeri, the Perivoli Monastery, Vatoussa,
Area of Special Protection for Birds
Revma, the heights of Mitero Mountain
and Parakila.
Six locations in the region have been characterized as wildlife refu ges by the Forestry
Department of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food.
Region
Skamniouda, Antissa
Petrified Forest, Sigri
Deep valley - Kelemia, Antissa
Nisiopi or Megalonisi of Sigri
Mesoros - Agra
Maliontas - Tavari Hrousos, Mesotopo
Extent (ha)
600
800
400
80
600
900
In 1997, the Official Newspaper of the European Communities (l240/19 -9-1997) published the
Convention on the protection of the Mediterranean from pollution, namely the Convention of
Barcelona, with which the coastal area of the Petrified Forest is protected.
29
3. Data on the management and maintenance of these sites
GEOSITE
MANAGEMENT
Petrified Forest Parks
1. Petrified Forest Park (Main Park)
2. Sigri Petrified Forest Park
3. Plaka Petrified Forest Park
4. Chamandroula Petrified Forest Park
5. Skamiouda Petrified Forest Park
6. Nisiopi Petrified Forest Park
Fossil sites (plant fossil sites)
7. Antissa
8. Gavathas
9. Mesotopos
10. Eresos
11. Vatousa
12. Rougada
13. Lapsarna
14. Agra
15. Sarakina
Fossil sites (plant fossil sites)
16. Mythimna
Fossil sites (mammal fossil sites)
17. Vatera vertebrate fossil sites
Improvement of the viewpoint, signposting and
interpretation.
Educational and tourist use.
Fossil sites (mammal fossil sites)
18. Gavathas Dinotherium fossil site
Educational and tourist use.
Volcanic sites
19. Vatousa Caldera
20. Agra Caldera
21. Anemotia Volcano
22. Lepetymnos Volcano
23. Mesotopos Volcano
24. Petra Volcanic Neck
25. Pithariou Dome
26. Ipsilou Dome - Columnar Lavas
27. Eresos Dome
28. Mythimna Dome – Castle Columnar Lavas
29. Eresos Laccolith
30. Pelopi Columnar Lavas
31. Alifada Dyke
32. Filia Dyke
33. Eresos Dyke
34. Avlaki Dyke (Petra)
35. Volcanic Structure of Panagia Gorgona
(Skala Sikamineas)
36. Achladeri Ignimbrite
37. Skamiouda Ignimbrite
38. Parakila
Volcanic
Rocks
Alteration
Structures
39. Vatoussa Spheroidal Erosional landforms
Building viewpoint.
Signposting on the access to the paths. Interpretation panels.
Educational and tourist use.
Improvement of the viewpoint, signposting and
interpretation.
Educational and tourist use.
Building recreational areas and signposting.
Educational and tourist use.
Building recreational areas and signposting.
Educational and tourist use.
Educational and tourist use.
30
40. Pterounda Volcanic Conglomerate
41. Voulgaris Volcanic Conglomerate
42. Panagia Islet Columnar Lavas (Tokmakia)
43. Mparmpalias Islet Ignimbrite
Thermal Springs
44. Polichnitos
45. Lisvori
46. Argenos
47. Eftalou
48. Thermi
49. Gera – Therma
Thermal Springs
50. Panagia Krifti
Ancient Quarries – Mines
51. Moria Ancient Quarry
52. Mine galleries of Northern Lesvos
53. Polichnitos Magnesite Mines
54. Ancient quarries of Skala Loutron
55. Lignite Mine galleries (Lapsarna)
56. S. Lesvos Ancient Mines (Tarti, Τsaf)
57. Eressos Ancient quarry
Caves & Karstic structures
58. Alifada Cave
59. Agios Vartholomaios Taxiarhis Cave
60. Mihos Cave
Caves & Karstic structures
61. Antissa Cave
62. Panagia Krifti (Plomari)
63. Asomatos Cave
Waterfall - Gorge
64. Pessa Waterfall
65. Mankatsa Waterfall Mantamados
66. Eresos Waterfall
67. Voulgaris Gorge (Vatousa)
68. Tsiknia Gorge
Improvement of the viewpoint, signposting and
interpretation.
Educational and tourist use.
Building recreational areas and signposting.
Educational and tourist use.
Possibility for climbing.
Building recreational areas and signposting.
Educational and tourist use.
Restricted area
Building recreational areas and signposting.
Educational and tourist use.
Building recreational areas and signposting.
Educational and tourist use.
Erosional Structures
69. Candles Volcanic Erosional Structures
70. “Dragon’s Jump” Volcanic Erosional
Structure (Napi)
71. Lapsarna Erosional Structures – Orfikia
72. Fikiotrypa
73. Sigri Tafoni
River delta
74. Evergetoula Delta
75. Kalloni Wetlands – Tsiknias Delta
Springs
76. Agiasos Water Springs
Building recreational areas and signposting.
Educational and tourist use.
Tectonic Structures
77. Larsos Fault – Gera Gulf Fault
Building recreational areas and signposting.
Educational and tourist use.
Building recreational areas and signposting.
Educational and tourist use.
Building recreational areas and signposting.
Educational and tourist use.
31
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Agia Paraskevi Fault
Amali Faults
Olympos Tectonic Window
Nisiopi Graben
Lambou Miloi Nappe
Ancient Pyrra Fault
Taxiarhis Tectonic Structures
Antissa Fault
Interesting Geological
– Geomorphological
Structures
86. Ophiolite – Ampeliko
87. Ophiolite - Amali
88. Gera Schists
89. Plomari beach-rock formation
90. Megali Limni
Building recreational areas and signposting.
Educational and tourist use.
The extended proposed Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark includes the whole island.
Taking into account the results achieved by the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark so far, the
Municipality of Lesvos, the University of the Aegean and the Natural History Museum of the
Lesvos Petrified Forest agreed that the extension of the Lesvos Petrified forest Geopark is
necessary in order to cover the whole island.
The Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest is a non-profit organisation that
defines the management structure of the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark.
Its seven-member board encompasses representatives of the central government (Ministries of
Culture and Forestry), the local authorities of Eressos-Antissa - Sigri, Universities (Universities of
Athens and the Aegean) and the local community. Its scientific, technical and administrative
staff includes 8 permanent and 25 temporary employees.
