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Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 18(1), Jan – Feb 2013; nᵒ 08, 49-55
ISSN 0976 – 044X
Review Article
Pharmaceutical Applications of Ispaghula Husk: Mucilage
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Majmudar H *, Mourya V , Devdhe S , Chandak R
Department of Pharmaceutics, Government college of Pharmacy, Amarawati, India.
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Department of Pharmacognosy, Yash institute of Pharmacy, South city, Waluj Road, P. B.968, Aurangabad, India.
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Accepted on: 16-08-2012; Finalized on: 31-12-2012.
ABSTRACT
Natural carbohydrates have been popularly used as a material for centuries in all kinds of pharmaceutical applications. It is the
world’s most abundant renewable and biodegradable polymer. Isabgol has been popularly used as therapeutic agent for the
treatment of constipation, diarrhea, irritable syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, colon cancer, diabetes, and
hypercholesterolemia The uniqueness of the chemical structures and macromolecular configurations of mucilage obtain from the
Isabgol (plantago ovata forskal) has attracted Carbohydrate chemists in last decade, as the hydrogel produced by it is rigid, difficult
to brake, to dissolve. Ironically solubility, flexibility is very important criteria for materials to be used in pharmacy. To meet these
criteria chemical modifications of isabgol husk mucilage is indispensable so that it can be transformed into carrier for new drug
delivery system, as a low cost non –conventional source for the using pharmaceutical formulations as an “Excipient”, which can
improve its procesability and performance for specific application in the broad field of pharmacy. Exploitation of Isabgol husk
mucilage as an “Excipient” and its innovative, non-conventional applications, chemical derivatization, use of its derivative in modern
fashion of drug designing has become a room for inventions for research scholar. Gums and Mucilage are naturally occurring
biopolymers, finding increasing applications in pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry. It has been used successfully for many
years in the food and pharmaceutical industry as a thickening agent, as a gelling agent, and as a colloidal stabilizer. Mucilage also has
several unique properties that have enabled it to be used as a matrix for entrapment and/or delivery of variety of drugs, proteins,
and cells. .Being a naturally occurring polysaccharide, in recent year it has gained increased importance in industrial applications.
The benefits of natural carbohydrates are also more and more appreciated by the scientists and consumers from various industries
due to its inertness, biocompatibility, and biodegradability.
Keywords: Plantago ovata, Natural carbohydrate, Mucilage, Chemical modification, Excipient.
INTRODUCTION
S
ince ancient age systems of medicines, ISBGOL: The
word ‘Ispaghula’ is derived from Persian language,
there the word ‘ISAP’ means ‘horse’ and ‘GHULA’
means ‘ear’, as the seeds of the genus Plantago (includes
more than 200 species) is looks like shape of the ear of
the horse, the dried ripe seeds of Plantago Afra (Plantago
Psyllium), Plantago Indica (Plantago Arenaria) And
Plantago Ovata belongs to family Plantaginaceae are
used in medicine. (Fig. 1,2,3)
inflammation of mucous membrane of GI and
genitourinary tracts, duodenal ulcer, gonorrhea, piles,
etc., as bulk forming, non-irritant laxative drug,
demulcent, as a cervical dilator etc1-2. Drugs are rarely
administered solely as pure chemical substances, but are
almost given in the form of drug delivery system 3(DDS).
Figure 2: Isabgol seed
Figure 1: Isabgol whole plant
A traditional plant known as ‘ISABGOL’ is widely used as
home remedy in all cultures, in various kinds of diseases,
Conditions like chronic constipation, diarrhea,
The DDS consist of active pharmaceutical ingredient in
association with excipients or inert substances. Drugs are
converted to dosage forms using one or more materials
which are referred as EXCIPIENTS, basically these
materials are Pharmacologically inert, used to achieving
certain goals like modifying appearance, improving
handling property, physical property, ability, packaging
characteristics, etc. so, the drug delivery systems or
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Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 18(1), Jan – Feb 2013; nᵒ 08, 49-55
dosage forms consists of active pharmaceutical ingredient
in association with excipient play vital or pivotal role in
drug products and hence the quality of drug products can
be no higher than the quality of drug(s), and excipients
(non-drug additives/adjuvants)from which the product is
made.
