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ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROJECT REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED
OFFSHORE SEA SAND HARVESTING FROM OFF LIKONI TO NORTH OF TIWI IN SOUTH COAST
OF THE INDIAN OCEAN FOR CONSTRUCTION OF THE PORT REITZ CARGO TERMINAL OF THE
MOMBASA – NAIROBI STANDARD GAUGE RAILWAY PROJECT
PROPONENT/CONTRACTOR
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT
P. O. BOX 18251-00500 NAIROBI
Plot 330/265, Hatheru Road-Lavington
Tel: 020-3877955/3870956
Fax: 020-3870334
Email: [email protected]
Websitehttp://www.crbc.com
AWEMAC
AFRICA WASTE AND ENVIRONMENT
MANAGEMENT CENTRE
TOP PLAZA 4th FLOOR, OFFICE SUITE NO. 8
KINDARUMA ROAD, OFF NGONG ROAD, KILIMANI
P.O. Box 14365-00100, GPO,-NAIROBI.
Tel: 020-2012408/0704333166
Email: [email protected]
MARCH 2015
CRBC (K)/S1/SH1/R41
Environmental Impact Assessment Project Report
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROJECT REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED
OFFSHORE SEA SAND HARVESTING FROM OFF LIKONI TO NORTH OF TIWI IN SOUTH COAST
OF THE INDIAN OCEAN FOR CONSTRUCTION OF THE PORT REITZ CARGO TERMINAL OF THE
MOMBASA – NAIROBI STANDARD GAUGE RAILWAY PROJECT
SUBMISSION OF DOCUMENTATION
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT
I, Prof. Jacob K. Kibwage on behalf of Africa Waste and Environment Management Centre
(AWEMAC) submit the following Environmental and Social Impact Assessment project report
for the proposed Offshore Sea Sand Harvesting from Likoni through Waa Tiwi in South Coast
of the Indian Ocean for Construction of the Port Reitz Cargo Terminal of the Mombasa –
Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway Project. To my knowledge, all information contained in this
report is an accurate and truthful presentation of all findings as relating to the proposed
project as per the project description provided by the proponent.
Signed in NAIROBI on this........... day of March 2015
Signature:…..…………………………………………………..
Designation: Lead Environmental Consultant. NEMA Firm Reg. No. 0527
PROJECT PROPONENT
I, ….........................…...................................on behalf of China Road and Bridge Corporation (Kenya),
submit this Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project report for the proposed
Offshore Sea Sand Harvesting from Likoni through Waa to Tiwi in South Coast of the Indian
Ocean for Construction of the Port Reitz Cargo Terminal of the Mombasa – Nairobi Standard
Gauge Railway Project. To my knowledge, all information contained in this report is an
accurate and truthful presentation of all project description as provided by us and findings as
relating to the proposed project.
Signed in NAIROBI on this........... day of…………………….2015
Signature: ...........................................
Designation: ……………………………………………………………………………….
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ACRONYMS
AWEMAC
SH
EIA
EMCA
EMP
KM2
KWS
NEC
NEAP
NEMA
NGOs
NPEP
PAPs
PPE
SGR
TOR
GOK
WRMA
TANATHI
CPP
OSHA
MPA
NMK
Africa Waste and Environment Management Centre
Sand Harvesting
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Management Coordination Act
Environmental Management Plan
Kilometres square
Kenya Wildlife Services
National Environment Council
National Environment Action Plan
National Environment Management Authority
Non Governmental Organizations
National Poverty Eradication Plan
Project affected persons
Personal Protective Equipment
Standard Gauge Railway
Terms of Reference
Government of Kenya
Water Resource Management Authority
Tana Athi
Consultation and Public Participation
Occupational Safety and Health Act
Marine Protected Area
National Museums of Kenya
NWCPC
National Water Conservation & Pipeline Corporation
OSRAT
Oil Spill Response Action Team
SEC
South Equatorial Current
SLP
Sea Level Pressure
SH
Stakeholders
TDS
Total Dissolved Solids
TSS
Total Suspended Solids
TOR
Terms of Reference
TGS
Total Ground Slot
UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme
WWF
World Wildlife Fund
MARPOL
International Convention for Prevention of Marine Pollution
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LIST OF PLANNING AND PARTICIPATING EXPERTS
NAME
QUALIFICATIONS
Prof Jacob K. Kibwage
(Lead Expert, Reg. No. 0126)
Dr Johnson U. Kitheka
(Lead Expert, Reg. No. 2434)
PhD in Environmental Studies
Dr. Lewis Sitoki
(Lead Expert, Reg. No. 6446)
PhD in Natural Sciences (Hydrobiology)
Dr. Bernard Kaaria
(Lead Expert, Reg. No. 0079 )
MSc in Environmental Impact Assessment &
PhD Arts in Hotel Management and Tourism
Mr. Dominic M. Munyao
(Lead Expert Reg. No. 2203)
Davis W. Kilonzo
(Associate Expert, Reg. No. 2140)
B. Sc. Environmental Science
Ms. Abida K. Buoro
Associate Expert
(Associate Expert, Reg. No. 2967)
Mr. Clifford Mouti Siocha
(Associate Expert, Reg. No. 8173)
Ms. Mary Ngatia
(Associate Expert, Reg. No. 6779)
Mr. John Aywa
(Associate Expert, Reg. No. 2414)
Mr. George Bagwasi
(Associate Expert, Reg. No. 6016)
B. Sc. Biology
NAME
Ms. Grace Moraa
Ms. Rachael Maithya
Mr. Amos Musyoki
PhD in Hydrology and Water Resources
B. Sc. Environmental Studies Planning and
Management
B. Sc. Environmental Science
B. Sc. Environmental Science
B Sc. Environmental Science with IT
B Sc. Environmental Science with IT
SUPPORTING STAFF
QUALIFICATION
EIA Certificate &
MA Project Planning and Management
Bachelor of Environmental Conservation and Resource
Management
Bachelor of Environmental Studies
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS.................................................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF PLANNING AND PARTICIPATING EXPERTS ...................................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................. v
LIST OF PICTURES ................................................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................... ix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................................ x
Introduction........................................................................................................................................... x
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background and Rationale for an Environmental Impact Assessment ........................ 1
1.2 Scope, Objective and Criteria of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) ......... 3
1.3 Terms of Reference (TOR) for the EIA Process .................................................................. 3
1.4 Data Collection Procedures .................................................................................................... 4
1.5 EIA Organization and Structure ............................................................................................ 5
1.6 Reporting and Documentation .............................................................................................. 5
1.7 Responsibilities and Undertaking ......................................................................................... 5
1.8 Methodology Outline ............................................................................................................... 5
1.9 Environmental Screening ....................................................................................................... 6
1.10
Environmental Scoping ....................................................................................................... 6
1.11
Desktop Study........................................................................................................................ 6
1.12
Site Assessment..................................................................................................................... 7
1.12.1 EIA Public Participation ......................................................................................................... 7
1.12.2 Reporting ............................................................................................................................... 7
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION.................................................................................................................. 8
2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 8
2.2. Sand Harvesting Activities and Equipment to be Used .................................................... 8
2.3. Haulage of sand after harvesting......................................................................................... 10
2.4. Adherence to National Sand Harvesting Guidelines: ...................................................... 10
2.5.1
Seabed sand harvesting ...................................................................................................... 10
2.5.2
Hours for harvesting and transportation of sand .................................................................. 11
2.5. Project Budget ......................................................................................................................... 11
3. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE STUDY AREA ................................................................... 12
3.1 Location of proposed sea sand harvesting activity ......................................................... 12
3.2 Climatic Conditions ................................................................................................................ 13
3.3 Vegetation ................................................................................................................................ 13
3.4 Hydrography ............................................................................................................................ 14
3.5 Geology and Soils .................................................................................................................... 15
3.6 Oceanography .......................................................................................................................... 16
3.6.1
Coastal Currents .................................................................................................................. 16
3.6.2
Tides ...................................................................................................................................... 16
3.6.3
Sea Temperature and Salinity .......................................................................................... 16
3.6.4. Fluxes of chemical substances and chemical properties ........................................... 17
3.6.5
Fluxes of cohesive sediments and physical properties .............................................. 18
3.7 Coastal Ecosystems ................................................................................................................ 18
3.7.1
Geomorphology ................................................................................................................... 19
3.7.2
Biology................................................................................................................................... 19
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3.7.3
Sensitivity to oil spill ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.8 Sandy Beaches and Dunes .................................................................................................... 19
3.8.1
Geomorphology ................................................................................................................... 19
3.8.2
Biology................................................................................................................................... 19
3.8.3
Sensitivity to oil spill ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.9 Corals reefs and reef flats ..................................................................................................... 20
3.9.1
Geomorphology ................................................................................................................... 20
3.9.2
Biology................................................................................................................................... 20
3.10
Marine protected areas ..................................................................................................... 20
3.10.1 Endangered species found along the Kenyan Coast include: ..... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
3.10.2 Migratory and Other Coastal Birds ................................................................................. 23
3.11.1
Coastal Tourism .......................................................................................................... 26
4. RELEVANT LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ............................................. 28
4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 28
4.2. KENYA’S ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION...................................................................... 28
4.3. National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) Environmental Laws ........ 28
4.3.1. The Constitution of Kenya ................................................................................................... 28
4.3.2. Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (EMCA) ............................................... 28
4.3.3. The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003 .............................. 30
4.3.4. The National Oceans and Fisheries Policy (2008) ............................................................... 30
4.3.5. The Regional Development Authorities Policy (2007) .......................................................... 31
4.3.7. The ICZM Action Plan (2010–2014) .................................................................................... 31
4.3.8. Water Quality Regulations ................................................................................................... 31
4.3.9. Waste Management Regulations ......................................................................................... 32
4.3.10. Controlled Substances Regulations, 2007 (Legal Notice No.73 of 2007) ............................ 32
4.3.11. The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (Conservation Of Biodiversity
Diversity and Resources, Access To Genetic Resources And Benefit Sharing) Regulations, 2006.... 33
4.3.12. Draft Air Quality Regulations, 2008 ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3.13. Air Quality Regulations, 2008 .............................................................................................. 34
4.3.14. Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution Control Regulations, 2009 ................................... 34
4.3.15. Wetlands, River Banks, Lake Shores and Sea Shore Management Regulation, 2009 ........ 35
4.3.16. Prevention of pollution in coastal Zone and other segments of the environment) regulation,
2003
35
4.3.17. The Kenya Maritime Authority Act (2006) ............................................................................ 35
4.3.18. The Fisheries (Beach Management Unit) Regulations (2006) ............................................. 36
4.3.19. The Marine Zones Act No. 6 of 1989 ................................................................................... 36
4.3.20. The Coast Development Authority Act ................................................................................. 36
4.3.21. The Fisheries Act Cap 378 .................................................................................................. 36
4.3.22. The Wildlife (Management and Conservation) Act............................................................... 37
4.3.23. The Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007 ................................................................... 37
4.3.24. Public Health Act 1986 Revision .......................................................................................... 37
4.3.25. The Water Act, 2002 ............................................................................................................ 38
4.3.26. Government Lands Act, Cap. 280 (revised 1984) .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3.27. Trust Lands Act Cap. 288 of 1962 (revised 1970) ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3.28. Land Adjudication Act, Cap. 284 of 1968 (revised 1977) ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3.29. Physical Planning Act (Cap 286) ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3.30. Registered Lands Act, Cap 300 of 1963 ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
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4.3.31. Employment Act No 11 of 2007 ........................................................................................... 39
4.3.32. Labour Institutions Act No. 12 of 2007 ................................................................................. 40
4.3.33. Traffic Act Cap 403 .............................................................................................................. 40
4.3.34. Penal Code Cap 63 ............................................................................................................. 40
4.4. International Legal Framework .......................................................................................... 40
4.4.1. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) ............................................ 40
4.4.2. Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and
Other Matter (1972) ............................................................................................................................ 41
4.4.3. Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 (“CBD Convention”) ............................................ 41
4.4.4. The UNEP’s Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from
Land-based Activities (GPA) is also an important global programme ................................................. 41
4.4.5. The 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) and Johannesburg Plan of
Implementation (JPOI) ........................................................................................................................ 42
4.4.6. The UNEPs’ Regional Seas Programme ............................................................................. 42
4.5. Regional Agreements ............................................................................................................. 42
4.5.1. The Nairobi Convention ....................................................................................................... 42
4.5.2. The African Union’s 2050 Africa’s Integrated Maritime (AIM) Strategy ................................ 43
4.5.3. Regional Economic Integration Agreements (REIAs) .......................................................... 43
4.5.4. Regional Economic Integration Agreements (REIAs) .......................................................... 43
5.0 CONSULTATIONS AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ........................................................... 46
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 46
5.2 Objectives of the Consultation and Public Participation................................................ 46
5.3 Methodology used in the CPP .............................................................................................. 46
5.4 Background .............................................................................................................................. 48
5.5 Issues Raised............................................................................................................................ 49
5.5.1
Positive Issues ..................................................................................................................... 49
5.5.2
Negative Issues ................................................................................................................... 50
5.5.3
Recommendations and way forward .................................................................................... 50
6.0 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSED IMPACTS ................................................................. 51
6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 51
6.2.1
Negative Project impacts during Operation phase ..................................................... 51
6.3 Positive Project impacts during Operation phase ........................................................... 60
6.3.1
Creation of employment opportunities ................................................................................. 60
6.4 Decommissioning phase impacts ........................................................................................ 62
6.4.1
Negative Environmental Impacts ......................................................................................... 62
6.4.2
Positive Environmental Impacts of Decommissioning Phase............................................... 63
7. MITIGATION MEASURES AND MONITORING PROGRAMMES ................................................. 64
7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 64
7.2 Mitigation Measures during the Project Cycle ................................................................. 64
7.2.1
Disruption of fishing activities............................................................................................... 64
7.2.2
Disposal of waste soil and mud ........................................................................................... 64
7.2.3
Suspended sediment effects on sessile and slow-moving invertebrates ............................. 65
7.2.4
Suspended sediment effects on fish .................................................................................... 65
7.2.5
Suspended sediment effects on ichthyoplanktic stages ....................................................... 66
7.2.6
Suspended sediment effects on phytoplankton productivity and other aquatic plants ........ 66
7.2.7
Oil spill effects on mangroves and seabirds due to coating ................................................. 66
7.2.8
Oil spill affects on marine life and habitats ........................................................................... 67
7.2.9
Modification of sea bed sediment load ................................................................................. 67
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7.2.10 Loss of bottom habitat, marine life, fisheries and fishery food sources resources ............... 67
7.2.11 Accidents and Occupational risks ........................................................................................ 69
7.2.12 Increased vessel traffic and traffic management .................................................................. 69
7.2.13 Risks of Accidents and Injuries to Workers .......................................................................... 69
7.2.14 Solid waste generation ........................................................................................................ 70
7.2.15 Exhaust emission................................................................................................................. 70
7.2.16 Increased energy use .......................................................................................................... 70
7.2.17 Loss of livelihood and economic ruin ................................................................................... 70
7.2.18 Water Quality ....................................................................................................................... 71
8. ANALYSIS OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES .................................................................................. 76
8.1 No Project Option ................................................................................................................... 76
8.2 The Proposed Development Option ................................................................................... 76
8.3 Relocation Option ................................................................................................................... 77
9. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT/MONITORING PLAN .................................................... 80
9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 80
9.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan .......................................................................................... 86
9.2 Monitoring Requirements .................................................................................................... 87
9.3 Monitoring Responsibilities ................................................................................................. 87
10. CONCLUSION AND RECCOMMENDATION ............................................................................ 88
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LIST OF PICTURES
Plate 1: Lead Consultant and representatives of key government organizations on site visit to proposed sea
sand harvesting site ....................................................................................................................................... 7
Plate 2: Image showing vegetation inland along Tiwi area .......................................................................... 14
Plate 3: Lead Consultant addressing Attendants of the Public Meeting held at the Kaskazi Beach Hotel,
Diani, Kwale County .................................................................................................................................... 47
Plate4: Attendants at meeting expressing their views and concerns ........................................................... 48
Plate 5: Lead consultant giving presentation at key stakeholder consultative meeting held KMA ............... 49
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Proposed sea sand harvesting site ................................................................................................ xii
Figure 2: An example of trailer suction hopper used for sea sand harvesting ............................................... 9
Figure3: Location of the proposed site for sand harvesting area ................................................................. 12
Figure 4: Marine Protected Areas in Kenya. ................................................................................................ 21
Figure 5: Turtle nesting areas ...................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 6: Important Bird Areas and wader bird sites (Source: KMFRI Database) ........................................ 24
Figure 7: Distribution of hotels along the coast. (Source: KMFRI Database) ............................................... 27
Figure 8: The EMCA, 1999 Institutional Framework .................................................................................... 30
Figure 9: Image showing alternative site for sea sand harvesting outside the marine park ......................... 55
Figure10: Ecological effects of sand dredging (from Dankers, 2002). ......................................................... 57
Figure 11: Image showing previously selected site for sand harvesting ...................................................... 77
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Proposed project area .................................................................................................................... xii
Table 2: Main Technical Standards for the Railway Project ........................................................................... 2
Table 6: common fish species along Tiwi and Waa area ............................................................................. 25
Table 7: Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Measures .............................................................................. 72
Table 8: Environmental Management/Monitoring Plan ................................................................................ 81
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
The construction of the Standard Gauge Railway Project is one of Kenya’s Vision 2030
flagship projects that will play an important role in strengthening cooperation among EAC
member states and promote regional economic development. It is an important measure
for improving Kenyan transportation network, and an important means to save resources
and protect the environment. The project covers the proposed main line of MombasaNairobi Standard Gauge Railway from the Container Terminal and Marshalling Yard at Port
Reitz to the to the Nairobi Embakasi marshalling station, as well as the Mombasa Port
demurrage line. Generally, the proposed new Line is within the existing Mombasa-Nairobi
transport corridor or parallel to the existing corridor.