Systematic scientific research and excavations have been carried out over the last decade by
the Natural History Museum in order to gain a better understanding of the geological evolution
of the island and the origin of the Petrified Forest.
The main components of the operation of the extended Lesvos Geopark, remain those which
characterized the operation of the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark and include scientific
research, creation of the geosite inventory, protection, interpretation and promotion of
geosites, conservation of fossils, creation of visiting parks and establishment of a network of
walking trails linking sites of interest with ecotourism infrastructures, development of
environmental education programmes on geosites, organisation of scientific and cultural events
and promotion of monumental geosites.
The Lesvos Geopark’s management plan is under elaboration from the organizations which
agreed to establish the Lesvos Geopark. The main tool for the operation of the Lesvos geopark
remains the existing management plan of the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark.
The Lesvos Geopark’s management plan, linking geoconservation and promotion of geosites,
natural and cultural heritage with the development of geotourism, includes nine components:
_ Geosite identification and assessment
_ Enhancing the natural and cultural heritage
_ Geosite protection and geoconservation
_ Geopark infrastructure and land management
32
_ Geotouristic and promotional activities
_ Educational activities and tools
_ Supporting local business – sustaining local communities
_ Implementation, monitoring and review
It is noteworthy that the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark has realized up to today several
actions also outside the actual geopark’s borders in order to promote geotourism and
alternative tourism in general, such as designing and realizing walking trails on the eastern and
central part of the island, promoting geotourism in the entrance gates of the island (harbor,
airport), producing information material for the whole island.
This led to close collaboration with the Municipal Units (ex – Municipalities) and the Region (exPrefecture of Lesvos) as well as with important scientific, educational and development
partners such as the University of the Aegean, the Ephorate of antiquities, the Environmental
education center of Evergetoulas, the Local Development Company of Lesvos Island, women’s
agrotouristic cooperatives outside the actual geopark, local producers etc.
4. Listing and description of non-geological sites and how they are integrated into the
proposed Lesvos Geopark
MONUMENTS & ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES OF LESVOS OPEN TO THE PUBLIC
SITES and MONUMENTS of PREHISTORIC, CLASSICAL and ROMAN PERIOD
Prehistoric settlement of Thermi
Messon Basilica (Agia Paraskevi)
Theatre of Mytillini
Roman aqueduct at Moria
Klopedi (Agia Paraskevi)
Ancient Pyrra (Achladeri)
Roman aqueduct at Moria
SITES and MONUMENTS OF THE BYZANTINE PERIOD
Castle of Mytillini
Castle of Mythimna
Fortress of Sigri
Acropolis (Vigla) of Eressos
Vareltzidaina Mansion (Petra)
Basilica of Chalinados (Agia Paraskevi)
Basilica of Agios Andreas (Skala Eressos)
Katholikon of the Taxiarches monastery (Kato
Tritos)
Basilica of Ypsilometopo
Castle of Mytillini
33
Churches & Monasteries
Monastery of the Koimisi tis Theotokou at
Damandri (Polichnitos)
Monastery of Pammegiston Taxiarchon
(Mantamados)
Monastery of Perivoli (Antissa)
Monastery of Taxiarches Leimonos (Dafia)
Monastery of Ypsilou (Sigri)
Church of Agios Stefanos (Mantamados)
Church of the Metamorfosi Sotira Christou at
Papiana (Kalloni)
Church of the Koimisi tis Theotokou at
Agiassos
Church of the Koimisi Theotokou at Petra
Church of Agios Athanasios (Mytillini)
Church of Agios Ioannis (Kerami)
Church of Panagia Troulloti (Ano Pyrgoi
Thermi)
Church of Agios Therapon (Mytillini)
MONUMENTS OF THE OTHOMAN PERIOD
Valide Djami (Mytillini)
Yeni Djami (Mytillini)
Tsarsi Hamam (Mytillini)
MONUMENTS OF THE MODERN ERA
City Hall of Mytilene
Lesvos Prefecture Building
Mytilini’s Boarding School for Girls
Residence of Bournazon (Mytilini)
First Gymnasium of Mytilini
School at Agia Paraskevi
Windmill of Perama, Gera
Windmill of Thermi
Mesagros Bakery
Multi-Cultural Centre at Polichnitos
Multi-Cultural Centre at Mantamados
Basilica of Chalinados (Agia Paraskevi)
Church of Agios Therapon (Mytillini)
Church of the Koimisi Theotokou (Petra)
Volcanic neck
34
MUSEUMS & COLLECTIONS
THEMATIC MUSEUMS & COLLECTIONS
Natural History Museum of the Lesvos
Petrified Forest (Sigri)
Vrisa Natural History Collection
Environmental Information Centre of Kalloni
Museum of Industrial Olive Oil Production in
Lesvos (Agia Paraskevi)
Vrana Olive – Press Museum (Papados)
Barbayannis Ouzo Museum (Plomari)
Soap Factory Museum of Plomari - MultiCultural Centre
Cultural Center of Vatousa
Rema Environmental Center
ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUMS & COLLECTIONS
Old Archaeological Museum of Mytilini
New Archaeological Museum of Mytilini
Archaeological Collection of Eressos
Archaeological - Folklore Collection of Napi
Museum of the Castle of Mytilini
Ecclesiastical and Byzantine Museum of
Mytilini
Ecclesiastical Museum of the Monastery of
Taxiarches Leimonos (Dafia)
Ecclesiastical Museum of the Monastery of
Ypsilou (Sigri)
Vrisa Natural History Collection
Digital Art Museum of George Jakobides
ART MUSEUMS
Digital Art Museum of George Jakobides
(Chidira)
Theofilos Museum (Varia)
Tériade Museum (Varia)
Municipal Art Gallery of Mytilini
Tériade Museum
ANNEX III
35
D. Economic Activity & Business Plan (including detailed financial information)
1. Economic activity in the proposed Lesvos Geopark
The economy of Lesvos is based on its own productive resources. The primary and tertiary
sectors are the main economic activities and the gross product per capita is approximately
69,1% of the Greek relevant indicator.
The primary sector includes agriculture and more specifically the production of olive oil,
livestock, farming including the production of grain, vegetables, fruit and fishery (various fish
and shellfish). With eleven million olive trees Lesvos is considered as one of the main territories
in olive oil production. Noteworthy is also the sheep and goat farming, where mainly the
people of the central and western part of the island are occupied as there are large areas of
pasture.