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MEDICINAL EFFICACY OF PSYLLIUM / ISPAGHULA
Psyllium has been reported for the treatment of
constipation, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome,
inflammatory bowel disease-ulcerative colitis, colon
8
cancer, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia .
Constipation
Figure 3: Isabgol husk
A large numbers of carbohydrate containing excipients
are available from natural Sources have their own place
due to variety of properties offers by them, as they are
widely used as binding agents, coating materials,
suspending agents, granulating agents, easily dispersible
material, increasing viscosity of aqueous solution in
pharmaceutical
industry.
Natural
carbohydrates,
polymers are hydrocolloids, used as gel forming
components, sweetener, binder, flavoring agents,
lubricants, taste masking agents to prepare easy to
swallow compositions4. One of the trends in this area is of
study the useful substances of natural origin, for such
substances tend to be biodegradable, biocompatible and
non-toxic5.The literature survey reveals that ‘Mucilage’
obtained from plantago ovata husk has greatly attracted
the attention of Researcher workers, in this area during
last decades.
India is a major source of the global supplier/production
of Isapghula as its cultivated variety consists of more
mucilage percentage than the wild variety (Fig.4). It is
mainly cultivated in North-Gujarat, North –West
Rajasthan covering an area of approximately 16,000
hectares. In India, approximately 50,000 hectares of land
used for its cultivation. Till date natural carbohydrate are
used in modern dosage form for release control, also in
the form of matrix material, encapsulating excipients,
coating material, on as a carrier to the target the drug to
6-7
tissue or site-specific drug delivery system .
Figure 4: India Global supplier/production of Isapghula
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Psyllium has been shown to have the paradoxical
property of both improving constipation by increasing
stool weight and ameliorating chronic diarrhea. Several
studies suggest that psyllium may provide benefits for
treating constipation. There is a scientific basis for
psyllium working as a mild laxative. First-line treatment
for patients complaining of chronic constipation may
involve the use of osmotic laxatives, lubricating agents,
dietary fiber, bulk-forming agents or rectal evacuants the
choice depends on whether the clinical context is
suggestive of slow transit or evacuation disorders9-10.
Diarrhea
Wenzl and co-workers have concluded that the normal
intestine delivers stools that defer widely in quantity but
maintain percent fecal water within a narrower range.
Stools looseness in diarrhea is determined by the ratio of
fecal water too water holding capacity of insoluble solids.
Psyllium increases the number of normal stools and
decreases the number of liquid stools. A combination of
psyllium and calcium seems to be cheap and effective
alternative to conventional treatment of chronic diarrhea.
Fecal consistency was markedly different in psyllium
calves as compare with control10-11.
Ulcerative colitis (Crohn’s disease)
The two primary sites for Crohn’s disease are the ileum,
which is the last portion of the small bowel (ileitis,
regional enteritis), and the colon (Crohn’s colitis). A small
number of studies have examined the ability of psyllium
to maintain remission in ulcerative colitis. Dietary fiber
has been proven to be beneficial in maintaining remission
in human ulcerative colitis, an effect related with an
increased Luminal production of short-chain fatty acids
(SCFA). Dietary fiber Supplementation ameliorated
12
colonic damage in HLA-B27 .
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Constipation is defined as a symptom chronic
constipation -based disorder, for at least 3 months in a
year for the unsatisfactory defecation and characterized
by infrequent stools, difficult stool passage, or both. On
the other hand, the presence of clinically important
abdominal discomfort or pain associated with
constipation defines IBS with constipation. Intake of
psyllium may be effective in alleviating chronic
constipation in patients without slow colonic transit or
disordered constipation. On the other hand, fiber with
lactulose may improve stool consistency in patients with
IBS with constipation. Personality factors influence the
magnitude of therapeutic response of the psyllium. The
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Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 18(1), Jan – Feb 2013; nᵒ 08, 49-55
easing of bowel dissatisfaction appears to be a major
reason for the therapeutic success of psyllium in IBS13-15.