The on-going SGR project will have the main railway Container Terminal and Marshaling
Yard at Port Reitz, adjoining the on-going KPA Terminal II (JICA Project). Part of this
facility, will be built on dry land and another 5.4ha to be claimed from the sea at Port Reitz.
NEMA has already approved the SGR project from this point to Nairobi. Below is the brief
description of the proposed development activities in the Indian Ocean that will support
the SGR project. This project is set at a Vision 2030 National Government priority project
that must be completed by 2017. The project is being implemented by the Ministry of
Transport and Infrastructure through Kenya Railways Corporation (KRC). The contractor is
China Road and Bridges Corporation (CRBC), a company owed by Government of China.
The proponent has consequently proposed to undertake sea sand harvesting in a strip 0.4 – 1.0 km offshore Indian Ocean from Likoni through Waa to Tiwi Area, mainly Matuga
Location, Kwale County and partly in Mombasa County. This will be done in the Indian
Ocean to get materials for the proposed Standard Gauge Railway Station/ terminal at Port
Reitz Beach. The proposed sand-harvesting site defined by the following coordinates
longitudes and latitudes:




Point 1. 4°7' 8.71" S, 39°40' 17.33" E,
Point 2.4°7' 21.43" S, 39°40' 42.96" E,
Point3.4°14' 52.41" S, 39°36' 27.63" E,
Point 4. 4°14' 52.75" S, 39°36' 58.04" E
The proposed sand-harvesting site is located offshore South Coast from Likoni through
Waa to Tiwi in the South Coast of the Ocean (Figure 1) and has an estimated depth of
between19 – 50 meters. The vessels to be used in the above activity are 1 suction barge
(SI HANG CAI SHA 1) and two new belt-conveyer barges, which are arriving in the country
in June 2015. The proposed area is from off Likoni through Waa to north of Tiwi as per the
Coordinates and Map attached (figure 1). The sand will be sucked from deep sea by 2 sand
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pumps, which are equipped in the suction dredger and be shifted to either the hopper of
suction barge or belt-conveyer barges through the 600mm diameter steel sand pipe. After
fully loaded, the sand will be transported from the sand harvesting area through the KPA
area to the construction site at Port Reitz to be offloaded for reclamation work of Railway
Container Terminal and Marshaling Yard. The sand harvesting activity is expected to take
place about 6 months starting March 2015. An estimated total of 800,000M 3 of sand is
required for the construction of the Port Reitz Railway Container Terminal and Marshaling
Yard.
Tiwi and Waa are small settlements and beach resort areas on the Indian Ocean coast of
Kenya. They are located 17km and 13km respectively south of Mombasa, in Matuga
constituency, Kwale County. Matuga Constituency is an electoral constituency in Kenya. It is
one of three constituencies in Kwale County. Kwale County is situated in the coastal part of
Kenya, occupying an area of 8,960 km2with an estimated population of 649,931 persons,
122,047 Households (KNBS Census 2009). The Population density is 79 persons per square
kilometre. Unfortunately 74.9% of the population lives below the poverty line. Kwale
County borders Taita Taveta County to the West, Kilifi County to the North West, Mombasa
County and the Indian Ocean to the East and Republic of Tanzania to the South. Kwale
County comprises Kwale (Matuga and Kubo), Msambweni (Msambweni, Diani and
Lungalunga) and Kinango (Kinango, Samburu, Kasemeni and Ndavaya) sub-counties.
This area is characterized by shallow water near shore, with some
underwater sandbars near the surface, which allow wading with a clear view of the sandy
bottom. Inland from the beach, there is extensive vegetation including numerous palm
trees, which cover the coastal areas, unlike the dry acacia trees of the mountainous Kenyan
Highlands. The general area is known for its coral reefs, black-and-white colobus monkeys,
and for the closely located Shimba Hills National Reserve, a wildlife reserve which looks out
over the Indian Ocean.
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Figure 1: Proposed sea sand harvesting site
Table 1: Proposed project area
No
1
2
3
4
No
1
2
5
6
Latitude
4°11' 50.61" S
4°11' 55.74" S
4°14' 52.41" S
4°14' 52.75" S
Latitude
4°11' 50.61" S
4°11' 55.74" S
4°7' 21.43" S
4°7' 8.71" S
Longitude
39°37' 23.83" E
39°37' 48.16" E
39°36' 27.63" E
39°36' 58.04" E
Longitude
39°37' 23.83" E
39°37' 48.16" E
39°40' 42.96" E
39°40' 17.33" E
Sand harvesting refers to the actual process of removal of sand from a place of occurrence.
The increase in demand for sand for construction purposes has placed immense pressure
on the environment where these resources occur. Miners employ different methods of
extraction along beaches and ocean beds. Using the Environmental Impact Assessment
Guidelines and NEMA National Sand Harvesting guidelines, a host of environmental aspects
were identified along the Indian Ocean along Tiwi and Waa areas.
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For thousands of years, sand has been used in the construction of roads and buildings.
Today, demand for sand continues to increase. Mining operators, in conjunction with
relevant resource agencies, must work to ensure that sand harvesting is conducted in a
responsible manner.
The Kenya government policy on all new projects requires that an Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) be carried out at the project-planning phase in order to ensure that
significant impacts on the environment are considered as a component of the preliminary
stage of the Project Cycle.
This report presents in broad terms the key environmental and social issues that are
anticipated to arise from the proposed sand harvesting and waste soil dumping project.
Environmental Impact Assessment is a tool for environmental Planning and has been
identified as a key component in new project implementation. The EIA conducted
conformed to the requirements of the National Environment Management Authority
(NEMA) as stated in The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) 1999
and stipulated in the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003
Legal Notice No. 101.
Scope Objective and Criteria of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
AWEMAC, a NEMA registered and licensed Firm of Experts in Environmental Impact
Assessment and Auditing was appointed as a Consultant to conduct the Environmental
Impact Assessment of the Proposed sea sand harvesting activities in the Indian Ocean for
construction of the Port Reitz cargo terminal for the Mombasa – Nairobi Standard Gauge
Railway Project, Jacob Kibwage the Lead Expert, other Associate experts and professional
experts carried out the EIA exercise.
The identified site where sand harvesting will be conducted lays in a strip 0.4 – 1.0 km
offshore in the Indian Ocean between Tiwi and Waa Area, Kwale County. The depth of the
ocean along this strip ranges between 19 – 50 meters deep. The project will enhance the
existing use of the Indian Ocean and complement the other uses in the area creating extra
income for the country by improving transport infrastructure. Therefore, a look at the
appropriateness of the project in connection with the availability of sand reveals that the
project is viable. The output of this work was an Environmental Impact Assessment project
report for the purposes of applying for an EIA license for the proposed Sand Harvesting
activity in the Indian Ocean.
Objective
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Project Report is to achieve the following
objectives:
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1. Describe the nature of ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics
before, during and after the proposed activities.
2. Describe the nature of the plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor.
3. Provide information on the fluxes of various chemical substances and physical
properties within the proposed site.
4. To identify and assess potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed
project
5. To identify all potential significant adverse environmental and social impacts of the
proposed project and recommend measures for mitigation measures
6. To verify compliance with the environmental regulation and the National Sand
Harvesting guidelines
7. To generate baseline data for monitoring and evaluation of how well the mitigation
measures will be implemented during sand harvesting activity and dumping cycle
8. To recommend cost effective measures to be implemented to mitigate against the
expected impacts.
9. To prepare an EIA report compliant to the Environmental Management and
Coordination Act (1999) and detailing findings and recommendations.
10. To provide guidelines to stakeholders participating in the mitigation of adverse
environmental impacts of the project
The consultant on behalf of the proponent conducted the EIA exercise by incorporating but
not limited to the following Terms of Reference (TOR):
i.
The proposed location of the project
ii. A concise description of the national environmental legislative and regulatory
framework, baseline information, and any other relevant information related to the
project.
iii. The objectives of the project.
iv.
The technology, procedures and processes to be used, in the implementation of the
project.
v.
A description of the potentially affected environment.
vi.
The environmental effects of the project including the social and cultural effects and
the direct, indirect, cumulative, irreversible, short-term and long-term effects
anticipated.
vii.
Analysis of alternatives including project site and technologies.
viii.
An environmental management plan proposing the measures for eliminating,
minimizing or mitigating adverse impacts on the environment, including the cost,
timeframe and responsibility to implement the measures.
ix.
Such other matters as the Authority may require.
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Methodology outline
The identified site where sand harvesting will be conducted lies in a strip 0.4 – 1.0 km
offshore in the Indian Ocean along Tiwi to Waa Area, Matuga Location, Kwale County. The
depth of the ocean along this strip ranges between 19 – 50 meters deep. Therefore a look
at the appropriateness of the project in connection with the availability of sand reveals that
the project is viable. An environmental project report would be seen to be adequate. The
general steps followed during the assessment were as follows:
 Environment screening, in which the project was identified as among those
requiring environmental impact assessment under schedule 2 of EMCA, 1999
 Environmental scoping that provided the key environmental issues
 Desktop studies and interviews
 Physical inspection of the site and surrounding areas
 EIA Public participation by the use of questionnaires
 Reporting.
Environmental screening
This step was applied to determine whether an environmental impact assessment was
required and what level of assessment was necessary. This was done in reference to
requirements of the EMCA, 1999, and specifically the second schedule. Issues considered
included the physical location, sensitive issues, and nature of anticipated impacts.
Environmental scoping
The scoping process helped narrow down onto the most critical issues requiring attention
during the assessment. Environmental issues were categorized into physical,
natural/ecological and social, economic and cultural aspects.
Desktop study
The consultant reviewed the necessary documents relating to the project have an
understanding and background information regarding the sand harvesting and dumping
project. In line with the review the relevant policies, regulations and relevant legal
documents were analyzed.
Site assessment and public participation
The consultant carried out field visits on 21stJanuary, 2015. The consultant also carried out
public consultations in order to disseminate and inform the stakeholders about the project
with Special reference to its key components and location, gather comments, suggestions
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and concerns of the interested parties. This process enabled the establishment of a
communication channel between the general public, the team of consultants, project
proponents, the Government Lead agencies and other key stakeholders and ensured the
concerns of the stakeholders were known to the decision-making bodies at an early phase
of project.
Reporting
In addition to constant briefing of the client, this Environmental Impact Assessment project
report was prepared and the report was submitted to NEMA as required by law.