The economy of the island also revolves around the processing of agricultural products, mainly
oil, cheese, cured, ouzo, wines, etc., as well as the tourist product, for which great efforts are
being made for its development. Lately emphasis is given on production of organic olive oil and
wine from organically grown fields. Lesvos is also the home of ouzo because of the extensive
involvement of residents in the distillery industry and several famous brands of ouzo come
from the island. Thus on the island of Lesvos have been developed a series of businesses
especially in the food and drink branch, quite dynamic at a national level.
Lesvos produces 1% of the national GDP and 2.1% of the total national agricultural production.
In 2001 agriculture accounted for 15% of the GDP of the island. It is the sixth largest producer
of olive oil in Greece, producing 6% of the total production.
Characteristic of the local economy is the fact that today, the Municipality of Lesvos can show a
dynamic development on several sectors of the economy. The modernization of transport and
densification of ferry and air services, combined with the reduced VAT rate and the incentives
of the laws for development make the municipality of Lesvos an area for investment
opportunities.
Equally important is the tourism sector. The increasing number of tourists in recent decades
has significantly affected the island's economy especially in the area of the Petrified Forest in
western Lesvos and significant recreational areas such as Kalloni, Eressos, Mythimna, Petra,
Vatera, Plomari. Tourism, which made its debut in the early '80s, is limited either to small family
businesses or to small hotels resulting in the prevention of the destruction of flora and fauna
and the preservation of the architectural character of the island. Currently are developed
alternative forms of tourism such as bird watching, ecotourism and Geotourism, diving tourism,
thermal tourism, gastronomy tourism, religious tourism etc.
Lesvos is now characterized as one of the most renowned gourmet destinations revival of
traditional local recipes from the Agrotouristic Women Cooperatives, a form of productive
agricultural cooperatives with major contribution to local development. Women's cooperatives
are characterized by substantial potential on the one hand and by serious drawbacks on the
other. The economic performance of the cooperatives is satisfactory, while the use of local
resources and 'know how' contribute to the development of the island.
36
2. Existing and planned facilities for the proposed Lesvos Geopark (e.g. geo-education, geotourism, tourism infrastructure etc)
Museums and Info centers
Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest (Sigri)
Vrisa Natural History Collection
Environmental Information Centre of Kalloni
Rema Environmental Center
Geopark Information Center in Mytilene
Hiking
Lesvos can be justifiably considered a hiker’s paradise. Its abundant natural beauty spots,
scattered cultural monuments, spectacular views over the Aegean Sea and the shores of Asia
Minor, but mainly a network of signposted trails make Lesvos an ideal destination for hikers.
Information boards, observation towers and kiosks for hikers to rest, complement the
signposting of the trails and enrich the island’s routes.
There are routes of ecological interest to follow, or routes through th e agricultural landscapes
and the geological sites as well as cultural routes through traditional customs. There are treks
of different difficulty levels which can satisfy even the most experienced hikers. (The material
on the trails of Lesvos was drawn from the publication co-funded by the Lesvos Local Program
LEADER+ ETAL S.A.)
The name of the municipality is stated next to the name of the trail .
Profitis Ilias – Ano Kampos (MU of Mantamados). The trail starts from the church of Prophitis
Elias at the top of Lepetymnos, on the plateau of Ano Kampos, at an altitude of 756m. it s an
easy trail through oak trees. The first 1600m are downhill, but then there is a steady slightly
uphill route. The radient between the lowest and the highest point of the tra il is about 230m,
and hikers can choose where they would like to start from.
Pelopi – Ano Kampos (MU of Mantamados). The trail is about 2.65Km long; it starts at the
hamlet of Pelopi and ends at the plateau of Ano Kampos, at an altitude of 756m. it’s an
uphilltrail along the bed of the Ligona stream, ending after 1.7Km at Monoplatonos location. It
then goes up a steep slope with low vegetation to the plateau of Ano Kampos. The gradient
between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is about 369m., and it is advisable to
follow the downhill route.
Lepetymnos – Sykaminia (MU of Mithimna). From the main road, a short distance from the
hamlet of Lepetymnos, starts a 3.15Km trail ending at the hamlet of Sykaminia. It is a very easy,
paved trail with dense vegetation, descending for the first 1600m and then following a smooth
uphill course. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is about 137m
and hikers can choose where they would like to start from.
Krita – Sykaminia (MU of Mithimna). Krita spring, at an altitude of 505m, constitutes the
starting poin of this trail, which, after a course of 2.5Km, ends at the hamlet of Sykaminia. The
trail starts following a downhill course on a rural road along the bed of a stream, and af ter
700m it goes uphill through low vegetation and olive groves. The trail is very steep before the
hamlet of Sykaminia. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is
about 213m., and due to the view and terrain toughness it is ad visable to follow the downhill
route.
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Petri – valley and springs of Ligona (MU of Petra). The trail is approximately 2.4Km long, and
starts at the hamlet of Petri, at an altitude of 214m, where the view over Petra and Molyvos is
quite impressive, especially in the afternoon. For the first 1,600m., the trail follows a smooth
slightly uphill course to the north through low vegetation, until it finally reaches an altitude of
250m. This location affords an excellent view over Ligona valley, scattered with water mill
ruins; the mills were active when the river was filled with of water. Then the trail goes downhill
along the cobblestone road used in the past by the millers, and comes to the bed of the river at
162m above sea level. From this point on, hiking is uphill through dense plane trees to the
springs of the River Ligona, at an altitude of 264m. The gradient between the lowest and the
highest point of the trail is only 100m., and there is only one direction, the one from Petri to
the springs of Ligona River.
Sigri – Eressos (MU of Eressos-Antissa). The trail starts at the geological park, next to the
Natural History Museum of Sigri village’ it follows a 14,2km dirt road and, after passing through
Plaka Geological Park, ends at the hamlet of Eressos. It is a bare trail which, nevertheless,
offers hikers variety, since uphill and downhill segments alternate affording spectacular views,
especially at the highest point at 198m, 10,6km from Sigri. The gradient between the lowest
and the highest point of the trail is about 170m, and hikers can follow the trail in either
direction.
