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Chapter 1
The Collision of
Cultures
© 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Spain in the New World
© 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Pre-Columbian Indian Civilizations
• Early Cultures
• The Mayas, Aztecs, Chibchas, and Incas
•
The first settlers to the Americas were nomadic and followed the herds of animals
that they hunted. As the game moved south, so did the hunters, populating the
land as they traveled.
•
Permanent farming towns would emerge in Mexico about 2000 B.C., populated by
the Mayans. The Mayan culture would eventually collapse and be replaced by that
of the Aztecs.
•
Farther south, in present-day Columbia, the Chibchas would build an empire
similar to that of the Aztecs, but on a smaller scale
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Aztec Sacrifices to the Gods
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Pre-Columbian Indian Civilizations, continued
• Indian Cultures of North America Tribes
were nomadic, as forests and grasslands
were not hospitable to cultivate.
• Three Distinct Civilization Trends Emerged
– Adena-Hopewell culture- Midwest between
800 BC and 600 AD
– Mississippian culture- 930 -1350 AD
– Anasazi culture- still exists from 400 BC
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Native Americans in 1500
• Population of North America- 10 million
• Eastern Woodlands tribes1. Composed of 3 regional groups
1.
2.
Algonquian, Iroquois, Muskogean
Primarily fishers and hunters with rudimentary farming.
• Great Plains tribes
– Nomadic‘
– Followed bison
• Western tribes
– California coast, fishing, seals, whaling as source of food
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Algonquian Chief in War Paint
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The Expansion of Europe
• Renaissance Geography
• Technological Innovation Spurs a
Desire for Knowledge in 15th century
– The role of the compass and the astrolabe
– Accurate maps help spur trade
– Rise of trade fosters growth of towns
– Helps lead to larger ships to carry goods
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The Expansion of Europe, continued
• The Growth of Trade, Towns, and NationStates
– Prior to 15th century, shipping trade was expensive and
dangerous.
– Few had money to pay costs and risk it.
– Leads to rise of nation-states and centralized rulers.
– Caravels
– England, France, Portugal, and Spain
become powerful
– Creation of unified currency and abolition of
trade barriers.
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The Voyages of Christopher Columbus
• Christopher Columbus
– Early years, Italian educated in Portugal.
– Persuades Ferdinand and Isabella to
finance voyage after turned away by
Portugal, France and other rulers.
– His voyage of discovery in 1492 with 3 ships and land in the
Bahamas.
– Convinced her landed on an island off the coast of Asia.
– Later voyages to find route to Asia failed.
– America named for Amerigo Vespucci
• Mapmaker who first suggested in 1499, that the
new land was not an island and was a continent
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Columbus’s Voyages
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Professional Explorers
• Sponsored by nation-states creates new
explorers to claim soil.
• “Right of Discovery”
• John Cabot- Discovers “new founde lande”
– Later becomes Canada
– Gives his sponsor King Henry VII claim to all
N.America
• Balboa becomes 1st European to see Pacific Ocean
landing on the isthmus of Panama and going west.
• Ferdinand Magellan leads voyage to circumnavigate the
globe.
• He dies, but a small crew makes it home after 2 years.
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The Protestant Revolution
• Early Causes and Spread of the Movement
• Europe was at war involving Reformation.
• Martin Luther- begins Reformation by proclaiming abuses
of the Catholic church.
• John Calvin and his writings change the way Christianity was
preached.
– Persuaded people away from dogma taught by Catholicism.
• Reformation in England
– Political reasons lead Henry VIII to reform Church of
England
– Wanted divorce from his wife, who was aunt to Emperor of
the Holy Roman Empire.
– Denied divorce and declares himself as head of church.
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The Spanish Empire
• Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 with Spain
and Portugal granted rights to New World.
• Spain had significant tech advancements over Indian
tribes in Mexico
• Iron, sailing, cannon and domesticated horses.
• Disease kills about 90% of Indian population
• Cortés’s Conquest- Spanish conquistador
• Defeats Aztecs in 2 years
• Conquistadores
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Cortés in Mexico
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The Spanish Empire, continued
• Spanish Invaders
– Hernán Cortés• Persuaded Aztec enemies to join him on his march
to Aztec capital.
• Persuaded Montezuma to allow him to enter city in
peace believing he was a god.
• Gains access and control of gold and silver mines.
– Francisco Pizarro
• Conquistador who defeats Inca empire in Peru
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The Columbian Exchange
• Animals- squirrel, iguana, catfish,
rattlesnake and armadillos
• Plants – corn, potatoes, peanuts, peppers
and pumpkins
• Devices- canoes, snowshoes, hammocks
and lacrosse.
• New World- tobacco and drugs
• Diseases- plague, malaria, yellow fever
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Spanish America
• Growth of European settlements in the
New World
• Implementation of the encomienda system
– Rewarded officers with land grants and
control
• Introduction of slavery due to Indian deaths
• “heathens converted by force
• The role of the Catholic church
• Bartolomé de Las Casas- priest in Cuba,
• Published accounts of Indian treatment and brought
change to colonial policy
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Spanish Explorations of the Mainland
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Spanish Exploration
• Spanish Exploration in North America
– Differences between Spanish America and North
America
– Lack of established civilizations
– Central America- moved into preexisting cities
– Introduction of the hacienda system
– Instead of city, smaller farm or ranch would be
overseen.
• Spanish Explorers
– Juan Ponce de Leon- short-lived colony in Carolina
coast.
– Pánfilo de Narváez
– Hernando de Soto- traveled Miss. river
– Francisco Vásquez de Coronado- searched for 7
cities of Cibola and Texas.
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Missionaries in the “New World”
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Early Settlements
• Early Spanish Settlements in What Would
Become the United States
– Buffer to French, English, and Russians
• Huguenots (Protestants)- created St. Augustine
in Florida by Spain to buffer French
• St. Augustine- oldest city in America
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The Spanish Southwest
• The role of the missions
– Pacify Indians and not conquer them
• Juan de Oñate and New Mexico
– Brutally put down rebellion of Pueblo Indians
– Decreed all males over 25 should have 1 foot severed
due to rebellion
• Pope’s Rebellion- fails and Onate
punishes Pueblos
• Horses and the Great Plains
– Cause intertribal war due to value.
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Plains Indians
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Challenges to the Spanish Empire
• England and France turn to New World
• French Efforts
– Giovanni da Verrazzano explored the coast in
1524 trying to find India.
– Jacques Cartier would make three voyages to
establish colonies.
– Explored Gulf of St. Lawrence and River
between Canada and New York
– French lose interest in the area.
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English, French, and Dutch Explorations
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Challenges to the Spanish Empire, continued
• Dutch Opposition to Spanish Control
– Rebellion of the Netherlands in 1567 to 1648
• British Efforts to Subvert Spanish Control
– Queen Elizabeth’s “Sea Dogges”: John
Hawkins and Francis Drake
– The Spanish Armada- threat to English
throne.
– 1588- fleet mostly destroyed by storm.
– Gave England free reign in New World.
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Queen Elizabeth I
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The Arrival of the English in Virginia
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English Exploration
• The role of Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir
Walter Raleigh
– Gilbert secures patent to set up colony in New
World.
– Fails twice and was lost at sea
– Raleigh, his half brother establishes Roanoke
in N.Carolina.
• The lost colony of Roanoke
– Raleigh returns 3 years later and colony is
gone.
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This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint
presentation for
Chapter 1
The Collision of Cultures
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