Project Impacts
Below is a summary of potential impacts that may arise from project activities:
Positive Impacts
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Provision of raw material for the construction of the Mombasa to Nairobi Standard
Gauge, Port Reitz Cargo Terminal.
Job Opportunities for both skilled and unskilled Labourers
Expansion of national and regional economies
Improvement of railway infrastructure
Expansion of the port
Rapid movement of cargo and passengers
Negative Impacts
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
There will be loss of bottom habitat, marine life, fisheries and fishery food sources
Possible interference with normal Port operations such as ships docking and ferries
plying passengers along the Likoni Channel
Turbidity of water column as a result of release of sediments during sand harvesting
and offshore dumping. This would obstruct visibility thereby temporarily impairing
activities of fishers
There will be temporary and intermittent disturbance of hotel operations that use
the area as tourist attraction site for fishing and diving activities
Risks of Accidents and Injuries to Workers and marine vessel collisions
Physical disturbance and destruction of benthic habitat
Modification to diversity and assemblage structure in benthic communities
(including demersal fish)
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viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
Alteration of biogeochemical processes in the water column and on the seafloor
Downstream sediment plumes potentially affecting water column organisms and
productivity and seabed fauna
Surface noise and light affecting marine life and seabirds
Any semi-permanent structures may act as artificial reefs
Modification of the natural wave and current regime through removal or addition
of substrate
Modification of the coastal sand budget and shore mobility
Risks associated with increased infrastructure, e.g. oil spills or processing vessels
Conclusion
It is quite evident from this study that the proposed sand harvesting in the Indian Ocean
along Tiwi to Waa area in Kwale County will bring positive and negative effects in the
project areas. The inhabitants of surrounding area are composed of fishers, farmers,
private residents and hoteliers. The public participation undertaken sufficiently
established the fact that the Standard Gauge Railway project was a welcome project as it
would bring immense benefits not only to local communities but the entire country
however; several concerns were raised as well. The contractor is committed to conducting
of excavation of sand in an area where sand deposits are ample and most importantly
where the environmental impacts will be at a minimal. The sand harvesting will be done by
use of mechanical dredging machines mounted on a ship; the dredger will extract the sand
from the Indian Ocean at a depth of 19- 50m and pile it onto other waiting ships that will be
used to transport it to the Port Reitz terminal reclamation site. The sand will then be used
to reclaim part of the ocean for the construction of the Standard Gauge Railway Terminal at
Port Reitz. Mechanized scooping of sand should be done under very special controlled
circumstances. There is a general agreement not to over harvest sand and also to avoid
destruction of marine habitats, the contractor will therefore strictly follow the set
standards and adhere to the National Sand Harvesting Guidelines.
The EIA report has captured the potential impacts of the sand harvesting and dumping
activities and spelt out possible mitigation measures. The EMP developed during the EIA of
the project should be operationalized strictly. The EIA is an opportunity to benchmark and
set standards for further improvements.
The sand harvesting operations will be run professionally and with due regard to the
environment. An environmental licence should therefore be granted with the assurance of
good practice.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Rationale for an Environmental Impact Assessment
The construction of the Standard Gauge Railway Project is one of Kenya’s Vision 2030
flagship projects that will play an important role in strengthening cooperation among EAC
member states and promote regional economic development. It is an important measure
for improving Kenyan transportation network, and an important means to save resources
and protect the environment.
The on-going SGR project will have the main railway Container Terminal and Marshaling
Yard at Port Reitz, adjoining the on-going KPA Terminal II (JICA Project). Part of this
facility, will be built on dry land and another 5.4ha to be claimed from the sea at Port Reitz.
NEMA has already approved the SGR project from this point to Nairobi. Below is the brief
description of the proposed development activity in the Indian Ocean that will support the
SGR project. This project is set at a Vision 2030 National Government priority project that
must be completed by 2017. The project is being implemented by the Ministry of Transport
and Infrastructure through Kenya Railways Corporation (KRC). The contractor is China
Road and Bridges Corporation (CRBC), a company owned by Government of China.
The proponent has consequently proposed to undertake sea sand harvesting in a strip 0.4 –
1.0 km offshore Indian Ocean from Likono through Waa to Tiwi Area, mainly in Matuga
Location, Kwale County and partly in Mombasa County. This will be done in the Indian
Ocean to get materials for the proposed Standard Gauge Railway Station/ terminal at Port
Reitz Beach. The proposed sand-harvesting site defined by the following coordinates
longitudes and latitudes




Point 1. 4°7' 8.71" S, 39°40' 17.33" E,
Point 2.4°7' 21.43" S, 39°40' 42.96" E,
Point 3.4°14' 52.41" S, 39°36' 27.63" E,
Point 4. 4°14' 52.75" S, 39°36' 58.04" E
The site is located offshore South East of Tiwi and Waa in the Indian Ocean (Figure 1). The
proposed sand harvesting site lies at a general elevation of zero (0) m above sea level and
has an estimated depth of between19 – 50 meters.
The vessels to be used in the above activity are 1 suction barge (SI HANG CAI SHA 1) and
two new belt-conveyer barges, which are arriving in the country in June 2015. The
proposed area is from off Likoni through Waa to north of Tiwi as per the Coordinates and
Map attached (figure 1). The sand will be sucked from deep sea by 2 sand pumps which are
equipped in the suction dredger and be shifted to either the hopper of suction barge or
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belt-conveyer barges through the 600mm diameter steel sand pipe. After fully loaded, the
sand will be transported from the sand harvesting area through the KPA area to the
construction site at Port Reitz to be offloaded for reclamation work of Railway Container
Terminal and Marshaling Yard. The sand harvesting activity is expected to take place about
6 months starting March 2015. An estimated total of 800,000M3 of sand is required for the
construction of the Port Reitz Railway Container Terminal and Marshaling Yard.
The main technical standards for proposed railway are as summarized in table 1below.
S/N
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Table 2: Main Technical Standards for the Railway Project
Items
Standards
Chinese Railway Design Standard
Design standard
(CRDS)
Gauge
1435mm(standard gauge)
Number of main lines
Single track railway
Limiting gradient
12‰ (15‰ in difficult section)
Minimum radius of curve
1200m(800m in difficult sections)
Axle weight
25t
Load specification
Double stacked container
Freight vehicle
DF8B
Maximum speed of freight vehicle
80kM/h
Maximum speed of passenger car
120kM/h
Passenger car
DF4D
Type of traction
Diesel traction
Tractive tonnage
4000t
Effective length of arrival-departure
880m
track
Sand is an important mineral for our society in protecting the environment, buffer against
strong tidal waves and storm, habitat for crustacean species and marine organisms, used
for making concrete, filling roads, building sites, brick making, making glass, sandpaper,
reclamation, and in our tourism industry in beach attractions. The practice of sand and soil
mining is becoming an environmental issue as the demand for sand increases in industry
and construction. Mining and its associated activities can be responsible for considerable
environmental damage.
Sand harvesting refers to the actual process of removal of sand from a place of occurrence.
The increase in demand for sand and gravel for construction purposes has placed immense
pressure on the environment where these resources occur. With the adoption of vision
2030, Kenya’s development blue print, the country is set to experience renewed growth in
all its sectors. More so in the construction sector in which most of the sand harvested finds
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its way to. Needless to say, this will have to take place in a manner that takes due regard to
sound environmental management if sustainable development is to be realized.
For thousands of years, sand has been used in the construction of roads and buildings.
Today, demand for sand continues to increase with new uses coming up which include
construction of ports and reclamation of land from the sea. Mining operators, in
conjunction with relevant resource agencies, must work together to ensure that sand
mining is conducted in a responsible manner.
As environmental concerns now need to be part of the planning and development process
and not an afterthought, it is therefore advisable to avoid resource use conflicts with the
surrounding area. To avoid unnecessary conflicts that retard development in the country,
the proponent undertook this EIA project report and incorporated environmental concerns
as advised by the Authority. Finally, a comprehensive Environmental Management is
mandatory for a project of this magnitude and nature.
1.2 Scope, Objective and Criteria of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
The Kenya Government policy on all new projects, programmes or activities requires that
an environmental impact assessment be carried out at the planning stages of the proposed
undertaking to ensure that significant impacts on the environment are taken into
consideration during the planning, site preparation, operation and decommissioning of the
sand harvesting project. The scope of this Environmental Impact Assessment, therefore,
covered:






The baseline environmental conditions of the area,
Description of the proposed project as provided by the proponent,
Provisions of the relevant environmental laws,
Identification and discussion of any adverse impacts to the environment
anticipated from the proposed project,
Appropriate mitigation measures,
Provision of an environmental management plan outline.
1.3 Terms of Reference (TOR) for the EIA Process
AWEMAC, a NEMA registered and licensed Firm of Experts in Environmental Impact
Assessment and Auditing were appointed as the Consulting firm to conduct the
Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposed sea sand harvesting activities in Indian
Ocean for the Mombasa – Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway Port Reitz terminal. The output
of this work was an Environmental Impact Assessment project report for the purposes of
applying for an EIA license.
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The Environmental Impact Assessment exercise included the necessary specialist studies
to determine the environmental impacts relating to the biophysical and socio-economic
aspects and to determine the issues or concerns from the relevant authorities and
interested and/or affected parties. The appropriate measures to ensure co-existence of the
proposed development with other social and economic activities in the area are provided
as part of Environmental Management Action Plan.
The main objective of the assignment was to assist the proponent prepare an EIA report
for the proposed activity to ensure the sand harvesting process takes into consideration
appropriate measures to mitigate any adverse impacts to the environment. The EIA
identified existing and potential environmental impacts and possible concerns that
interested and/or affected parties have with the project, as well as the associated
prevention and mitigation measures for the negative impacts as stipulated in the
environmental Management Plan (EMP) proposed. The consultant on behalf of the
proponent conducted the EIA by incorporating but not limited to the following terms of
reference:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
The proposed location of the project
A concise description of the national environmental legislative and regulatory
framework, baseline information, and any other relevant information related to the
project.
The objectives of the project.
The products, by-products and waste to be generated by the project.
A description of the potentially affected environment.
The environmental effects of the project including the social and cultural effects and
the direct, indirect, cumulative, irreversible, short-term and long-term effects
anticipated.
Analysis of alternatives including project site, design and technologies.
An environmental management plan proposing the measures for eliminating,
minimizing or mitigating adverse impacts on the environment, including the cost,
timeframe and responsibility to implement the measures.
Provide an action plan for the prevention and management of the foreseeable
accidents and hazardous activities in the cause of carrying out development
activities.
Such other matters as the Authority may require.
1.4 Data Collection Procedures
First, the Consultant undertook environmental screening and scoping to avoid
unnecessary data. The data collection was carried out through questionnaires/standard
interview schedules, use of checklists, observations and photography, site visits,
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desktop environmental studies and scientific tests, where necessary in the manner
specified in Part V (section 31-41) of the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit)
Regulations, 2003.
1.5 EIA Organization and Structure
The EIA was carried out to full completion within a period of twenty one (21) days from
the date of undertaking. The Consultant coordinated the day-to-day functions and any
related institutional support matters. Otherwise, all formal communications were
directed to NEMA through the proponent, concerning the proposed sand-harvesting
project.
1.6 Reporting and Documentation
The Environmental Impacts Assessment Project Report from the findings was compiled
in accordance with the guidelines issued by NEMA for such works and was prepared
and submitted by the proponent for consideration and approval. The Consultant
ensured constant briefing of the client during the exercise.
1.7 Responsibilities and Undertaking
The Consultant undertook to meet all logistical costs relating to the assignment,
including those of production of the report and any other relevant material. The
consultant arranged for own transport and travels during the exercise. On the site of the
proposed Sand harvesting project, the experts met the local leaders and the other
stakeholders to provide information required by the Consultant.
The output from the consultants includes the following:


An Environmental Impact Assessment report comprising of an executive
summary, study approach, baseline conditions, anticipated impacts and
proposed mitigation measures,
An Environmental Management Plan outlines which also forms part of the report
recommendations.
1.8 Methodology Outline
The identified site where sand harvesting will be conducted lies in a strip 0.4 – 1.0 km
offshore in the Indian Ocean along Tiwi to Waa Area, Kwale County. The depth of the ocean
along this strip ranges between 19 – 50 meters deep. The proposed sand-harvesting site
defined by the following coordinates longitudes and latitudes:
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



Point 1. 4°7' 8.71" S, 39°40' 17.33" E,
Point 2.4°7' 21.43" S, 39°40' 42.96" E,
Point 3.4°14' 52.41" S, 39°36' 27.63" E,
Point 4. 4°14' 52.75" S, 39°36' 58.04" E
The site is located offshore South East of Tiwi and Waa in the Indian Ocean. The general
steps followed during the assessment were as follows:






Environment screening, in which the project was identified as among those
requiring environmental impact assessment under schedule 2 of EMCA, 1999
Environmental scoping that provided the key environmental issues
Desktop studies and interviews
Physical inspection of the site and surrounding areas
EIA Public participation by the use of questionnaires and public meetings
Reporting.
1.9 Environmental Screening
This step was applied to determine whether an environmental impact assessment was
required and what level of assessment was necessary. This was done in reference to
requirements of the EMCA, 1999, and specifically the second schedule. Issues
considered included the physical location, sensitive issues and nature of anticipated
impacts.
1.10
Environmental Scoping
The Scoping process helped narrow down onto the most critical issues requiring
attention during the assessment. Environmental issues were categorized into physical,
natural/ecological and social, economic and cultural aspects.
1.11
Desktop Study
This included documentary review on the nature of the proposed activities, project
documents, designs policy and legislative framework as well as the environmental
setting of the area among others. It also included discussions with CRBC managers and
surveyor as well as interviews with the Key stakeholders Government Lead agencies
and local neighbouring community.
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1.12
Site Assessment
Field visits were meant for physical inspections of the site characteristics and the
environmental status of the surrounding areas to determine the anticipated impacts.
Plate 1: Lead Consultant and representatives of key government organizations on site
visit to proposed sea sand harvesting site
1.12.1 EIA Public Participation
To ensure adequate public participation in the EIA process, the consultant carried out
field participatory visits on 14th, 16thNovember, 2014 and 21st January 2015, in order to
disseminate and inform the stakeholders about the project with special reference to its
key components and location, gather comments, suggestions and concerns of the
interested parties. This process enabled the establishment of a communication channel
between the general public, the team of consultants, project proponents and the
Government Lead agencies and the concerns of the key stakeholders be known to the
decision-making bodies at an early phase of project.
