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Genetics, EpigeneticsandPeriodontal Disease
Olive Njari and Felicia Hollander
Genetics
Definition: The study of
inheritance and inheritable traits.
Two broad groups of genetic
diseases,
Epigenetics
Definition: Environmental factors
that chemically change genetic
expression during DNA
transcription.
1. Simple genetic diseasesAlteration of a single gene locusPro Process: It is through
causing monogenic disorders e.g.
(de)methylation, and
PapillonLefevre Syndrome (de)acetylation or any combination
shows severe periodontal disease
either express or repress genes
manifestations
during replication.
2. Complex genetic diseases–
alteration of more than one geneThes These processes regulate cytokines
loci causing polygenic disorders e. such as IL-1 and IL-6 known to be
g periodontitis.
responsible for inflammatory
tissue destruction as seen in
Periodontitis associated genotype
chronic periodontitis.
(PAG) a composite of IL-1
(cytokine) is a combination of two
E
Epigenetic Risk Factors: primarily
rare alleles at separate Single
diet and aging followed by
nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs)
smoking, diabetes, gender, BMI,
in the IL-1A and IL-1B gene.
race and education determined an
Polymorphisms taken from these
individual's predisposition for
genes were tested and it was
immune or inflammatory response.
concluded that there was some
evidence that they had a
These changes are reversible and
relationship with generalized
environmental in nature which
aggressive periodontitis (GAP).
may be inherited due to in utero
Individuals who have higher levels exposure.
of IL-1 have a greater chance of
having severe periodontitis than
those who have lower levels of IL1.
2016
For the Hygienist:
Genetic Salivary Test:
Tests for IL-1 as part of routine
dental diagnosis. The test would
allow for early identification of
patients vulnerable to periodontal
disease thus allowing frequent
recalls.
Calculating Epigenetics:
Thorough health history and
nutritional assessments allow
hygienists to identify
environmental factors that
increase a patients risk to
inflammatory diseases. By
altering or eliminating these
epigenetic factors in turn would
change a persons susceptibility to
inflammatory diseases such as
periodontitis.
Conclusion:
Although there is considerable
insight into the hereditary
patterns of aggressive
periodontitis due to autosomaldominance with reduced
penetrance, influential
environmental factors should also
be taken into consideration when
determining the individual’s
susceptibility to periodontal
disease.
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