Tsichliontas – Petrified Forest Park (MU of Eressos-Antissa). The Petrified Forest Park is
connected to the Valley of the Tsichliontas River through a 2,75Km footpath. The gradi ent
between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is about 220m. It is advisable to start from
the Valley of the Tsichliontas River towards the Petrified Forest Park, following a steady uphill
course.
Potamia – Parakoila (MUof Kalloni). From the turn off point to Vatoussa and Pterounta, 3Km
from the hamlet of Anemotia, starts the trail which follows a dirt road and ends after 12,6km at
the hamlet of Parakoila. At first the course goes uphill through interesting geological
formations, and crosses the only black pinewood forest on the island. After 4,45km, it reaches
its highest point at 619m., where hikers can enjoy the view over Potamia valley and the Bay of
Kalloni. The trail goes on downhill through dense pine vegetation and, after deviating for
4,25km from the dirt road, it reaches a small park with a resting area. The church of
“Zoodochos Pigi” is also found there. From this point on, the trail follows the dirt road once
again, through olive groves, and reaches the hamlet of Parakoila aft er 3,9Km. The gradient
between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is about 593m.
Thermes Piges (hotsprings)-Damandrios Monastrery – Thermes Piges (MU of Polychnitos). The
trail is about 8Km long and begins at Thermes Piges, just outside the hamlet of Polichnitos. It
follows a circular course and comes back to its starting point. If you follow the reverse course,
the trail starts at a cobblestone path, slightly uphill. After 3,6km, it reaches its highest point at
260m, at the location of St. George’s church. Going downhill to the north through olive trees,
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hikers reach Damandrios Monastery, built in the 12 century with excellent wall paintings.
From then on, following the public road, hikers continue downhill through olive groves and
fields, to end up again at Thermes Piges, where they started from, for a relaxing thermal bath
after the hike. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail that can be
followed in either direction any time of the year.
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Kato Chorio – Kournela (MU of Plomari). The trail starts at the hamlet of Kato Chorio and ends
at the hamlet of Kournela after 5,6Km. It is a trail of varying difficulty through vegetation: it
goes uphill for 3,3km, reaching its highest point at 545m, at the church of St . Irini; then the
course continues steadily downhill through oak trees to reach the hamlet of Kournela. The
gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is about 385m.
Kato Chorio – Plomari (MU of Plomari). The trail is 1.5km long and connects the hamlet of Kato
Chorio to Plomari. It is versatile with uphill and downhill segments, passing through rich
vegetation. It is ideal for hikers seeking a nice walk in the countryside any time of the year. The
gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is only 100m, and hikers can
choose where they would like to start from.
Plakados – Paliokastro (MU of Gera). The trail begins from the hamlet of Plakados and, after a
3km course through olive groves, ands at Paliokastro hilltop, at an altitude of 400m. The first
section of the trail (1.7km) to Skarlatos fountain is level, but the remaining rocky section to the
Paliokastro hilltop is very steep. The course affords an impressive view over the bay of Gera,
especially along the second section, but hikers need to be really fit. The gradient between the
lowest and the highest point of the trail is 365m.
Paliokastro – Palaiokipos (MU of Gera). This trail is about 2.8km long; it starts at Paliokastro
hilltop at 400m above sea level and ends at the hamlet of Paliokipos. This trail basically
continues from where the previous one ends. This one follows smoother slopes, passing
through olive groves, but it is still demanding and hikers need to be fit, especially for the uphill
part of the course. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is 325m.
It is advisable to begin at the hamlet of Plakados in the direction of Paliokastro hilltop and end
at the hamlet of Paliokipos.
Olympos peak – Agiassos (MU of Agiassos). The trail starts at the rocky peak of Olympos with a
magnificent view over chestnut woods. The course is 4.2km long and, after passing the
fountain of Kadis, it ends at the traditional hamlet of Agiassos. It is a steep trail through dense
vegetation of olive, oak, chestnut, walnut and pine trees, which is rare for the Greek islands. It
requires top physical fitness, especially for the uphill part. The gradient between the lowest
and the highest point of the trail is 550m.
Agiassos – Asomatos (MU of Agiassos). This trail is 3.25km long and connects the hamlet of
Agiassos to the one of Asomatos. The first section (1.5km) is rather level compared to the
remaining section, near the hamlet of Asomatos, which is steep. The course runs through dense
vegetation of oak, pine and olive trees, and requires top physical fitness, especially for the
steeper part. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is 217m., but
the streams and the cobblestone sections make the experience a ver y pleasant one.
Asomatos – Agioi Anargyroi (MU of Evargetoula). From the hamlet of Asomatos, follow a
1.3km cobblestone footpath to the spectacular location of Agioi Anargyroi. This trail goes
trough dense vegetation of plane, poplar and cypress tree s next to streams of running water.
The first 750m follow a steep downhill course, which then becomes level. The gradient
between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is 179m. It is advisable to start from
Asomatos and follow the route to Agioi Anargyroi.
Agios Ioannis Theologos – Kato Tritos (MU of Evergetoula). The trail is about 1.3km long; it
starts at the hill of Agios Ioannis Theologos, at an altitude of 218m, affording an excellent view
over the bay of Gera, and it reaches the hamlet of Kato Tritos. It follows a downhill course
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along the bed of a stream, passing through dense vegetation of plane and olive trees. After
520m, the footpath joins the dirt road near Foussa cave. The gradient between the lowest and
the highest point of the trail is 145m.
Agia Marina – Provasma (MU of Mytilini). The trail is about 1.8km long; it starts after the field
of Agia Marina and ends at Provasma location, in the mountain massif of Amali. The first part is
not very attractive, but soon gets interesting and crosses over a wooden bridge. For the next
15 minutes, hikers follow a rather steady course through pine trees, before arriving at a resting
area. From the point on, and for about 10 minutes, the trail goes uphill’ it is not very steep, and
reaches a little bridge at an altitude of 226m. Then the trail becomes steep, narrow, and
demanding; only fit hikers should attempt it. Going uphill is rather hard for about 40 minutes,
but ends at a location affording a spectacular view, at an altitude of 37 3m. Hikers will be
compensated by the resting cabin. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of
the trail is 215m.