1.12.2 Reporting
In addition to constant briefing of the client, this environmental impact assessment
project report was prepared. The contents were presented for submission to NEMA as
required by law.
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2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1. Introduction
The proposed project involves sea sand harvesting in a strip 0.4 – 1.0 km offshore Indian
Ocean from Likoni through Waa to Tiwi Area, mainly in Kwale County and some small part
in Mombasa County around Likoni Area.. This will be done in the Indian Ocean to get
materials for the proposed Standard Gauge Railway Station/ terminal at Port Reitz Beach.
The proposed sand harvesting site defined by the following coordinates longitudes and
latitudes:Point 1. 4°7' 8.71" S, 39°40' 17.33" E,
Point 2.4°7' 21.43" S, 39°40' 42.96" E,
Point 3.4°14' 52.41" S, 39°36' 27.63" E,
Point 4. 4°14' 52.75" S, 39°36' 58.04" E
The proposed sand harvesting site has an estimated depth of between19 – 50 meters.
Diani-Chale National Marine Reserve is located about 4Km south of the proposed dredging
zone. The 4km with create a buffer zone to avoid negative effects to Diani Tourist Activities.
2.2. Sand Harvesting Activities and Equipment to be used
The sand harvesting activities will broadly mimic other sand harvesting operations without
necessarily replicating operations due to site specific peculiarities. The excavation of sand
will take place at the predetermined site where the required quantities can be obtained at
the required depth. Sand harvesting will be done by use of a dredger (Figure 3) that will
scoop sand from the bottom of the ocean at a depth of 19m – 50m. Once scooped, the sand
will be sieved of any ocean water and any other unwanted materials and piled onto waiting
ships that will transport it to Port Reitz Terminal construction site. This will be done using
the contractor’s specialized machines. The excavation shall not extend beyond designated
areas or into ecologically sensitive areas to avoid negative environmental impacts.
The vessels to be used in the above activity are 1 suction barge (SI HANG CAI SHA 1) and
two new belt-conveyer barges, which are arriving in the country in June 2015. The
proposed area is from Likoni through Waa to Tiwi as per the Coordinates and Map attached
(figure 1). The sand will be sucked from deep sea by 2 sand pumps, which are equipped in
the suction dredger and be shifted to either the hopper of suction barge or belt-conveyer
barges through the 600mm diameter steel sand pipe. After fully loaded, the sand will be
transported from the sand harvesting area through the KPA area to the construction site at
Port Reitz to be offloaded for reclamation work of Railway Container Terminal and
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Marshaling Yard. The sand harvesting activity is expected to take place about 6 months
starting March 2015. An estimated total of 800,000M3 of sand is required for the
construction of the Port Reitz Railway Container Terminal and Marshaling Yard.
Figure 2: An example of trailer suction hopper used for sea sand harvesting
The most commonly used vessel for sand extraction is the trailer suction hopper. Trailer
suction hoppers have varying carrying capacities, ranging from less than 1000 m3 to more
than 7000 m3 (Figure 3): An example of trailer suction hopper. The suction pipes are on
both sides of the vessel (PIA S.Z., 2004). The vessel lifts material from the seabed via
suction pipes (either 1 or 2) directed backwards, into the hopper while the vessel is in
motion. The top layer of the sediment is removed, tracks sized 1-2 m broad and 20-50 cm
deep is left on the seabed (Wijsman & Anderson, 2004). Sediment and water will be lifted
on board. The water and some (fine) sand will overflow during filling. Once the material is
on board, most vessels can screen on board for the desired composition of grain size and
aggregates. Unwanted sediment fractions will be rejected from the vessel. Often large
plumes of increased turbidity in the vicinity of the vessel are created, when the hoppers
overflow or when screening is being carried out.
With static suction hoppers, a suction pipe facing forward lifts material on board while the
vessel is static. The extraction leaves conical shaped pits, which range between 20 to 75
metres wide. This method of extraction is commonly used when the aggregates targeted
are deep and/or spatially limited, or when the targeted aggregate is located under or is
embedded with unsuitable material (for e.g. fine sediment, organic matter). The maximum
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dredging depth for both dredgers is usually around 30 metres (Wijsman & Anderson,
2004).
During the extraction process, plumes of suspended material are created. Due to the
mechanical disturbance at the seabed, materials arise. Plumes created by the drag head are
referred to as bottom plumes. However, bottom plumes are often not as widespread as the
plumes created from the outwash of material from spillways on the vessel hopper, also
referred to as surface plumes. Another source of surface plumes is on board screening of
the incoming material, where unwanted sediment fractions are rejected (Boyd & Rees,
2003). Depending on national regulations and local circumstances different strategies in
dredging can be applied. Variations can be made in the dimensions of the extraction area,
as well as in the number of dredging pits.
Moreover, different methods for dredging can be applied. Each strategy will have its own
effects.
2.3. Haulage of sand after harvesting
The harvested sand will be hauled primarily by new belt-conveyer barges ships designed to
transport sand to the reclamation site at Port Reitz, Mombasa County. The loading
operation will be mechanized.
2.4. Adherence to National Sand Harvesting Guidelines:
The CBRC managers, local authorities, Lead Government agencies and other stakeholders
involved are aware of the need to conduct activities within the confines of the law and
operate fully as per the National Sand Harvesting Guidelines of 2007. The guidelines
stipulate that require EIAs /EAs for sand harvesting activities among other requirements
be met before commencement of any activities. The following is an excerpt of the
guidelines that are of more immediate relevance to the project but it is recommended that
all stakeholders obtain and acquaint there members with the complete document.
2.5.1 Seabed sand harvesting

Sand harvesting from the seabed shall be undertaken in a way that ensures that
sensitive ecological systems are not destroyed.

Sand harvesting will not be allowed on any beach.

Loading of sand will be done in the designated harvesting sites through controlled
access points.
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
No sand harvesting shall take place within the reef, marine parks or any physical
infrastructure including bridges and port or any other sensitive installations and
ecological sites.
2.5.2 Hours for harvesting and transportation of sand
The sand harvesting and transportation will be conducted 24 hours every day due to the
tight time constraints of the Nairobi Mombasa Standard Gage Railway project plan.
2.5. Project Budget
The total estimated project cost is approximately Twenty million Kenyan Shillings only
(Kshs. 20,000,000/=)
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3. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE STUDY AREA
3.1 Location of proposed sea sand harvesting activity
The proponent has consequently proposed to undertake sea sand harvesting in a strip 0.4 –
1.0 km offshore Tiwi and Waa Area, Kwale County. This will be done in the Indian Ocean to
get materials for a proposed Standard Gauge Railway Station/ terminal at Port Reitz Beach.
The proposed sand-harvesting site defined by the following coordinates longitudes and
latitudes:Point 1
Point 2
Point 3
Point 4
4°7' 8.71" S, 39°40' 17.33" E
4°7' 21.43" S, 39°40' 42.96" E
4°14' 52.41" S, 39°36' 27.63" E
4°14' 52.75" S, 39°36' 58.04" E
Figure3: Location of the proposed site for sand harvesting area
Data source: Google earth images
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3.2 Climatic Conditions
The climate in Kwale County and that of the proposed project site is generally associated to
the regional climatic patterns attributed to the semiannual movement of the inter-tropical
convergence zone (ITCZ) as well as the two monsoons experienced in the area, namely, the
northeastern monsoon (kazkaz) in January to March and the southeastern monsoon in
June October. The dominant rainy season occurs in the March to June period while the
short rains are in November to December. The average annual rainfall is approximately
1000 mm (NES, 1985). The long rains season amounts to over 155 days of rain in 6 out of
10 years, while for the short rains amounts to about 40-55 days. The wettest area in the
region is around Ramisi, with the climate becoming drier to the west and north.
The average annual temperature in the area is usually above 280C (NES, 1985). The
months of January and February are the direst with a maximum average temperature of
330C. The coldest month is usually July with a minimum of 230C. The area is generally hot
and humid all the year round with an average humidity at noon of about 65% due to a high
evaporation rate.
3.3 Vegetation
Inland from the Tiwi and Waa beach, there is extensive vegetation (Plate 1) including
numerous palm trees, which cover the coastal areas. Kwale County has a total of 35,345 ha
of gazetted forest estates which includes 2,125 ha of gazetted Kaya forests. The total area
covered by forests in the region is about 7%, which is equivalent to 54,544 ha (GoK, 2011).
Out of this total, 35,043 ha. is gazetted forest cover while 19,500ha are not gazetted. The
key types of forests in the area can be classified as follows:
i.
Tropical Rain Forest
Only remnants of this forest exist and cover about 29,000 ha. Most of the Shimba Hills
Plateau, Mrima and Dzombo Hills and Buda, Muhaka and Gongoni fall under this type.
ii.
Planted Forest
These are mainly exotic species which covers about 1000 ha of which 90% is soft wood and
only 10% is indigenous. The indigenous species common in the project area include
Vangueria apiculata, Ficus sycomorus, Caesalpinia decapetala, Maytenus senegalensis, Rhus
vulgaris, Manilkara mochisia, Balanite seagyptica, Acacia xanthophloea, Grewiabicolour,
Vangueria infausta, Garcinia livingstonei, Acacia tortilis, ,Plectranthu sbarbatus, Pappea
capensis, Premna resinosa, Zanthoxylum chalybeum, Vangueria apiculata, Cordia Container
Terminal and Marshalling Yard at Port Reitz to the africana, Acacia brevispica among
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others. The indigenous species provide a range of benefits to the locals such as fuel wood,
timber, poles, posts, vitos, fodder, shade, soil conservation, nitrogen fixing, fruits, charcoal
among others.
Plate 2: Image showing vegetation inland along Tiwi area
3.4 Hydrography
The coastal waters off Likoni–Diani experiences semi-diurnal tide with two periods of high
and low waters after every 24 hour period. The spring tidal range is of the order of 3 m
while the neap tidal range is of the order 1 m. The water circulation is mainly driven by the
tidal currents whose speed can reach 1ms-1 during spring tide. However, in most areas,
tidal currents range between 0.10 and 0.8 ms-1 with the strongest flows occurring during
spring tides. The major ocean current system in the area is the East African Coastal Current
(EACC) that flows northward throughout the year. The current is formed south of Tanzania
marine waters off Comorian Archipelago. The currents attains speeds of up to 1ms-1 with
the maximum speeds being experienced during the South East Monsoon, when the
prevailing South Easterly wind tends to reinforce the north flowing current. During the
north east monsoon, the strength of the current reduces due to the interaction with the
Somali current further north in the north Kenya Banks.
The area is located within the continental shelf slope and is therefore related deep with the
water depths ranging from about 20m near the shore to 100m in offshore water. The
water depths within coral reef depths are much smaller ranging between 5 to 10m. The sea
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level in the area is rising at a rate of 3 mmyr-1. There is evidence of shoreline erosion at the
beaches located in Likoni-Tiwi-Diani Beach area. The waves within the area show
significantly variability depending on the season of the year and ocean dynamics within the
Indian Ocean basin. The waves are usually large mainly of the order of 1 to 2 m.
occasionally, very large waves are experienced during stormy conditions in the Western
Indian Ocean basin, but these are usually less than 5m high. Waves within the continental
slope are usually relatively smaller as compared to those occurring within the coral reef
lagoon during high tide as a result of the amplification of the amplitude as waves
approaches the shallow waters of the lagoons. Relatively large are experienced during the
South West monsoon in the period between June and September. Other periods are
relatively calm with small waves.
The salinity of waters in the area do not significant seasonal variability due to lack of
significant input of freshwater and evaporation. The salinity is usually of the order 3435‰. Within the lagoon the coral reef salinities are as usually 34-35‰. The major river
systems in the area is the seasonal Tiwi River that emanates from Kwale Hills. The river
brings in terrigenous sediments in the Tiwi coastal zone during rainy seasons.
3.5 Geology and Soils
The geology in Kwale County is dominated by rocks of sedimentary origin except in the
western side where the basement rock exists just like in the rest of the coast region of
Kenya. The underlying rocks in the sedimentary system are dominated by three geologic
zones, namely a) Duruma Sandstone Series, b) Tertiary Sediments, and c) Quaterrnary
sediments (NES, 1985).
The Duruma Sandstone Series consist of grits, sandstones and shales whereby the
sandstones are at the top and the grits at the bottom of the succession while finer
sandstones and shales are sandwiched in the middle. The Tertiary Sediments are made of
sands and gravels which have a thickness of about 130m. The Quaternary Sediments are
mostly composed the coral reef made of coral limestone and lagoonal deposits made of
calcerous sands and quartz sands. According to NES (1985), the soils in Kwale County vary
according to topography and geology of the area.
In the coastal plains, corals, sand, clay, loam and alluvial deposits are found. The soils in the
foot plateau consists of deep permeable loamy soils suitable for agriculture while the
sandstone and grit on the coastal range yield fairly good fertile soil well suited for
cultivation as is evident in the Shimba Hills. Towards the ocean, the soils are poorly drained,
very deep, excessively saline, and olive to greenish gray, loam to clay and often with
sulphuric material (NES, 1985).
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3.6 Oceanography
3.6.1 Coastal Currents
There are four oceanic currents affecting the Kenyan coast. These are the South Equatorial
Current, the East African Coastal Current, the Equatorial Counter Current and the Somali
Current. The westward moving South Equatorial Current divides into two branches once it
reaches the African coast at Cape Delgado. It gives off the Mozambique Current which flows
southwards, and the East African Coastal Current which flows north-east- wards, parallel to
the coast. The East African Coastal Current flows north- wards all the year round at least as
far as Malindi. During the Southeast Monsoon it continues beyond Malindi northwards,
joins with the Somali Current and continues right to the Horn of Africa During the
Northeast Monsoon (November to March), however, the northward extent of the East
African Coastal Current is more restricted. At this time it meets and joins the southward
flowing Somali Current (which changes direction under the influence of the monsoon) with
this convergence taking place anywhere between Malindi and north of Lamu, depending on
the strength of the monsoon in any particular year. The two streams then turn eastward
and flow offshore as the Equatorial Counter Current.