Diabetes
Psyllium has been proposed as a possible treatment for
high blood sugar levels. Studies in humans suggest
moderate reductions in blood sugar levels after a single
dose of psyllium, with unclear long-term effects .Watersoluble dietary fibers decrease postprandial glucose
concentrations and decrease serum cholesterol
concentrations to men with type 2 diabetes. Early or
uncontrolled studies suggested that psyllium improved
glycemic and lipid control in individuals with type-2
diabetes. The ability of soluble fibers to reduce the
postprandial glucose response to meals eaten several
hours after fiber ingestion (second meal effect) was
18-19
shown previously in non-diabetic individuals .
Cholesterol lowering
It has been observed that there is a positive association
with plasma LDL cholesterol levels and coronary heart
disease risk. Intake of dietary fibers known to lower the
concentration of LDL in plasma is considered to be highly
beneficial. Psyllium intake has consistently shown
significant reductions in plasma LDL cholesterol levels
ranging from 10 to 24%. Reports of the use of psyllium,
largely in hypercholesterolemia men, have suggested that
it lowers serum cholesterol as a result of the binding of
bile acids in the intestinal lumen and reduced risk of
coronary heart disease. The mechanism of action of
psyllium’s hypercholesterolemia effects has not been fully
elucidated. Psyllium was shown to stimulate bile acid
synthesis by increasing the hydroxylase activity in animal
and humans models20-21.
Psyllium and its safety aspects
It was observed that a daily dose of 10.5 g of ispaghula
was well tolerated and the majority of adverse events
recorded were minor, of short duration and either
unrelated or possibly related to the study treatment. The
results from the study suggested that ispaghula husk
could be used with confidence for the long-term
treatment of mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia.
U.S.Food and Drug Administration recently authorized the
use of health claims on food products containing soluble
fiber from psyllium that state that they are associated
with a decreased risk of coronary heart disease. The
addition of psyllium to a traditional diet for Persons with
diabetes is safe, is well tolerated, and improves glycemic
and Lipid control in men with type 2 diabetes and
hypercholesterolemia. The Efficacy and safety of
traditional medical therapies for chronic constipation.
Reactions may also occur from breathing in the dust or
from skin contact it is said that it is boon for patients and
21-22
bane for providers .
Psyllium as drug delivery agent
A number of drug delivery devices have been proposed to
deliver the drug for efficient therapy. Among them,
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hydrogels, specially based on polysaccharides, have
attracted considerable attention as excellent candidates
for controlled release devices or targetable devices of the
therapeutic agents. The release rate of drugs from
hydrogels was primarily determined by the swelling
extent, which further enhanced by addition of enzyme in
the buffer solutions Singh and coworkers have modified
the psyllium to prepare the hydrogels for the specialty
applications23-24.
SYNTHESIS OF PSYLLIUM BASED POLYMER MATRIX
Psyllium based polymeric networks were synthesized by
chemically induced polymerization through free radical
mechanism. In the presence of crosslinker NN-MBAAm
(CH2 CHCONHCH2 NHCOCH CH2), because of its
polyfunctionality, a new macro-radical get formed that
has four reactive sites and these sites can be linked both
with the radical on the psyllium and the monomers This
will resultant into the formation of three-dimensional
networks, which were used to study the in vitro release of
the model drugs. Reaction was carried out with definite
amount of psyllium husk, APS, monomer and N,NMBAAm in the aqueous reaction system at 650C
temperature for 2 h. Polymers thus formed were stirred
for 2 h in distilled water and for 2 h in ethanol to remove
the soluble fraction and then were dried in air oven at
40oC.
Psyllium
cross
linked
poly
(Nhydroxymethylacrylamide) [Psy-cl-poly (HMAAm)] and
psyllium crosslinked poly (acrylamide) [Psy-cl-poly (AAm)]
(based hydro gels have been prepared by above
mentioned method) 25-26.
Drug loading to the Psyllium based polymeric matrix
The loading of a drug onto hydrogels was carried out by
swelling equilibrium method. The hydrogel was allowed
to swell in the drug solution of known concentration for
24 h at 370C and then dried to obtain the release device.