Komi – Tayros Plateau (MU of Thermi). The trail begins at the hamlet of Komi and, after a hike
of 5.25km., it ends at the remote plateau of Tavros, at an altitude of 320m. the trail goes uphill
through a pinewood, but also passes through arid and rocky areas, and provides the hiker with
points affording exceptional views. At a distance of 3.2km for the plateau of Komi, the h iker
arrives to the junction that leads to Agios Charalambos. The maximum gradient of the trail is
210m.
Pigi – Paliohori (MU of Thermi). The trail is about 2km long; it starts from the hamlet of Pigi
and ends at Paliohori. It is a paved trail of exceptional natural beauty with lush vegetation and
altitude variations, at times passing through a dry river bed. Maximum gradient is just 80m. It
is ideal for hikers seeking a nice walk in the countryside and one can choose where they would
like to start from.
Trail to lero Klopedis (MU of Agia Paraskevi). The dependency of the Holy Monastery of
Taxiarches is one of two starting points of the 2.75km trail which meets the trail from Agia
Paraskevi on the way to Kremasti (suspended) bridge. The trail passes through the
archeological site of Klopedi, situated next to Taxiarchis Church, with its aeolic pillar capitals,
and continues towards Prini bridge. The trail follows a rural road and it is easy for any hiker,
since maximum gradient is just 66m.
ANNEX IV
Bird watching
An ideal place for bird watching, Lesvos is the island with the richest avifauna in the Aegean.
Due to the wide variety of habitats and its location half way in the migration routes of Eastern
Mediterranean, more than 300 species of birds pa ss, winter or nest on the island.
Important regions for bird watching are Olympos, Kalloni, the Bay of Gera, Prinovouni, Akrasia,
around Vatera, Lepetymnos, Agiassos, Sigri, Eressos, Petra, Skala in Polychnitos, Agra, Potamia
et. al.
Krueper’s Nuthatch (Sitta Krueperi) is one of the rarest species, which has chosen to live only in
the pinewoods of the region of Olympos, Achladeri and Akrasio in the whole of Europe.
Cinereous Bunting (Emberiza cineracea) can be traced in Eressos, Olympos and Agra. Other
rare species nesting on the island are Ruppell’s Warbler, the olive -tree Warbler, the Olivaceous
Warbler, the Pied Wheatear, the Rufous Bush Robin, the Masked Shrike, the Sombre Tit, the
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Rock Nuthatch, the Cretzschmar’s Bunting, the Long-legged Buzzard, the Accipiter, the Alectoris
chukar. The Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea) is rare in Greece and nests in the area of
Achladeri. Also on the island we find a few pairs of Black Storks (Ciconia nigra).
In Lesvos there are also White Storks (Ciconia ciconia). Rare aquatic birds nest in the Bay of
Kalloni, such as the Black-winged Stilt, the pied avocet, the Stone Curlew, the Little Bittern, the
king fisher, the Collared Pratincole, the Marsh harrier, the Common Tern, the Little Tern, etc.
Mountain biking
Apart from being a paradise for hikers, Lesvos is also suitable for mountain biking. Among the
best known routes is the one that follows the Sedountas river in Plomari. By pedalling toward
rocky Agiassos, bikers enjoy nature through a beautiful, yet quite d ifficult course.
Horse riding
In the south part of the island, departing from the hamlet of Milies next to village of Plagia, one
can enjoy nature on horseback. Using the old trails islanders once used, visitors have the
option of one or two hour rides riding native horse breeds. Dense olive groves, water springs
and ruins of old stone houses are features of a unique way of getting to know the inland of
Plomari.
Diving
Apart from all available activities on the main land, Lesvos is also suitable for sea activities. The
diving center, open throughout the year and based at two different locations, provides the
opportunity to discover the beauty of the seabed. In the east part of Lesvos, at Charamida, one
of the bases of the diving center, the small islands of Agios Vassilios and Mesinia are an ideal
site for diving, as well as the location of Tartios, with its crystal-clear waters; the shipwreck in
the location of Vatera is an open invitation for exploration. In the northeast of the island, at
Tokmakia, the second base of the center, in Petra, a group of islands and reefs rich in
biodiversity and morphology of the seabed, are an ideal site for experience divers alike. An
equally appropriate environment can be found at the islets across Petra.
Geo-education - Programs for Students and Universities
Educational activities in Lesvos Geopark support the development of educational geo -tourism.
Environmental education programmes organized for elementary and high school students at
the Petrified Forest cover a broad range of activities such as geosite recognition, fossil
excavation and conservation, nature observation, bird-watching etc. School visits are organized
during spring and autumn, outside the main tourist period, thus contributing to the local
economy.
Educational activities for local schools help raise the awareness of the local inhabitants as to
the importance of our natural monuments and the conservation of the Earth’s heritage.
Extended educational programmes, with schools coming from other parts of Greece and
abroad, introduce young students to the “secrets” of scientific research and geoconservation
through a variety of activities.
A variety of educational tools have been created for the needs of the environmental education
programmes (museum-kits, an educational CD-Rom, booklets, student booklets) for all levels of
education. The two museum kits focus on plant fossils and volcanic rocks.
The Lesvos Geopark also supports university field camps dedicated to various scientific
disciplines (geomorphology, geology, paleontology, geography, vulcanology, environmental
41
science, museology, conservation etc.). Several universities from various European countries
and the USA have organized visits and educational activities using the Geopark infrastructures.
ANNEX V
A school class visiting the Petrified Forest Park. More than 3.000 school children participate every year in
educational programs organized by the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark
Professional Training
The Vocational Training Center of the Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest
(VTC - NHMLPF) founded in December 2000 is accommodated in the Museum ’s building in Sigri,
Lesvos.
The VTC was founded for the promotion of Geoconservation, Geotourism, Protected areas
management and Local development and reducing the unemployment of young people in
Lesvos. The centre helps trainees acquire the necessary skills for participation in the activities
for the promotion and valorisation of the Petrified Forest and, more generally, for the
involvement in the actions for the protection of natural regions implemented by local
institutions.