3.6.2 Tides
Kenyan coastal waters are characterized by semi-diurnal tides approximately two tidal
cycles for every 24 hour period. Except for limited periods in the year, however, the levels
of high and low water of each successive tide differ appreciably from the corresponding
tide before and the tide following. The tides can therefore be designated as mixed semidiurnal tides. Spring tidal variations (Brakel, 1982) in Eastern Africa can be up to 4.0 m,
with average variations within the 2.5-3 m interval.The reference port for tidal
observations in Kenya is Kilindini (Port of Mombasa) where the maximum tidal range does
not usually exceed 3.8 m. Tidal range for Malindi is 2.0 m for neap tide and 2.9 m for spring
tide. There is a lag in the tidal state which increases with distance north along the Kenyan
coast. Malindi is normally 5 minutes after Kilindini while Lamu is about 40 minutes behind.
Deviations from the predictions in tide tables are influenced by barometric pressure,
onshore winds and oceanic swell. However, the lowest tides occur persistently during the
Northeast Monsoon since they combine with the prevailing winds to drive water offshore.
3.6.3 Sea Temperature and Salinity
Sea surface temperature and salinity also vary with the monsoon season. The highest
temperatures of 28-29°C occur following the Northeast Monsoon in the months of March
and April -The lowest sea surface temperature occurs in August and September with a
minimum of 24°C.During the Southeast Monsoon the shifting of ocean currents brings
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Pacific Ocean water of high salinity into the South Equatorial Current while during the
Northeast Monsoon the South Equatorial Current draws water of- low salinity from the
Malay Archipelago. These changes in turn result in changing salinities of the East African
Coastal Current waters. A further influence on salinity is the incidence of rainfall, especially
the heavy rains of March to May when the discharges from all major river systems as well
as all the more minor seasonal ones are at the maximum. As can be expected, offshore
waters are influenced mainly by the oceanic currents and surface water salinities in
Kenyan coastal waters vary from a minimum of 34.5 to a maximum of 35.4. The influence of
the river outflow is contained mostly in inshore areas by the prevailing wind conditions
and much wider variations in salinity do occur at the local level.
3.6.4. Fluxes of chemical substances and chemical properties
The fluxes of chemical substances within the study area are controlled by the tidal currents
and the East African Coastal Current. The important chemicals will be the contaminants
and nutrients bound in the dredged sediments. These will be released as sand is dredged
and pumped from the bottom of the sea. The rate of release will vary depending on how the
sea bottom will be dredged and how sand pumped into the barges and the filtered water is
pumped back into the sea. Where sand will be pumped directly from the bottom water
columns and filtered water is also released at the bottom water column, the effects will be
less significant as to when the filtered water is released at the surface of the sea.
The nutrients and contaminants will be released from the sediments during dredging
operations and subsequently once the filtered water is released back to the sea. The release
from the later has a potential of being accelerated due to turbulence created during the
dredging operations. The released chemicals will subsequently be entrained within the
north flowing East African Coastal Ocean current system. This has potential of transporting
the contaminants northward from the dredging sites. Subsequently, this has potential of
affecting the marine ecosystems located northward of Diani-Waa areas. The semi-diurnal
tidal currents have also the potential of transporting the chemicals into the shallow
continental shelf lagoons and tidal creek systems including the Diani-Chale Marine Reserve.
Thus, within the vicinity of the dredging site (Diani-Waa-Likoni zone), the concentrations
of nutrients and other chemical pollutants will be relatively high. The concentrations will
progressively reduce as the contaminants are transported northward and into the tidal
creek systems. There is no data and on the expected concentrations to determine the rate
of decline as the contaminants are transported northward.
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3.6.5 Fluxes of cohesive sediments and physical properties
The dredging of the sand at the proposed site will increase the concentration of the total
suspended sediments in the area. The turbidity plume composed of fine sediments will be
transported northward by the East African Coastal Current system. There will however be
a progressive decline in the concentrations of the total suspended sediments as the plume
moves northward.
The smothering of the corals within the coral reef ecosystem situated between Diani and
Likoni is not expected to be an issue of major concern because most of fine sediments will
be entrained into the East African Coastal Current and transported northward.
Furthermore, it is expected the concentrations of fine sediments will be low because of
rapid sedimentation within the zones that will be dredged.
The removal of sand however has the potential of altering the sediment budget of beaches
situated within Diani-Waa-Likoni Area. The consequence will be accelerated erosion of
beaches. This will compound stress associated with climate change. The loss of sand supply
to beaches also has the potential of spoiling the sandy nature of the beaches located in the
Diani-Likoni-Waa area. This due to accelerated erosion of sand from the beaches to balance
that, which had been dredged in the area. This will interfere with the recreational and
touristic value of the beaches found in this area.
The turbidity plume is normally characterized by low transparency and hence low light
penetration into the deeper water column. This has the potential of interfering with the
marine productivity. This would be more significant in the area within the dredging site.
There will however be progressive improvement in transparency as the fine sediments are
deposited as they are transported northwards. The turbid water transported by the semidiurnal tides will directly impact the coral reefs in the Diani-Waa area, although the impact
is expected to be short-lived.
The dredging of sand in the area is also expected to alter the bathymetry of the area by
deepening of the zone due to accelerated erosion of the sea bottom. The expected changes
in water depths are however small due to low volume of sand that will be dredged.
Therefore, it is not expected that the coastal water circulation dynamics will change
significantly as a result of dredging of sand in the area.
3.7 Coastal Ecosystems
Terrestrial, inter-tidal and sub-tidal ecosystems usually forms an interdependent
continuum, but can often be divided into easy recognizable zones or habitats dominated
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and even physically structured by a few keystone species (mangrove forests, sea grass beds)
or classes (corals).
3.7.1 Geomorphology
Much of the Kenyan cost is formed by low, about 4 - 6 m high limestone Coral cliffs. These
are fossilized coral reefs build during Pleistocene more than 100,000 years ago. They are
exposed by the current sea level and are now eroded by the force of the waves resulting in
an irregular and rugged appearance. The wide reef flats usually found in front of the cliffs
can be regarded as these fossil reefs "leveled off" by the wave actions in combination with
the current reef building activity. Usually the cliffs make up the middle and upper part of
the intertidal zone, and with a reef flat or sandy beach below.
3.7.2 Biology
Rocks in the upper part of intertidal zone have a sparse biological activity with mostly
unicellular algae and a fauna of chitons and limpets and some amphibian crustaceans. Sub
tidal rocks and manmade hard surface structures as piers and wharfs may develop a richer
flora and fauna resembling the conditions found on reefs
3.8 Sandy Beaches and Dunes
3.8.1 Geomorphology
The area is characterized by gentle to steep sandy beaches with protection from a reef. The
beach is often backed by one or a series of wind-blown sand dunes. The sand may be of
terrestrial origin and supplied by the larger rivers (Tana, Sabaki). This type of beach is
found around Sabaki River mouth, and from Ngomeni through Ungwana Bay to Lamu
Island. Gently sloping beaches sheltered behind a fringing reef are common along the coast
south of Ungwana Bay. The sand is often white calcareous sand of marine origin (coral
sand). Diani Beach and Watamu Beach are typical examples.
3.8.2 Biology
Species diversity on sandy beaches is usually low. On the higher parts of the beach, above
the high water line, only a few burrowing crabs and amphipods are usually found. The
density and diversity of crabs, bivalves, polychaetes and other marine invertebrates
increases in the intertidal, but remain low compared to most other habitats. Stranded
debris in this zone may attract a variety of foraging waders and other birds. In protected
beaches the lower intertidal zone will usually be covered with sea grass which also covers
most back reef lagoons. In exposed beaches the waves prevent sea grass growth in the
upper subtidal zone and the sand remains low in biological value. Sandy beaches may serve
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as nesting sites for marine turtles. Green turtles, hawksbill and the rare olive ridley all
nests on Kenyan beaches. While green turtles are found nesting on suitable beaches all
along the coast, hawksbill is found in Kiunga, Malindi, Watamu, and Funzi, and olive ridley
only along beaches near Malindi, Watamu and Mombasa.
3.9 Corals reefs and reef flats
3.9.1 Geomorphology
The wide reef flats seen in front of the cliffs can be regarded as the fossil reefs "leveled off"
by the wave actions in combination with the current active reef growth at the reef crest and
at the outer slope facing the ocean. This structure is found more or less continuously from
Malindi southwards to Chale Island. Sometimes sandy beaches replace the cliff, and
sometimes the continuity is interrupted and the reef flat is degraded - usually at the outlet
from creeks or small rivers. The width of the reef flat can be more than 2 km. South of Chale
and to the Tanzanian border, the coastline is more degraded and the reef is discontinuous
and broken into islands and patch reefs. The distance to the coast (and hence to terrestrial
sources of silt and pollution) makes some of these reef - Kisite Island and others - the best
and most diverse in Kenya. On the other hand, the Sabaki and especially the Tana River
plume reduce or prevent coral growth within a greater area.
3.9.2 Biology
Coral reef communities in Kenya are found from about mean sea level to a depth of 20-25
m. Coral reefs are among the most diverse ecosystems in the sea. With corals as the
keystone species, the rich diversity includes almost all other groups of marine flora and
fauna as macroalgae, fish, molluscs, crustaceans etc. The extent, size, and diversity of the
coral reef communities decrease northwards along the Kenyan coast due to discharge of
sediments from the large rivers and to influence from the Somali current. Corals are slow
growing organisms and very slow colonizers. The Kenyan reefs have not yet recovered
from the damage they suffered from the increased temperature during the El Niño event in
1998.The reef flats are usually a mixture of hard and soft substrate and typically with a
distinct back reef lagoon close to shore. Most of the reef flat is intertidal and with only few
corals. Instead, there is a dense mixed vegetation of sea grass on the soft sediment and
seaweed on the hard substrate. The high abundance of fish and invertebrates is an
important source of food and income for the local communities.
3.10 Marine protected areas and resources
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been established under the Wildlife Act. There are
currently nine gazetted marine reserves and parks, which are managed by the Kenya
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Wildlife Service. The MPAs act to protect coral reefs and by association, any sea grass or
other habitats. Marine Parks are no-take zones, while Marine Reserves are restricted to
traditional fishing methods. In addition, there are initial proposals to extend the Kiunga
Marine Reserve down towards Dodori Creek in the Lamu estuary, and another proposed
reserve area in Ungwana Bay, to cover the coral reefs and part of the IBA described above.
Important among the designated marine protected area that are in close proximity to the
proposed sand harvesting site include the Diani Chale Marine Park and Reserve. The
protected area was gazetted in 1995 and stretches from Tiwi Estuary in the north to Chale
Island in the south. This marine park was established to safeguard its delicate coral reef,
excellent coral gardens, and fish species. It incorporates a range of marine activities,
including traditional dhow fishing trips, snorkeling, sailing, other non-motorized
watersports, as well as glass-bottom boat viewing. The contractor will not be conducting
any sand harvesting activities within this marine park or any other protected areas.
Figure 4: Marine Protected Areas in Kenya.
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Marine Turtles: All of the five species of marine turtles found along the East African Coast
are also found in Kenya. Three of them nest on Kenyan beaches: Green turtles, hawksbill
and more rarely the olive ridley. Hunting of turtles is illegal in Kenya, and the biggest threat
is poaching and unintended by catch by trawlers. Beaches are important habitats for sea
turtles, which lay their eggs in the upper beaches. As shown below, there are many
stretches of beaches in Kenya (Figure 1) and turtle nesting sites are reported throughout
the coast. Turtles are threatened by direct harvesting/ fishing, trapping as by-catch in
various fishing gear and, of relevance to the present strategy, by the destruction of their
foraging and nesting grounds due to poor shoreline management.
Source: KMFRI Database
Figure 5: Turtle nesting areas
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Dugongs: The dugong is one of the most endangered species along the African coast and is
almost extinct in Kenya. It is on the IUCN Red List of Vulnerable species. It is occasionally
sighted or caught in fishing net. Most observations are from the southern coast close to the
Tanzanian border and from the Lamu district, but there is no pattern in the observation
indicating a stable and viable population. Dugongs feed solely on some of the smaller
seagrass species, which are usually found close to the mangrove forest, or on the outer reef
slope. The dugongs are not limited by available food but by hunting and unintended by
catch.
3.10.1 Migratory and Other Coastal Birds
Coastal birds concentrate usually on intertidal areas. Especially mudflats, but also estuaries,
reef flats, and beach cast of sea grass debris may attract waders and gulls. Terns are often
attracted to shallow or turbulent waters. The Kenyan coast does not host any globally
threatened species but e.g. the Mida Creek area, and the Kiunga reserve host’s important
numbers of crab-plovers, and roseate tern nests on several of the smaller islands. The coast
hosts a number of Palearctic immigrant waders during the Palearctic winter between
September and March.
Among the 1,100 bird species recorded in Kenya, 41% are found along the coast.
Shorebirds are coastal resident or migratory water birds and waders and depend on the
coastal areas for their survival. Key habitats are mudflats, tidal creeks and mangroves,
estuaries, saltpans and rocky cliffs. Several areas have been designated as Important Bird
Areas, while other specific locations for waders have also been identified as shown in
Figure. Most of the IBAs fall under Marine Reserves or Parks and are thus accorded
protection (e.g. Kiunga, Watamu Park/Reserve, Malindi Park, Kisite&Mpunguti); however,
other areas such as Ungwana Bay and Sabaki Estuary IBA are not formally protected. The
major threat to the bird species in Kenya is the degradation and loss of these habitats, due
to conversion, changing land-use practices and pollution.
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Figure 6: Important Bird Areas and wader bird sites (Source: KMFRI Database)
3.11 Fishing and socio economic characteristics
The principle economic activity at the coast is tourism, contributing 45% of income to
coastal populations, followed by ports and shipping at 15%. Agricultural industries
comprise 8% of the income, followed by fisheries at 6%. Mining contributes 2% of the
coastal income. Fishing is also a major source of income and proteien (See Table Below)
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Table 6: Common fish species along Tiwi and Waa area
ENGLISH NAME
FAMILY NAME
LOCAL NAMES
1. DEMERSALS
RABBIT FISH
SCAVENGERS
SNAPPERS
PARROT FISH
SURGEON
UNICORN
GRUNTER
POUTER
BLACK SKIN
GOAT FISH
STREAKER
ROCK COD
CAT FISH
MIXED DEMERSALS.