The concentration of the rejected solution was measured
to calculate percent entrapment of the drug in the
polymer matrix26. (Fig.5)
Drug release from polymer matrix
In vitro release studies of the drug were carried out by
placing dried and loaded sample in definite volume of
0
releasing medium at 37 C temperature. The drug release
was measured after fixed interval of time and release
dynamics of model drugs were calculated26.
Effect of pH, on Drug Release
The effect of pH on the release pattern of tetracycline has
been studied by varying the pH of the release medium. In
release medium of pH 7.4 buffer the release pattern of
tetracycline drastically changes to the extent that
mechanism of drug diffusion shifted from non-Fickian
diffusion to Fickian Diffusion. The in vitro drug release
followed Higuchi kinetics and the drug release mechanism
was found to be of anomalous or non-Fickian type. For
the developed formulation, the value of ‘n’ was found to
be 0.5766 while for the marketed formulation the value
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Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 18(1), Jan – Feb 2013; nᵒ 08, 49-55
was 0.5718 indicating the anomalous transport. The
swelling properties were increased with increasing
crosspovidone concentration and contributed significantly
in drug release from the tablet matrix. The modified
ispaghula husk powder showed superior swelling and
gelling as compared to untreated powder27-28-29-30.
Figure 5: Release dynamics of salicylic acid from drug
loaded sample of Psy-clpoly (N-HMAAm) in distilled water
at 37◦C.
LITERATURE SURVEY ON ISPAGHULA
U.S. Patent 5248502 describes a method for reducing the
allergenicity of psyllium seed husk by alkaline treatment.
A process of for purification of psyllium husk has been
described in U.S. Patent 5085785.U.S Patent 4813613
describes mechanical method for obtaining high purity
mucilage from plantago psyllium seeds U.S. Patent
4459280 describes a method for increasing the
dispersibility and mixability of psyllium hydrophilic
mucilloid U. S. Patent 6337048 describes process for
sterilization of psyllium husk A process of sterilization
seed husk using isopropyl alcohol has been described in
U.S. Patent 3992147. The husk are then filtered and
dried31-32. A sample of husk containing a count of one
million /gram was reduced to zero by this method. U.S.
Patent 6248373 describes the enzymatic modification of
psyllium husk. U.S. Patent 6287609 describes a procedure
for purification of psyllium seed husk by treatment with
alkali. U.S. Patent 5641511 described timed release
granular dosage form of aspirin, acetaminophen or
ibuprofen using psyllium husk. U.S. Patent 5713852
describes an osmotic delivery system for delivering an
anti-inflammatory agent to the site of a painful condition
in the oral cavity33-34. U.S. Patent described an improved
osmotic system for the controlled and continuous
delivery of a steroid drug. U.S. Patent 5533995 described
a transdermal device for the controlled administration of
a drug to the skin. U. S. Patent 5827528 described a
medical adhesive composition of psyllium. U. S. Patent
5776887 describes solid matrix nutritional mix, designed
for persons with diabetes. U.S. Patent 6251421 describe
an invention that provides orally administrable
pharmaceutical. U.S. Patent 5891441 describes a
chemical composition to aid in absorbing and binding fat,
35-36
prior to its being digested . U.S. Patent 5601837
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describes an invention that relates to pharmaceutical
compositions. U.S. Patent 5356467 describes method for
preparation of controlled release coating of zein. U. S.
Patent 5445826 describes a prolonged delivery system
with psyllium. U.S.Patent 5445831 describes a psyllium
containing oral product with improved aesthetics using
psyllium husk of specific particular size : 80# <15%, 80200# > 45%, > 200# < 40%.U.S. Patent 4666716 describes
a formulation containing psyllium and ibuprofen
/indomethacin/aspirin in the ratio of 1:30 to 1:40 for
treatment of diarrhea. U.S. Patent 5059416 describes a
delivery system containing hydrophilic material (psyllium)
U.S. Patent 5759520 describes an aqueous foamable
composition having a delayed foaming action on
expulsion U.S. Patent 4514318 describes a method for
stabilizing polysaccharide thickened aqueous medium and
stable psyllium gels. U.S. Patent 20010026809 and
024982 describes sustained release tablets comprising of
immediate release cores and sustained release coating. U.