Volunteerism
The Geopark in collaboration with the Friends of the Petrified Forest Association organises
voluntary work programs with the participation of volunteers from Greece and many other
European Countries (through Life Long Learning Programms) in the following sectors:
1. Documentation of Collections (expertise: Geology - Paleontology)
2. Mapping and Field scientific research
3. Environmental education programs
4. Protection and guarding of fossil bearing locations
5. Communication and promotion
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Agro-tourism Festival
The Geopark has organised the Agro-tourism Festival with particular success over the last few
years on its grounds. The festival serves to promote local products, the natural wealth and the
cultural traditions of Lesvos to visitors.
The first festival was organised in 2000 and it has since become a tradition in the region as it is
repeated every year championing local products and services.
The main objective of the Agro-tourism Festival is for islanders as well as tourists to experience
the pure products of the Lesvian soil. The festival also aims to promote products of Agro touristic Cooperatives, products of biological agriculture, standard rural products as well as
traditional products of the island. Simultaneously local traditions are displayed as local groups
provide entertainment throughout the festival.
The Agro-tourism Festival has provided the spark for the promotion and the dev elopment of
the growth of agro-tourism, a sector in which Lesvos was found to be avant-garde with the
foundation of the first Agro-touristic Women’s Cooperative in the `80s.
In the frames of the Agro-tourism Festival, each year a special small fair day is organized in the
Museum in which each cooperative or producer presents their products, handmade crafts, local
traditional items and treats for visitors.
At the same time each year an impressive series of supporting and parallel events is organised.
Evenings of live music, dancing shows and theatrical works take place in the outdoor
amphitheatre of the Museum. In the temporary exhibition area, local painters, sculptors,
jewelers, and potters etc display their works of art.
Festivals and celebrations
Just like everywhere else in Greece, festivals have always played a prevalent role in the social,
cultural and economic life of Lesvos. Some of them are more local, while others last longer,
attract bigger crowds and go far beyond a strictly local character. Until 1922, these festivals
mainly attracted crowds of visitors from the Christian communities of Asia Minor, such as those
of Smyrna and Aivalik. Typical examples are the Festival of the Virgin in Agiassos, and that of
Taxiarchis in Mantamados. Thousands of pilgrims flock on foot on the Eve of the celebration’
the atmosphere is well worth experiencing.
After the 1950s, a second series of customs emerged in the history of Lesvos; these are
associated with the “horse culture” and gradually gained more a nd more attention. Riders
decorate their horses in particularly good taste, while they compete with each other in showing
off tricks and dancing. At many festivals they hold horse races with participants form every part
of the island.
Grand festivals, beyond the local level, are focal points of interest in the social and economic
life of the island today. These include the Festival of the Virgin Mary in Agiassos on August 15,
the Festival of Taxiarchis on the third Sunday after Easter Sunday at Mantama do, the Festival of
Agios Haralambos or “Bull” feast at Agia Paraskevi. At these two festivals there is a ritualistic
slaughtering of a bull, when the kisketsi is offered; this is a festive dish made with meat, ground
chick peas and wheat, as well as the festival of Agios Ignatios at the Monastery of Leimonos in
the district of Kalloni.
Besides old traditional festivals that echo the history of the island, there are numerous other
well-established events, many of which are associated with select island products. These is
Ouzo Festival and Lesvos Summer held in Mytilene, Sardine Festival at the Quay of Kalloni,
43
Cherry Festival and Chestnut Festival in Agiassos, the Vatioussian August in Vatoussa,
Veniameineia Festival in Plomari and a plethora of culinary festivals introduce the products of
Lesvos and become an excuse for traditional flavors to come back to life and for outstanding
celebrations to take place.
Finally a special note should be made to the carnivalesque custom of Koudounatoi at
Mesotopos. The three Sundays of Carnival, the Koudounatoi, men wearing bucolic bells and
placing pumpkins on their heads, decorated with rooster of turkey feathers go around the
village and are treated in houses and coffee houses.
ANNEX VI
Publications
There are a lot of publications, leaflets and tourism field guides for geo -tourism activities in the
petrified forest parks.
There are also field guides for bird watching and trekking.
ANNEX VII
3. Analysis of geotourism potential of the proposed Lesvos Geopark
The proposed Lesvos Geopark has a long tradition on geotourism due to the activities of the
existing Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark. Although the official borders of the existing geopark
are restricted in the Western Peninsula of Lesvos, the activities always ai med to the
development of geotourism in the entire island. Thus the planning and implementation of
activities such as design and realization of trekking trails with emphasis on geotourism, study
and promotion of geosites, realization of temporary exhibitio ns with geotouristical interest and
realization of events included the whole island. As the island has great geodiversity, the
creation of the Lesvos geopark will further these activities.
Moreover on the island exist many enterprises whose activities are closely connected with
geotourism such as horse riding, agrotouristic activities connected with the olive oil production,
fishing, scuba diving etc. The network of museums, hotels and tour operators created enables
the close collaboration of the stakeholders in promoting geotourism. The existing facilities and
infrastructure allows the promoting of geotourism in connection with other forms of tourism.
Lesvos proposed geopark is well known for its exceptional thermal springs that are exploited in
a very soft, almost primitive way allowing visitors to actually recognize and understand the
origin of the hot water and its connection with the volcanic activity. The castles built mainly on
impressive geological structures, archaeological sites influenced by active tectonics and
submerged underwater, still visible evidence of destructive earthquakes, very well known,
especially among birdwatchers, wetlands affected and created due to active faults, a roman
adequate exploiting the active fault system for the transp ortation of water are only some
examples showing the enormous geotourism potential the proposed Lesvos Geopark.
4. Overview and policies for the sustainable development of:
Lesvos Geopark Management Plan
The Geopark’s management plan is the main tool for the operation of the Lesvos Geopark. The
management plan, linking geoconservation and promotion of geosites, natural and cultural
heritage with the development of geotourism, includes nine components:
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 Geosite identification and assessment
 Enhancing the natural and cultural heritage
 Geosite protection and geoconservation
 Geopark infrastructure and land management
 Geotouristic and promotional activities
 Educational activities and tools
 Supporting local business
 Implementation, monitoring and review
 International cooperation and EU funding
During the last seven years the Lesvos Geopark has been following the provisions of its
management plan and has implemented a range of activities aimed at the further improvement
of its infrastructure, services, activities and promotion. The results of the implementation of the
management plan have been a significant increase in the number of visitors, the enrichment of
its offer and services to visitors, and improvement of its operations.
The main activities implemented during this period are presented below.