2. PELAGICS
CAVALLA.J.
MULLETS
MACKEREL
BARRACUDA
MILK FISH
KING FISH
QUEEN FISH
SAIL FISH
BONITO/TUNA
DORADO
MIXED PELAGICS
ENGLISH NAME
(Species Name)
Siganidae
Lenthridae
Lutjanidae
Scaridae
Acanthuridae
Nasobrevirosyris
Haemulidae
Cephalopholisargus
Gaterinsordidus
Mulidae
Aprionvirescens
Serranidae
Aridae
Euthynnuspelamis
Mulilidae
Kanaguta
Sphyranidae
Chanidae
Scombridae
Chorinemustol
Istiophoridae
Arangidae
Colyphaenidae
VIDAU/ SONGORO/
FAMILY NAME
KOLE KOLE
MKIZI
UNA
TENGEZI
MWATIKO
NGURU
PANDU
SULISULI
JODARI
FULUSI
MIRAANGE
LOCAL NAMES
3.SHARKS/RAYS
SHARKS/RAYS
SARDINES
MIXED/OTHERS
(Species Name)
Carcharhinidae
Clupeidae
PAPA /TAA/KARWE
DAGAA
4. CRUSTACEANS
LOBSTER
Penulirusspp
PRAWNS
Paenusspp
CRABS
Scyllaridae
5. MOLLUSCS
OYSTERS
SEA-CUCUMBER
Holothuroidae
OCTOPUS
Vugarisspp
SQUIDS
Sepia oligo
Source: County department of fisheries, Kwale County
TAFI
CHANGU
TEMBO
PONO
KANGAJA/KARAZANGA
PUJU
PAMAMBA
CHAA
FUTE/ MAKOE
MKUNDAJI
PALI
TEWA/ KIVUNGWI
FUMI
NGOGO
KAMBA- MAWE
KAMBA - WADOGO
KAA
MACHAZA
JONGOO
PWEZA
NGISI
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3.11.1 Coastal Tourism
The main tourist attractions at the coast are the sandy beaches, marine parks and reserves,
terrestrial game parks and reserves and cultural and historical sites. Tourism related
activities depending on the beach and marine features include curio vendors, beach
traders, boat operators, sport fishing, snorkelling and diving, while secondary activities
include safari tour companies, entertainment spots and other service trades such as salons,
boutiques, etc. Coastal tourism has developed in clusters of beach hotels along the
shoreline. Registered hotels have been mapped in the KenSea Database as shown in Figure
4, however, there are also many other tourist accommodations which are unregistered,
such as the many villas which are registered as private residences but are however rented
out to tourists.
Shoreline uses in Waa are tourism, beach operators, public recreation, fishing and fish
landing sites. There are several hotels, primarily along Tiwi Beach, some of which are
affected by erosion. Small scale fishing is of medium importance, and there is one fish
landing station, the Maphuphuni station in the north. Loss of beach landing sites has
occurred through illegal allocation and due to shoreline erosion. Public access to the
beaches for recreational use is affected by encroachment and the roads are poorly
developed with lack of maintenance. There is one heritage site in the area, the Kaya Waa
Mosque Ruins. This is under threat from surrounding commercial developments and from
erosion.
Shoreline uses in the Tiwi area are tourism, fishing and commerce. The area is
cosmopolitan and is primarily a tourist resort town. There few hotels at Tiwi and along
Diani Beach, some of which are affected by erosion. Small scale fishing is of high
importance along this cell, and there are six fish landing stations along the cell. Beach
Management Units have recently been established at the Mwape and Tiwi stations although
they are yet to be formally registered. Loss of beach landing sites has occurred in this cell
through illegal allocation and due to shoreline erosion.
Public access to the beaches for recreational use is affected by encroachment and the roads
are poorly developed with lack of maintenance. There is one heritage site in the area, the
Kango Mosque Ruins. This is under threat from erosion and its tourism potential is also
reduced due to loss of aesthetic value and old and weak infrastructure.
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Figure 7: Distribution of hotels along the coast. (Source: KMFRI Database)
3.11.2 Ports and shipping
Mombasa Port at Kilindini is the largest sea port in Kenya and also the entire East African
coast. The port is an integral component of the entire country’s economy and hence this
feature is of high importance. The Old Port, located at Tudor Creek in Mombasa is also
important for handling smaller vessels. Other small ports are located at Shimoni, Kilifi,
Mtwapa, Kpini, Vanga-Funzi area, Lamu and Malindi. There are currently plans to expand
the Lamu Port in the Manda Bay area.
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4. RELEVANT LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
4.1. Introduction
This EIA has been prepared to fully comply with environmental legislations and
Procedures as outlined in the various Regulations by National Environment Management
Authority, in Kenya.
4.2. KENYA’S ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
The preparation of this EIA has taken into account the requirements for Environmental
Assessment under Kenyan laws, mainly under Section 58 of the Environmental
Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999. The section also requires project proponents to
obtain an EIA License before the implementation of a project. Some of the relevant laws in
Kenya are:
4.3. National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) Environmental Laws
4.3.1. The Constitution of Kenya
The provisions of Chapter V (Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of The
Individual) shall have effect for the purpose of affording protection to those rights and
freedoms subject to such limitations of that protection as are contained in those provisions,
being limitations designed to ensure that the enjoyment of those rights and freedoms by
any individual does not prejudice the rights and freedoms of others or the public interest.
The constitution protects citizens from deprivation of property. No property of any
description shall be compulsorily taken possession of, and no interest in or right over
property of any description shall be compulsorily acquired, except where it is necessary for
public interest.
4.3.2. Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (EMCA)
The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999, is the legislation that
governs Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies. The proponent carried out an
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as per the second schedule of this act. This
schedule lists the projects required to undergo EIA studies in accordance with section 58
(1-4) of the act.
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The Act provides for the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) whose
objective and purpose is to exercise general supervision and coordination over all matters
relating to the environment and to be the principal instrument of the Government in the
implementation of all policies relating to the environment.
The introduction of Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2003 issued
through Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 56 of 13 June 2003, the submission of
environmental reports became mandatory. According to these regulations no proponent
shall implement a project likely to have a negative environmental impact or for which an
Environmental Impact Assessment has been concluded and approved in accordance with
these regulators.
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE EMCA
Ministry of Environment and Mineral
resources
High Court
National Environment Tribunal
National Environment Council
Public complaints
Committee
Board of Management
National Environmental Management
Authority (NEMA)
Director General
National
Environmental Trust
Fund
National
Environment
Restoration Fund
Standards and
Enforcement Review
Committee
National Environment Action
Plan Committee
Provincial Environment Committee
District Environment Committee
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Figure 8: The EMCA, 1999 Institutional Framework
4.3.3. The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a critical examination of the effects of a project
on the environment. The goal of an EIA is to ensure that decisions on proposed projects and
activities are environmentally sustainable. An EIA is conducted in order to identify impacts
of a project on the environment, predict likely changes on the environment as a result of
the development, evaluate the impacts of the various alternatives on the project and
propose mitigation measures for the significant negative impacts of the project on the
environment.
The EMCA, 1999 requires that during the EIA process a proponent shall in consultation
with the Authority seek views of persons who may be affected by the project or activity
through posters, newspaper, radio and hold at least three public meetings with the affected
parties and communities. The Project proponent pays for the entire EIA process. The fee
payable to NEMA is 0.1% of the project cost.
Environmental Audit (EA) is the systematic documentation, periodic and objective
evaluation of activities and processes of an ongoing project. The goal of EA is to establish if
proponents are complying with environmental requirements and enforcing legislation. The
purpose of EA is to determine the extent to which the activities and programs conform to
the approved environmental management plan. A comprehensive EA ensures a safe and
healthy environment at all stages of project operations and decommissioning.
An initial environmental audit and a control audit are conducted by a qualified and
authorized environmental auditor or environmental inspector who is an expert or a firm of
experts registered by the Authority. In the case of an ongoing project the Authority
requires the proponent to undertake an initial environmental audit study to provide
baseline information upon which subsequent environmental audits shall be based.
Self Audits are carried out after the environmental impact assessment study report has
been approved by the Authority or after the initial audit of an ongoing project. The
proponent shall take all practical measure to ensure the implementation of the
environmental management plan by carrying out a self auditing study on a regular basis.
4.3.4. The National Oceans and Fisheries Policy (2008)
The policy is rooted in the provisions of the Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), the
Maritime Zones Act (1989) Section 5 and the Presidential Proclamation of June 2005. It
affirms Kenya’s sovereignty over the exploration, exploitation, conservation and
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management of ocean resources. It focuses on resource management in territorial waters
and the EEZ. It addresses most aspects of fisheries management and development,
including environmental conservation, regional cooperation, research, surveillance and
monitoring, social responsibility and governance.
4.3.5. The Regional Development Authorities Policy (2007)
This policy calls for equitable socio-economic development through the sustainable use of
natural resources by formulating integrated regional development plans in consultation
with all those involved, closing gaps in regional resource mapping and attracting resourcebased investment that benefit communities. The policy is the framework for streamlining
and strengthening the Coast Development Authority (CDA) and TARDA in coastal zone
development and management.
4.3.6. The ICZM Policy
The policy brings together all those involved in the development, management and use of
the coastal zone within a framework that facilitates the coordination and integration of
activities and decision-making processes.
4.3.7. The ICZM Action Plan (2010–2014)
This is a first for Kenya as it protects fragile ecosystems while pursuing sustainable
development. Its thematic areas are integrated planning and coordination; sustainable
economic development; conservation of coastal and marine environment; environmental
risks and management of shoreline change; capacity building, information and public
participation; and implementation through institutional and legal frameworks.
4.3.8. Water Quality Regulations
Water Quality Regulations apply to water used for domestic, industrial, agricultural, and
recreational purposes; water used for fisheries and wildlife purposes, and water used for
any other purposes. Different standards apply to different modes of usage. These
regulations provide for the protection of lakes, rivers, streams, springs, wells and other
water sources.
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The objective of the regulations is to protect human health and the environment. The
effective enforcement of the water quality regulations will lead to a marked reduction of
water-borne diseases and hence a reduction in the health budget.
The regulations also provide guidelines and standards for the discharge of poisons, toxins,
noxious, radioactive waste or other pollutants into the aquatic environment in line with the
Third Schedule of the regulations. The regulations have standards for discharge of effluent
into the sewer and aquatic environment. While it is the responsibility of the sewerage
service providers to regulate discharges into sewer lines based on the given specifications,
NEMA regulates discharge of all effluent into the aquatic environment.
The regulations provide for the creation of a buffer zone for irrigation schemes of at least
fifty (50) metres in width between the irrigation scheme and the natural water body.
Standards for irrigation water are given in schedule nine of the regulations.
Everyone is required to refrain from any actions, which directly or indirectly cause water
pollution, whether or not the water resource was polluted before the enactment of the
Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) gazetted in 1999. It is an offence
to contravene the provisions of these regulations with a fine not exceeding five hundred
thousand shillings
4.3.9. Waste Management Regulations
The Minister for environment and natural resources gazetted these regulations in
2006.These Regulations may be cited as the Environmental Management and Co-ordination
(Waste Management) Regulations, 2006. Waste Management Regulations are meant to
streamline the handling, transportation and disposal of various types of waste. The aim of
the Waste Management Regulations is to protect human health and the environment.
Currently, different types of waste are dumped haphazardly posing serious environmental
and health concerns. The regulations place emphasis on waste minimization, cleaner
production and segregation of waste at source.
4.3.10.
2007)
Controlled Substances Regulations, 2007 (Legal Notice No.73 of
The Controlled Substances Regulations defines controlled substances and provides
guidance on how to handle them. This regulation mandates NEMA to monitor the activities
of persons handling controlled substances, in consultation with relevant line ministries and
departments, to ensure compliance with the set requirements. Under these regulations,
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NEMA will be publishing a list of controlled substances and the quantities of all controlled
substances imported or exported within a particular. The list will also indicate all persons
holding licenses to import or export controlled substances, with their annual permitted
allocations.
The regulations stipulate that controlled substances must be clearly labeled with among
other words, “Controlled Substance-Not ozone friendly’’) to indicate that the substance or
product is harmful to the ozone layer. Advertisement of such substances must carry the
words, “Warning: Contains chemical materials or substances that deplete or have the
potential to deplete the ozone layer.”
Producers and/or importers of controlled substances are required to include a material
safety data sheet. Persons are prohibited from storing, distributing, transporting or
otherwise handling a controlled substance unless the controlled substance is accompanied
by a material safety data sheet.
Manufacturers, exporters or importers of controlled substances must be licensed by NEMA.
Further, any person wishing to dispose of a controlled substance must be authorized by
NEMA. The licensee should ensure that the controlled substance is disposed of in an
environmentally sound manner. These regulations also apply to any person transporting
such controlled substances through Kenya. Such a person is required to obtain a Prior
Informed Consent (PIC) permit from NEMA.
4.3.11.
The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (Conservation
Of Biodiversity Diversity and Resources, Access To Genetic Resources And
Benefit Sharing) Regulations, 2006
Kenya has a large diversity of ecological zones and habitats including lowland and
mountain forests, wooded and open grasslands, semi-arid scrubland, dry woodlands, and
inland aquatic, and coastal and marine ecosystems. In addition, a total of 467 lake and
wetland habitats are estimated to cover 2.5% of the territory. In order to preserve the
country’s wildlife, about 8% of Kenya’s land area is currently under protection.
Kenya has established numerous goals, as well as general and specific objectives that relate
to these issues, among others: environmental policies and legislations; involvement of
communities; documentation of national biological resources; sustainable management
and conservation of biodiversity; fair and equitable sharing of benefits; technical and
scientific cooperation; biodiversity assessment; dissemination of information; institutional
and community capacity building; and integration of biodiversity concerns into
development planning.
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4.3.12.