S. Patent 5874418 describes sustained release
formulations for oral use. U.S. Patent 5914132 relates to
37-38
a pharmaceutical composition for colonic delivery
Mucilages of Isabgol
Mucilage that is responsible for the laxative action since
D-xylan polymers are insoluble in water, it is proposed39.
The physiologically active, gel-forming fraction of the
alkali-extractable polysaccharides of plantago ovata Forsk
seed husk (Ispaghula seed) and some derived partial
hydrolysis products were -studied by compositional and
methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopy. Resolving
the conflicting claims of previous investigators, the
material was found to be a neutral arabinoxylan
(arabinose 22.6%, xylose 74%, molar basis; only traces of
other sugars.) With about 35% of non-reducing terminal
residues, the polysaccharide is highly branched. The data
are compatible with a structure consisting of a densely
substituted main chain of 3, trisaccharide branches having
the sequence L-Araf-a-(1-3)-D-Xylp-B (1-3)-L-Araf. The
presence of this sequence is supported by methylation
and NMR data, and by the isolation of the disaccharide 3O-B-D- Xylopyranosyl-L-arabinose as a product of partial
40
acid hydrolysis of polysaccharide . (Fig-6)
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Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 18(1), Jan – Feb 2013; nᵒ 08, 49-55
Chemical Modification
The biological & biomedical applications of polymeric
material have greatly increased recently. Of these, biobased materials, or biopolymers, are used to repair,
restore, or replaced damaged or diseased tissue or to
interface with the physiological environment. Well known
examples of this chemicals modifications are cross-linked
dextrans (Sephadex) and agaroses (Sepharose) (Yalpani,
polysaccharides,
synthesis,
Modifications
and
structure/property relations. The possible reactions, sites
for this type of chemical modifications are explains here
by taking one of the example of naturally occuring
biopolymeric material cellulose as follow (figure-7). The
chemical reactivity of cellulose is determined to a large
extent by the structure of its solid state. Cellulose
possesses one primary and two secondary hydroxyl
groups. Like any hydroxyl – containing compound, these
hydroxyl groups can undergo addition, substitution, and
oxidation reaction. Once the hydroxyl groups on the
chain unit are made accessible, they offer a verity of
possibilities for making useful derivatives. These
derivatives can be made by etherification, esterification,
cross-linking, or graft copolymerization. There are various
schemes for the derivatization is as per figure shown
below by taking one of the examples of polysaccharidecellulose. Consequently chemical modification of starch
has become important to tool to over come the problems
and creates starches having altered characteristics,
compare to native starch. Common treatments are acid
treatments oxidation, etherification, quaternization,
grafting, cross-linking, preparation of poly-vinyl-starch
composites41, etc. There are thus an increasing interest in
and used for methods capable of introducing oxidative
changes of various kinds in polysaccharides, by using
aqueous medium, phenol oxidizing enzyme enhancing
agent, peroxidase enzyme etc.
Figure 7: The possible reactions, sites for this type of
chemical modifications are explains here by taking one of
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the example of naturally occurring biopolymer material
cellulose as follow
Much emphasis has been placed on the chemical
modifications of naturally occurring bioadhesive materials
now a days, as it is useful material from the view point of
the high potential of these polysaccharide. In many cases,
the chemically modified molecules show greater activity
than the original polymeric material. Acetylation of
partially methylated alditols with acetic anhydride for 2–4
h
at
ambient
temperature
using
4-N,N′dimethylaminopyridine as a catalyst and the reaction was
free from generating non-sugar reaction artifacts Utility
of these simple methods for rapid methylation analysis
was demonstrated in the characterization of
oligosaccharides isolated in small amounts using a
carbohydrate analyzer. which can be an influential role
in the preparation of mucilage derivatives, as shown in
the figure mucilage possesses one primary hydroxyl group
per unit of beta dexto xylopyranose units, these hydroxyl
group can undergo reaction like oxidation, reduction,
methylation, sulfonation, Esterification, etherification,
attachment of cystein etc. Modified derivatives can be
used in the fields of pharmacy, medicine, cosmetics, and
food. Practical applications of such kinds of natural
carbohydrates like cellulose, starch, etc. are widely used
in the same manners and the same industries.