Geosite identification and assessment
A research study and field survey on Lesvos, carried out by the Natural History Museum of the
Lesvos Petrified Forest and the Department of Geography of the University of the Aegean, has
resulted in a better understanding of the geological evolution of the island and the origin of the
petrified forest. A number of geosites was identified, mapped and assessed (Zouros 2005,
2007). A new geosite map of the Lesvos was published. Apart from the fossil sites, geosites
within the volcanic terrains of Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark include the volcanic geosites,
active and evolving geomorphological landforms, including tectonically active fault scarps,
geothermal fields, karst and caves, and coastal and fluvial landforms. All geosites are included
in the Lesvos geosite database and are accessible from the visitors through internet.
Enhancing the natural and cultural heritage
A second component of the Geopark’s management plan is the id entification of the different
natural and cultural resources of the Lesvos Geopark, including flora and fauna (especially
birds), wetlands, archaeological monuments like the Acropolis of Eressos and Ancient Antissa,
Early Christian basilicas, Byzantine monasteries, Venetian castles, picturesque villages and rural
architecture, drystone constructions and impressive landscapes. All these elements of interest
were linked in Geopark presentation and benefit from a unified system for protection and
promotion.
Several biological or cultural aspects of the Petrified Forest protected area were identified and
studied in collaboration with the University of the Aegean, research institutes and other
scientists (i.e. birds, plants, wetlands, coastal and marine ecosystems, drystone constructions
and agricultural landscape). The results of this research have been used for management,
educational and promotional purposes. Special field guides were also published (i.e. Bird
watching in the Lesvos Petrified Forest - 2006, About rocks, plants, animals – the natural
characteristics of western Lesvos - 2004).
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Geosite protection and geoconservation
The Geopark applies certain management measures for the protection and conservation of the
inventory of geosites present in the territory. These measures comprise: 1) regular
maintenance (fencing, cleaning) and custodial services to protect geosites from abuse and
vandalism; 2) geosite monitoring with necessary measures and protective installations against
weathering and erosion; 3) treatment of vulnerable geosites with annual conservation and
protective measures (preparation, sealing).
A conservation team was formed and an equipped laboratory for fossil conservation was
organized. These conservators treat dozens of petrified trees thr ough the use of innovative
techniques and treatment methods in their efforts to face several challenges such as weather
conditions (unstable temperatures and relative humidity can deteriorate the fossils exposed to
the open air), as well as unaware visitors.
The most fragile fossils are covered by shelters that protect them from the rain. Stone walls
also protect the fossils from the water runoff while the fossil sites themselves are angled for
proper drainage. In some cases, stone walls have been constructed to stabilise the ground and
prevent natural erosion. These walls along with wooden fences also serve to protect the fossils
from unaware visitors.
Geosite interpretation panels provide information to Geopark visitors on the importance of the
geological and geomorphological processes on the evolution of the region. Thus local people
can also learn that certain “rocks” represent remnants of outstanding phenomena and
processes that demonstrate the geological history of their own terrain. In this way particu lar
rock formations gain a new identity for the people and at the same time become objects to be
respected and protected.
Geopark infrastructure
The Geopark has developed a range of tourist infrastructures to serve its visitors. The Natural
History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest in Sigri village is at the core of these
infrastructures. This state-of-the-art museum has become a key factor in attracting visitors to
this part of the island.
Museum exhibitions present the evolution of plant life on ea rth, the flora of the Petrified
Forest with fossil remains of over 40 different species found and identified in the broader area
of western Lesvos, as well as the volcanic activity related to the formation of the Petrified
Forest and the evolution of the A egean area.
Within the Petrified Forest’s protected area, the main fossil sites are fenced and safeguarded,
and five visiting parks have been established, attracting thousands of visitors each year. These
include the Petrified Forest Park, the Sigri Park, the Plaka Park, the Nisiopi Park and the
Skamiouda Park. Several other areas will become visiting parks during the next years, as the
Museum has already begun the necessary procedures.
Another main infrastructure is the “Lava Paths” that lead visitors down the ancient paths of the
pyroclastic flows from the main volcanoes to the Petrified Forest. Equipped with information
panels that explain the various geosites, these footpaths link the existing visiting parks,
wetlands, sites of natural beauty and ecological value, as well as cultural monuments (the Sigri
castle, the Ypsilou monastery, the Eressos acropolis), picturesque villages and other sites of
interest throughout the Geopark. Along the main roads crossing the Lesvos Geopark area,
46
informative panels and road signs direct visitors towards the Petrified Forest and demarcate
the borders of the protected area. Walking trails start from different points along the main
road.
The Geopark has also established two information centres to inform visitors about the
geotouristic and educational activities in Lesvos. The first centre in Mytilene, the capital of the
island, includes a small exhibition centre. The second information centre operates in the village
of Eressos during the summer.
There is also an information point in the Odysseas Elytis Airport of Mytilene.
Geotouristic and promotional activities
A broad range of activities accomplish the task of attracting and informing visitors.
Lectures and multimedia presentations at the Museum are used to familiarise visitors with the
geological processes related to the creation of the Petrified Forest, the diversity of fossil plants,
and the geological evolution and natural heritage of the Aegean.
Guided tours in the Petrified Forest parks, thematic guided walks, gu ided trekking and various
recreation activities in the vicinity of geosites help raise public awareness about the values of
geosites.
Guided tours at the Petrified Forest Park
Furthermore, a series of scientific and cultural events is organized and hos ted every year in the
Petrified Forest to attract the attention of the broader public to this unique natural monument.
The range of events includes scientific lectures, slide projections, documentary films, natural
science oriented temporary exhibitions, book presentations, painting – sculpture - photo and
video-art exhibitions, music and dance events, theatrical plays and happenings. Through these
events the Geopark draws large audiences of people who may have low or no interest in
natural heritage, thus creating new opportunities for sensitisation.
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The Geopark also organizes several thematic events to celebrate special events or international
days (i.e. Museums International Day, Day of Monuments, Day of the Earth, Day of the
Environment, European Heritage days, European Geoparks Week, Earth Fest - summer festival).
Temporary exhibitions on the Lesvos Petrified Forest circulating through the larger cities and
museums in Greece and abroad contribute significantly to the promotional work of the Lesvos
Petrified Forest Geopark.