Air Quality Regulations, 2008
This regulation is referred to as “The Environmental Management and Coordination (Air
Quality) Regulations, 2008”. The objective is to provide for prevention, control and
abatement of air pollution to ensure clean and healthy ambient air. It provides for the
establishment of emission standards for various sources, including as mobile sources (e.g.
motor vehicles) and stationary sources (e.g. industries) as outlined in the Environmental
Management and Coordination Act, 1999. It also covers any other air pollution source as
may be determined by the Minister in consultation with the Authority. Emission limits for
various areas and facilities have been set. The regulations provide the procedure for
designating controlled areas, and the objectives of air quality management plans for these
areas. The following operations (provided they are not used for disposal of refuse), are
exempt from these regulations:




Back-burning to control or suppress wildfires;
Fire fighting rehearsals or drills conducted by the Fire Service Agencies
Traditional and cultural burning of savanna grasslands;
Burning for purposes of public health protection;
The Proponent shall observe policy and regulatory requirements and implement the
mitigation measures proposed in this document in an effort to comply with the provisions
of these Regulations on abatement of air pollution.
4.3.13.
Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution Control Regulations, 2009
These regulations were published as legal Notice No. 61 being a subsidiary legislation to
the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999. The regulations provide
information on the following:
 Prohibition of excessive noise and vibration
 Provisions relating to noise from certain sources
 Provisions relating to licensing procedures for certain activities with a potential of
emitting excessive noise and/or vibrations and
 Noise and excessive vibrations mapping
According to regulation 3 (1), no person shall make or cause to be made any loud,
unreasonable, unnecessary or unusual noise which annoys, disturbs, injures or endangers
the comfort, repose, health or safety of others and the environment. Regulation 4 prohibits
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any person to (a) make or cause to be made excessive vibrations which annoy, disturb,
injure or endanger the comfort, repose, health or safety of others and the environment; or
(b) cause to be made excessive vibrations which exceed 0.5 centimeters per second beyond
any source property boundary or 30 metres from any moving source. Regulation 5 further
makes it an offence for any person to make, continue or cause to be made or continued any
noise in excess of the noise levels set in the First Schedule to these Regulations, unless such
noise is reasonably necessary to the preservation of life, health, safety or property.
The Proponent shall observe policy and regulatory requirements and implement the
measures proposed in this documenting an effort to comply with the provisions of the
Regulations.
4.3.14.
Wetlands, River Banks, Lake Shores and Sea Shore Management
Regulation, 2009
This Act applies to all wetlands in Kenya whether occurring in private or public land. It
contains provisions for the utilization of wetland resources in a sustainable manner
compatible with the continued presence of wetlands and their hydrological, ecological,
social and economic functions and services.
The project traverses several rivers and streams. The Proponent shall comply with the
provisions of the Act in protecting wetlands, preventing and controlling pollution and
Siltation in rivers.
4.3.15.
Prevention of pollution in coastal Zone and other segments of the
environment) regulation, 2003
This Regulation is referred as the Environmental (Prevention of Pollution in Coastal Zone
and other Segments of the Environment) Regulations. The objective is to provide for
prevention, control and abatement measures of shipping activities to ensure harmful
substances or effluents are not released into the sea or ocean.
The Proponent shall comply with the provisions of the regulation in protecting coastal
environment.
4.3.16.
The Kenya Maritime Authority Act (2006)
The act established the Kenya Maritime Authority, which advises the government on
legislative and other measures for implementing international conventions, protocols and
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agreements. It also safeguards the marine environment from pollution and responds to
marine environment incidents.
4.3.17.
The Fisheries (Beach Management Unit) Regulations (2006)
The regulations support co-management. Beach management units (BMUs) allow fishers to
manage their landing sites and in so doing conserve the biodiversity and livelihood of
coastal communities. Port-Reitz BMU is one of the 33 BMUs situated along the Kenya coast.
4.3.18.
The Marine Zones Act No. 6 of 1989
This act is one of the statutes, which has been enacted by Kenya for application to
territorial waters and the continental self. The Act is meant to provide for the delimitation
of the exclusive economical zone of Kenya. It is also meant to provide for the exploration
conservation and management of the resources of the maritime zones. Section 5 of the Act
provides for Kenya’s sovereignty with respect to the exploration, conservation and
management of the resources in the zone. Section 9(1) (b) specifically mandates the
minister to make regulations for prescribing measures for the protection and preservation
of the marine environment.
4.3.19.
The Coast Development Authority Act
This act was enacted in 1990 with the sole aim of providing for the establishment of an
authority to plan and coordinate the implementation of development projects in the whole
of the Coast province and in the exclusive economic zone. The jurisdiction of the Coast
Development Authority covers any part of the Coast province within Lamu, Mombasa,
Malindi, Kilifi, Tana River, Kwale and TaitaTaveta districts including the southern half of
Garissa district and the exclusive economic zone. The principal function of the Coast
Development Authority is to oversee the implementation of sustainable projects and
development within its areas of jurisdiction. Section 8 (6) of the Act mandates CDA to
develop up to date long range development plans for the area.
4.3.20.
The Fisheries Act Cap 378
The act provides for the development, management, exploitation, utilization and
conservation of fisheries resources in Kenya. Its most relevant provisions that relate to
pollution control from land based sources include part X of the Act which provides for
measures on prevention, protection, and conservation of fishery waters. Kenya’s fishery
waters include also waters of the maritime zones. Regulation 59 of the Act declares Kenya’s
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entire fishery waters pollution prevention zones. Regulation 60 prohibits the discharge of
waste into any of Kenya’s fishery waters.
4.3.21.
The Wildlife (Management and Conservation) Act
This Act was enacted to consolidate and amend the law relating to the protection,
conservation and management of wildlife in Kenya, and for purposes connected therewith
and thereto. Section 9 of the Act states that ‘the Director of Wildlife Conservation shall,
through the officers of the service, control, manage and maintain all national parks’. It also
states that within the National Park, the Director may:
 Reserve or set aside any portion of the park as a breeding place for animals or as
nurseries for vegetation;
 Authorize the construction of such roads, bridges, airfields, buildings and fences, the
provision of such water supplies, and the carrying out of such other works, as may
be necessary for the purposes of the park;
 With the approval of the Minister, let sites for the erection of hotels, or other
accommodation for the visitors to the park Provided that nothing in any document
connected with the letting shall be construed as in any manner abridging the overall
control of the Park by the Service, or as preventing the Director from giving
directions as to the manner in which the premises concerned shall be managed.
4.3.22.
The Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007
This Act applies to all workplaces where any person is at work, whether temporarily or
permanently. The purpose of this Act is to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons
at work, and protect persons other than persons at work against risks to safety and health
arising out of, or in connection with, the activities of persons at work. Some of the areas
addressed here are machinery safety, chemical safety and health, safety and welfare special
provisions are also provided in the ILO conventions on safety and health in construction
recommendation, 1988 R175.
4.3.23.
Public Health Act 1986 Revision
The public Health Act regulates activities detrimental to human Health. An environmental
nuisance is one that causes danger, discomfort or annoyance to the local inhabitants or
which is hazardous to human health. Although the Act is primarily concerned with
domestic water supplies and sources of water used for human consumption, its regime may
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be extended to cover rivers, streams, lakes and underground water resources since these
are the basic water sources for the majority of Kenya’s population.
It also outlines the standards of construction of various facilities of any place. In terms of
air pollution thermal plants are said to emit a variety of gases, volatile organic compounds
and particulate matter depending on the amount and type of fuel used and method used for
burning. It is therefore necessary to monitor the air pollution. The Act prohibits activities
(nuisances) that may be injurious to health. The primary purpose of the Act is to secure and
maintain public health. It defines nuisances on land and premises and empowers public
health authorities to deal with such conditions.
Part IX, section 115, of the Act states that no person/institution shall cause nuisance or
condition liable to be injuries or dangerous to human health. Section 116 requires that
Local Authorities take all lawful, necessary and reasonably practicable measures to
maintain their jurisdiction clean and sanitary to prevent occurrence of nuisance or
condition liable to be injuries or dangerous to human health.
On responsibility of the Local Authorities Part XI, section 129, of the Act states in part “It
shall be the duty of every local authority to take all lawful, necessary and reasonably
practicable measures for preventing any pollution dangerous to health of any supply of
water which the public within its district has a right to use and does use for drinking or
domestic purposes. Section 130 provides for making and imposing regulations by the local
authorities and others the duty of enforcing rules in respect of prohibiting use of water
supply or erection of structures draining filth or noxious matter into water supply as
mentioned in section 129. This provision is supplemented by section 126A that requires
local authorities to develop by laws for controlling and regulating among others private
sewers, communication between drains, power lines, and sewers as well as regulating
sanitary conveniences in connection to buildings, drainage, cesspools, etc. for reception or
disposal of foul matter. Part XII, Section 136, states that all collections of water, sewage,
rubbish, refuse and other fluids which permits or facilitates the breeding or multiplication
of pests shall be deemed nuisances and are liable to be dealt with in the matter provided by
this Act.
4.3.24.
The Water Act, 2002
The water Act, 2002 provides the legal framework for the management, conservation, use
and control of water resources and for the acquisition and regulation of right to use water
in Kenya. It also provides for the regulation and management of water supply and
sewerage services. In general, the Act gives provisions regarding ownership of water,
institutional framework, national water resources, management strategy, requirement for
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permits, state schemes and community projects. Part IV of the Act addresses the issues of
water supply and sewerage. Specifically, section 59 (4) of the Act states that the national
water services strategy shall contain details of:
 Existing water services
 The number and location of persons who are not being provided with basic water
supply and basic sewerage
 Plans for the extension of water services to underserved areas
 The time frame for the plan; and
 An investment programme
4.3.25.
Land Act No. 6 288 of 2012
This Act of Parliament to gives effect to Article 68 of the Constitution, to revise,
consolidate and rationalize land laws; to provide for the sustainable administration and
management of land and land based resources, and for connected purposes
Under Conservation of land based natural resources, the act staes that:
(1) The Commission shall make rules and regulations for the sustainable conservation
of land based natural resources.
(2) Without limiting what the Commission may prescribe under subsection (1),the rules
and regulations may contain—
(a) measures to protect critical ecosystems and habitats;
(b) incentives for communities and individuals to invest in income generating natural
resource conservation programmes;
(c) measures to facilitate the access, use and co-management of forests, water and other
resources by communities who have customary rights to these resources;
(d) procedures for the registration of natural resources in an appropriate register;
(e) procedures on the involvement of stakeholders in the management and utilization of
land-based natural resources; and
(f) measures to ensure benefit sharing to the affected communities
4.3.26.
Employment Act No 11 of 2007
The Act is enacted to consolidate the law relating to trade unions and trade disputes, to
provide for the registration, regulation, management and democratization of trade unions
and employers organizations and federations. Its purpose is to promote sound labour
relations through freedom of association, the encouragement of effective collective
bargaining and promotion of orderly and expeditious dispute the protection and promotion
of settlement conducive to social justice and economic development for connected
purposes. This Act is important since it provides for employer – employee relationship that
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is important for the activities that would promote management of the environment within
the energy sector.
4.3.27.
Labour Institutions Act No. 12 of 2007
The purpose of the Act is to establish labour institutions and to provide for their function,
powers and duties. The Act provides for the establishment of National Labour Board, which
provides advice to the Minister on all matters concerning employment and labour.
4.3.28.
Traffic Act Cap 403
This Act specifies that motor vehicles use proper fuel. The Traffic regulations promulgated
under the Act specifies that every vehicle is required to be so constructed, maintained and
used so as not to emit any smoke or visible vapour.
4.3.29.
Penal Code Cap 63
Section 191 of the penal code states that if any person or institution that voluntarily
corrupts or foils water from public springs or reservoirs, rendering it less fit for its
ordinary use is guilty of an offence. Section 192 of the same act says a person who makes or
vitiates the atmosphere in any place to make it noxious to health of persons/institution,
dwelling or business premises in the neighbourhood or those passing along public way,
commit an offence.
4.4.
International Legal Framework
4.4.1. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Part XII (Articles 192 to 237) of the UNCLOS is devoted to “Protection and Preservation of
the Marine Environment” and the states are obligated to ‘protect and preserve the marine
environment and take measures that are necessary to prevent, reduce and control
pollution of the marine environment’. Article 207 of UNCLOS deals with “Pollution from
Land-based Sources”, and provides that ‘states shall adopt laws and regulations to prevent,
reduce and control pollution of the marine environment from land-based sources,
including rivers, estuaries, pipelines and outfall structures, taking into account
internationally agreed rules, standards and recommended practices and procedures’,
among others.
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4.4.2. Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by
Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972)
The provisions of Article 3 and Article 4 of the Protocol requires relevant government
agencies, private sector, and the coastal inhabitants to apply a precautionary approach
so that the dumping of all waste other than that for which a permit has been issued by
appropriate authorities such as NEMA and Municipal authorities.
4.4.3. Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 (“CBD Convention”)
The CBD convention has three main goals: conservation of biological diversity (or
biodiversity); sustainable use of its components; and fair and equitable sharing of
benefits arising from genetic resources. Its objective is to develop national strategies for
the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The agreement covers all
ecosystems, species, and genetic resources. The Convention is legally binding; Kenya is
obliged to implement its provisions. The Convention recognizes that ecosystems,
species and genes must be used for the benefit of humans. However, this should be
done in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological
diversity. The convention also offers decision-makers guidance based on the
precautionary principle that where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss of
biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for
postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a threat. Art. 6 of the Convention
require all contracting Parties to “develop national strategies, plans or programs for the
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.
4.4.4. The UNEP’s Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the
Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA) is also an
important global programme
The GPA draws its legal context primarily from Article 207 of UNCLOS and it is
essentially an institutional-strengthening, technical-assistance and capacity-building
programme. The GPA works through the existing UNEP’s Regional Seas Conventions to
develop regional and national level action plans to protect the marine environment from
land-based activities. The GPA has identified at least nine pollutant or source nodes
including municipal wastewater, heavy metals, litter, nutrients, oil, physical alterations
and destruction of habitats (PADH), sediment mobilization and persistent organic
pollutants (POPs). The provisions of Section 55(7) of EMCA 1999 relate directly to
Kenya’s obligations under UNEP’s GPA for the protection of the coastal environment
from land-based sources. It mandates the minister to issue regulations to control
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pollution in rivers and estuaries from pipeline and outfall structures in vessels, aircraft
and other engines used in the coastal zones.