Asystematic flowchart for mucilage derivative
preparations can form a new window for research
scholars. A new drug delivery modality can developed
based on drug encapsulation in polymeric miscelles
followed by a controlled release at the site of triggered by
ultra sound focused on the tumor42. The results of the in
vitro studies of the above technique and summarised and
the first in vivo experiments using colon cancer in rats are
reported /measured using doxorubicin (DOX) and ruboxyl
(RB) release from micelles under continuous wave (CW)
or pulsed ultrasound in the frequency range of 20 kHz to
3 MHz. The measurements were based on the decrease of
the fluorescence intensity when drug was transferred
from the micelle core to aqueous environment. Native
natural carbohydrate may not be suitable in some
controlled drug delivery system, as many drugs are
released too fast from system based on this, due to
substantial swelling, enzymatic degradation of native
carbohydrate in biological systems. Various kinds of
polysaccharides in particularly starch. Starch is utmost
important as sizing agent in the textile industry,
pharmaceutical industry, printing industry and for the
finishing in various industries. However the properties of
natives starch is not always optimal compared to the
properties required for the particular applications. One
of the problems is the very large molecular size instability
of viscous solution, under varying temperature and its
43
susceptibility to microbial degradation . Consequently
chemical modification of starch has become important to
tool to over come the problems and creates starches
having altered characteristics, compare to native starch.
Common treatments are acid treatments oxidation,
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etherification, quaternization, grafting, cross-linking,
preparation of poly-vinyl-starch composites, etc. The
relevance of studying the effect of chemical modification
on the functional and structural properties of
polysaccharides lies in the design of new molecules with
altered physicochemical properties44. The modified
molecule can be use in designing new drugs delivery
system which has ability to modify the rheological
properties of the parent native polysaccharide in aqueous
or organic solution. Though the derivatization has
become popular in practice carbohydrate, research
chemists has to increase more resistance towards
hydrolysis and enzymatic lysis than native plain
carbohydrate. The present invention Dietary fibers are
widely used in hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and
slimming diets. It is probable that their ingestion
coincides with the oral administration of drugs and a
modification of their pharmacokinetics can appear. Garcia
and coworkers have studied the influence of two soluble
fibers (guar gum and psyllium) on the pharmacokinetics
of ethinyloestradiol (EE) when they were administered
together to female rabbits via the oral route. Three
groups of rabbits were used. All animals received 1 mg/kg
of EE; this compound was administered alone45.
literature survey, that the medicinal values of Isapghula is
still their in practice as home remedy famous as
“Dadima’s drug/ dava” there for it is concluded that
Isapghul has high potential in developing an
unconventional source as an ‘excipient’ and very high
potential in developing a new formulations and in design
of dosage forms. As research and development continues
with drug delivery system using biopolymers, one can
expect to see many innovative and exciting applications.
CONCLUSION
Mucilage, a non-toxic biomaterial, is abundant in nature.
It has an unusual combination of biological activity plus
mechanical and physical properties chemical modification
can convert them into various derivatives. This unique
characteristic makes them in important bio material for
biochemical, pharmaceutical, and surgical applications.
The conception and development of this supra molecules
and their derivatives as pharmaceutical excipients
material is an innovative idea from technological point of
view, and advancement in many fields including
chemistry, biochemistry, and physical chemistry. On,
Broadly speaking, this review article point out that in the
past few years, especially in patent literature, invention in
the direction to prepare chemical derivative and it’s
pharmaceutical applications towards the development of
cost effective technology and establishing their standard
of plantago ovata Forsk., to develop its chemical
modification technique, to obtain diversified physicochemical properties of the native mucilage of plantago
ovata, and it’s derived derivative to apply this in
conventional pharmaceutical applications, as well as nonconventional pharmaceutical application in formulations,
new drug design, drug delivery System and if possible to
developed suitable dosage form design not only for
sustained release or targeting d rug delivery but also for
modern time and Modern fashion as a carrier of wide
variety of biologically active agents, either for local
treatment or for specific site delivery system. By selection
of its appropriate type of modification as per the
requirement of industry, gelating condition, added
excipients, and coating agents, the dosage forms of
various morphology and characteristics can be fabricated.
It is observed from all the work done and the research
54
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Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None.
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