International and national scientific conferences and meetings are also hosted in the Museum’s
conference centre. Such events bring scientists from all over the world to the Geopark, helping
to raise the Petrified Forest’s profile in the academic community and to promote the use of its
existing infrastructure for the hosting of other academic and educational activities (i.e. research
groups, educational visits, student field work). As a result, several universities have started to
organize student visits and field work in the Geopark.
The promotion of the Geopark occurs through print and television media. New excavation
findings have attracted the attention of local and national media to this exceptional natural
monument. A number of articles in national newspapers and magazines as well as radio and TV
programmes have referred to the Petrified Forest, the new excavation findings and the
importance of the monument. Research results have been presented in numerous scientific
meetings in Greece and abroad, and several multimedia presentations on the Lesvos Petrified
Forest have been organized in Athens, Thessaloniki, Crete and in the main towns of Lesvos.
The Geopark has also produced a series of informative scientific and popular publications for
visitors such as coffee-table books, field guides, magazines, conference proceedings, brochures,
leaflets, posters etc.
Implementation, monitoring and review
To protect vulnerable geosites, the Lesvos Geopark has developed a geosite monitoring system
which includes custodial services to prevent abuse and vandalism, and intermittent monitoring
which provides all the necessary measures and protective installations against weathering and
erosion.
The monitoring system is based on the creation of a sophis ticated geosite database which
contains a complete descriptive record of the geosite and all conservation measures applied.
The basic elements of this database are geosite location, identification, classification,
description, age, land ownership, cleaning and conservation measures.
Monitoring and review of Geopark operation and services takes place regularly and takes into
account geopark management with a focus on geotouristic, educational and promotional
activities as well as improvements to infrastructure and services.
5. Policies for, and examples of, community empowerment (involvement and consultation) in
the proposed Lesvos Geopark
An important component of the Lesvos Geopark management plan is the support of the local
economy. The Geopark has created links with local tourist enterprises, restaurants and small
hotels in order to provide the necessary infrastructure to meet the needs of the increasing
number of park visitors. The majority of visits to the Geopark occur during the summer period
(July – September), but the aim is to extend the visiting period to the spring and autumn
seasons.
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In the village of Sigri, the number of “Bed and Breakfast” accommodations has doubled over
the last few years in order to meet the increasing demand. More important ly, visitors have
increased the duration of their visit to the Geopark area. As a result the majority of the new
enterprises established in western Lesvos are connected with the activities of the Lesvos
Geopark.
6. Policies for, and examples of, public and stakeholder awareness in the proposed Lesvos
Geopark
The Geopark supports the making of local handicrafts such as the production of fossil casts and
souvenirs by local enterprises. These items are on sale in the Museum shop along with a variety
of other locally made products. Lesvos has a long tradition in pottery and wood carving and the
Geopark promotes these products to its visitors.
The Lesvos Geopark collaborates closely with women’s agrotouristic cooperatives and local
organic food producers to offer its visitors the opportunity to taste and buy local food products
(pasta, organic olive oil, wine, ouzo, liquors, traditional sweets and marmalades etc). The
catering for all Geopark events (conferences, meetings etc.) is supplied by the women’s
cooperatives using the local traditional recipes. Their products are also sold in the Museum
snack-bar.
Every summer the Geopark organizes an Agrotouristic festival (attended by 28.000 visitors in
2007), which promotes quality local products, food and drinks prep ared by the women’s
cooperatives. The Agrotouristic festival includes a variety of presentations, events and
happenings as well as an exhibition fair of local products.The event brings local producers and
potential customers together. In this way Geopark visitors experience not only the rich natural
heritage of the area and sites of high ecological and aesthetic value, but also the culture,
tradition, and local production of the region. The Women’s agrotouristic cooperative found that
this festival provided them with an excellent opportunity to promote their products and their
success lead to the creation of similar cooperatives in other villages
The Lesvos Geopark contributes significantly to territorial development by directly and
indirectly creating new jobs. Since 1995 people have been finding employment within its
activities, such as the 25 seasonal positions (8 months per year) and 8 permanent positions.
This has to be added to the 5 existing positions in the Petrified Forest Park. But what is even
more important for the employment in the area is the number of other employment
opportunities which have been created in tourist enterprises, small hotels, guest houses,
restaurants and other activities connected with the increase of tourist flow in the Geopa rk area.
Several other local artisans, such as makers of handicrafts and ceramic fossil casts, carpenters,
and blacksmiths, are permanent collaborators with the Geopark.
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E. Interest and arguments for joining the EGN/GGN
The proposed Lesvos Geopark addresses the strong need for effective management of
important geosites and sustainable development through the development of geotourism
which enhances the value of the Earth heritage, its landscapes and geological formations, key
witnesses to the history of life.
The proposed Lesvos Geopark integrates the range of resources found in its broader region,
including the existing geological tourist attractions, the various interpreted geosites, unique
landscapes, wetlands, sites of natural beauty and ecological value, as well as cultural
monuments, picturesque villages, traditional gastronomy and local products.
A broad range of activities combine the main components for the operation of the Lesvos
Geopark, including scientific research, the creation of the geosite inventory and map, the
protection, interpretation and promotion of geosites, the conservation of fossils, the creation
of visiting parks, the establishment of a network of walking trails linking geosites to ecotourism
infrastructures, the development of environmental education programmes on geosites, the
organisation of scientific and cultural events, and the promotion of monumental geosites.
The results of the already recognized Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark prove the potential of the
proposed Lesvos Geopark to become a powerful tool for sustainable rural development
through geotourism in Lesvos island.
The positive results of Lesvos Geopark operation on geotourism development have been
already recognized. Lesvos Geopark won the SKAL International Ecotourism Award 2008 in the
category “general countryside”. SKAL International is the largest organization of travel and
tourism professionals in the world.
In 2009 Lesvos Island was declared as European Destination of Excellence EDEN by the
European Commission Greek Ministry of Tourism Development due to the operation and
activities of the Lesvos Petrified Forest geopark.
After 10 years of the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark in EGN / GGN we believe that the holistic
approach of all local resources on Lesvos island and Lesvos recognition as EGN/GGN member
will provide the essential motivation for promoting sustainable local development for the
benefit of the local society.
Birtwatching at the proposed Lesvos Geopark
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