4.4.5. The 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) and
Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI)
The WSSD Plan of Implementation (JPOI) includes provisions focused on the oceans,
coasts and islands (Recommendations 30-36). The JPOI calls for effective reduction,
prevention and control of waste and pollution and their health-related impacts by
undertaking by 2004 initiatives aimed at implementing the GPA in small island
developing states. This would include Mauritius, Seychelles and Comoros in the present
case.
4.4.6. The UNEPs’ Regional Seas Programme
The convention lays down a broadly uniform pattern of principles which have been
adopted by a number of countries in the WIO region. Some countries have only included
specific protocols on the prevention and combating of land-based sources of marine
pollution. Good example is the 1985 Nairobi Convention and the 2010 LBSA Protocol.
4.5.
Regional Agreements
At regional level, a number of instruments are important. These include:
4.5.1. The Nairobi Convention
The Nairobi Convention for the protection and the management of the coastal and
marine environment in the Western Indian Ocean region is an important regional
platform for addressing issues affecting the marine and coastal ecosystems of Western
Indian Ocean through catalytic interventions, dialogue and partnerships (UNEP/Nairobi
Convention, 2010). The contracting parties to the Nairobi Convention include Somalia,
Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa and the island states of Seychelles,
Comoros, Mauritius, Madagascar, including also France. The governments of these
countries have agreed on a suite of national and regional collective actions that are
required to address major stresses on the marine and coastal environment of the region.
The objective of the Nairobi Convention is “…to prevent, reduce and combat pollution of
the Convention area and to ensure sound environmental management of natural
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resources using ...the best practicable means at their disposal and in accordance with
their capabilities.”
4.5.2. The African Union’s 2050 Africa’s Integrated Maritime (AIM) Strategy
AIM Strategy fosters wealth creation from Africa’s oceans, seas and inland waterways
by developing a maritime economy and realizing the full potential of sea-based
activities in an environmentally sustainable manner. The strategic action frameworks
on fisheries and aquaculture, integrated marine tourism and leisure strategy for Africa,
legal and regulatory regimes, maritime spatial planning, environmental and
biodiversity monitoring, etc are particularly relevant to the project. The 2050 AIMS
strategic objectives that are relevant are: (ii) engage civil society and all other
stakeholders to improve awareness on maritime issues, (iii) enhance political will at
community, national, regional and continental levels, (vi) minimize environmental
damage and expedite recovery from catastrophic events, (ix) improve Integrated
Coastal Zone/Area Management in Africa, among others.
4.5.3. Regional Economic Integration Agreements (REIAs)
The activities of the SGR Project support the goals of the Eastern African Community
(EAC), particularly the objectives of coordination, harmonization, and rationalization of
policies and strategies for sustainable development in all areas of human endeavour
including cooperation in the areas of natural resources and the environment.
4.5.4. Regional Economic Integration Agreements (REIAs)
The activities of the SGR Project support the goals of the Eastern African Community (EAC),
particularly the objectives of coordination, harmonization, and rationalization of policies
and strategies for sustainable development in all areas of human endeavour including
cooperation in the areas of natural resources and the environment.
4.5 International Maritime Conventions
Some of the other important international maritime conventions include the following:
Convention on the International Maritime Organization (IMO CONVENTION)
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International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended (SOLAS
1974)
International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969 (TONNAGE
1969)
International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil
Pollution Casualties, 1969 (INTERVENTION 1969)
International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969 (CLC
1969)
International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue, 1979 (SAR 1979)
International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation, 1990, as amended (OPRC 1990)
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other
Matter, 1972, as amended (LC 1972)
4.6 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and
Other Matter
The London Convention, one of the first international conventions for the protection of the
marine environment from human activities, came into force on 30 August 1975. Since
1977, it has been administered by IMO. The London Convention contributes to the
international control and prevention of marine pollution by prohibiting the dumping of
certain hazardous materials. In addition, a special permit is required prior to dumping of a
number of other identified materials and a general permit for other wastes or matter.
Amendments adopted in 1993 (which entered into force in 1994) banned the dumping into
sea of low-level radioactive wastes. In addition, the amendments phased out the dumping
of industrial wastes by 31 December 1995 and banned the incineration at sea of industrial
wastes.
In 1996, Parties adopted a Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine
Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972 (known as the London Protocol)
which entered into force in 2006.
The Protocol, which is meant to eventually replace the 1972 Convention, represents a
major change of approach to the question of how to regulate the use of the sea as a
depository for waste materials. Rather than stating which materials may not be dumped, it
prohibits all dumping, except for possibly acceptable wastes on the so-called "reverse list",
contained in an annex to the Protocol.
The London Protocol stresses the “precautionary approach”, which requires that
“appropriate preventative measures are taken when there is reason to believe that wastes
or other matter introduced into the marine environment are likely to cause harm even
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when there is no conclusive evidence to prove a causal relation between inputs and their
effects”.
It also states that "the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution" and
emphasizes that Contracting Parties should ensure that the Protocol should not simply
result in pollution being transferred from one part of the environment to another.
The Contracting Parties to the London Convention and Protocol have recently taken steps
to mitigate the impacts of increasing concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere (and
consequently in the marine environment) and to ensure that new technologies that aim to
engineer the climate, and have the potential to cause harm to the marine environment, are
effectively controlled and regulated. The instruments have, so far, been the most advanced
international regulatory instruments addressing carbon capture and sequestration in subsea geological formations and marine climate engineering such as ocean fertilization.
The 1996 Protocol restricts all dumping except for a permitted list (which still require
permits).
Article 4 states that Contracting Parties "shall prohibit the dumping of any wastes or other
matter with the exception of those listed in Annex 1."
The permitted substances are:
1. Dredged material
2. Sewage sludge
3. Fish waste, or material resulting from industrial fish processing operations
4. Vessels and platforms or other man-made structures at sea
5. Inert, inorganic geological material
6. Organic material of natural origin
7. Bulky items primarily comprising iron, steel, concrete and similar unharmful
materials for which the concern is physical impact and limited to those
circumstances, where such wastes are generated at locations, such as small islands
with isolated communities, having no practicable access to disposal options other
than dumping.
8. CO2 streams from CO2 capture processes.(added under the amendments adopted
in 2006, which entered into force in 2007).
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5.0
5.1
CONSULTATIONS AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Introduction
This chapter describes the process of the public consultation followed to identify the key
issues and impacts of the proposed project. Views from the local residents, local leaders,
surrounding institutions and development partners who in one way or another would be
affected or rather interested in the proposed project were sought through interviews and
public meetings as stipulated in the Environment Management and Coordination Act, 1999.
5.2
Objectives of the Consultation and Public Participation
The objective of the consultation and public participation was to:
1) Disseminate and inform the stakeholders about the project with special
reference to its key components and location.
2) Gather comments, suggestions and concerns of the interested and affected
parties.
3) Incorporate the information collected in the EIA study.
In addition, the process enabled:
1) The establishment of a communication channel between the general public and the
team of consultants, the project proponents and the Government.
2) The concerns of the stakeholders to be known to the decision-making bodies at an
early phase of project development.
5.3
Methodology used in the CPP
The Consultation and Public Participation (CPP) Process is a policy requirement by the
Government of Kenya and a mandatory procedure as stipulated by EMCA 1999 section 58,
on Environmental Impact Assessment for the purpose of achieving the fundamental
principles of sustainable development. The environmental impact assessment public
consultation exercise was conducted between 12thNovember, 2014 and 18th November,
2014 and a public meeting was held on 16th December, 2014 at Kaskazi Beach Resort Diani
and 14th January, 2015 at Waa Shopping centre. The public consultation exercises were
conducted by a team of experienced registered environmental experts in three ways,
namely, (i) focus group and Key informant interviews and discussion, (ii) field surveys and
observations and (iii) filling questionnaires and a public consultation meeting held at
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Kaskazi Beach Hotel, Diani, Kwale County which captured the concerns of key stakeholders
that maybe affected by the Sand harvesting and dumping activities. Identification of the
specific issues from the stakeholders responses, which provided the basis upon which the
aspects of the Environmental Impact Assessment were undertaken.
The purpose for such interviews was to identify the positive and negative impacts and
subsequently promote proposals on the best practices to be adopted and mitigate the
negative impacts respectively. It also helped in identifying any other miscellaneous issues
which may bring conflicts in case project implementation proceeds as planned.
Plate 3: Lead Consultant addressing Attendants of the Public Meeting held at the
Kaskazi Beach Hotel, Diani, Kwale County
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Plate4: Attendants at meeting expressing their views and concerns
5.4
Background
From the field work, it was apparent that the majority of the stakeholders were not aware
of the proposed project, therefore the consultant, on behalf of the proponent, explained to
the public and relevant stakeholders that the proposed development would involve sand
harvesting along Tiwi and Waa area, Kwale County. The process also responded to the
queries that the public sought to know about the project.
During the EIA process consultations were conducted with Lead agencies and members of
the public. Key stakeholders consulted include Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Kenya Marine
and Fisheries Institute (KEMFRI), Kenya Maritime Authority, Department of fisheries
Kwale County, Kenya Ports Authority (KPA), South Coast Residents Association and
registered beach management units (BMU’s) among others as listed (see appendix). The
lead environmental regulator, National Environment Management Authority was also
briefed on the proposed activities and preliminary findings of the EIA study.
The key stakeholders, Lead Agencies and local communities independently gave their
views, opinions, and suggestions as in the best of their interest and in the interest of the
factors that affected the circumstances, influences, and conditions under which they exist
in. See appendix for the list of participants in the CPP by interviews through
questionnaires. However, all the environmental issues which were raised can be
adequately mitigated as exhaustively explained in chapter seven of this report.
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5.5
Issues Raised
Interviews with the stakeholders were conducted between 12thNovember, 2014 and 18th
November, 2014 and a public meeting was held on 16th December, 2014 through
administering well-structured questionnaires and collecting views and concerns through a
public meeting of those that would be affected by the project.
Plate 5: Lead consultant giving presentation at key stakeholder consultative meeting
held KMA
5.5.1 Positive Issues
The following is a summary of the views of the local community and stakeholders
interviewed and in attendance at the public meeting held at Kaskazi Beach Hotel in Diani,
Kwale County:
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The project is good for the development of the county and the country as a whole,
however it should not be undertaken within the marine protected area i.e. Diani
Chale National Marine Park (GPS coordinates latitude 4.249S Longitude 39.500E –
39.623E)
The project will improve businesses in the country and also create numerous job
opportunities during site preparation and operational phases.
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5.5.2 Negative Issues
The Sand harvesting and waste soil dumping project would have some social economic and
environmental impacts as viewed by the surrounding community. However some of the
stakeholders had a few reservations about the project and raised the following concerns:
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There will be temporary disruption of fishing activities as a result of increased
vessel traffic during the sand harvesting and dumping period
There will be loss of bottom habitat, marine life, fisheries and fishery food sources
Possible interference with normal Port operations such as ships docking and ferries
plying passengers along the Likoni Channel
Turbidity of water column as a result of release of sediments during sand harvesting
and offshore dumping. This would obstruct visibility thereby temporarily impairing
activities of fishers
There will be the danger of destruction of the reef at Tiwi and Waa area, Kwale
County
Disruption of tourism activities i.e. fishing, snorkeling, boat rides etc
There will be likely pollution of the Indian Ocean in the offshore area
5.5.3 Recommendations and way forward
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EIA Consultant to involve and work with Government lead agencies in the project to
avoid conflict in their opinions
Avoid the Tiwi-Diani Coastal/ South Coast beach due to important tourism activities
and its international importance
Dredging to be done in close consultation to the County Government and local
fishermen to reduce the negative impacts to local communities
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6.0
IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSED IMPACTS
6.1
Introduction
This Section identifies both positive and negative impacts associated with the proposed
sand harvesting project. These impacts are hereby identified at three distinct phases of the
project i.e. –Site Preparation Phase, Operation Phase and Decommissioning Phase.
6.2
Operation phase Impacts
6.2.1 Negative Project impacts during Operation phase
6.2.1.1
Increased noise
The activities which will occur during the operation phase of the project and use of
dredging vessels will produce noise when conducting sand harvesting activities and when
moving. It is expected that airborne noise is not a problem at sea, but underwater noise can
have an effect on the ecosystem, especially on marine mammals and possibly fishes.
However, there is some research that shows that underwater noise from other human
activities can disturb marine mammals.
Depending on frequency and source levels, marine mammals can avoid an area or even get
hearing damage. Underwater sound is transported over large distances (depending on
frequency and amplitude); the area in which effects could occur can be much larger than
the extraction area. Studies done on bowhead whales that were exposed to dredger noise,
recordings at broadband received levels of 122-131 dB, were displaced from the area. The
whales stopped feeding and moved until they were 2km away from the sound source.
Changes in behaviour of the bowhead whales were also spotted, as the whale vocalisations
decreased and changes were also noted in their surfacing, respiration and diving patterns
(Richardson et al. 1985a, 1985b).
Although bowhead whales are not found in the Indian Ocean along Diani area other
cetaceans especially small cetaceans such as harbour porpoises (Phocoenaphocoena) and
the white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchusalbirostris) have all been spotted regularly in
the area.
6.2.1.2
Occupational safety and Hazards during operation
The number of hopper vessels during the sand extraction activities and dumping will
increase. This will in turn increase the risk of collisions, unless precautionary measures are
taken. The sand once harvested will then be transported to the Port Reitz area: which will
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also increase shipping movements. The risk of collisions will further be increased
especially in intensively used areas, e.g. for fishing grounds and/or shipping lanes and the
Likoni Ferry crossing area. Effects of a collision vary from minor to disastrous, depending
on the kind of vessels involved and their cargo. However the risk will be minor, because
there is a lot of experience of dredging in shipping lanes as witnessed during construction
of Birth 19 at Port Reitz, Mombasa County. The amounts of vessels are very small
compared to the regular shipping traffic. In addition the contractor will be working closely
and in coordination with the Kenya Ports Authority (KPA) and Kenya Ferry Services to
ensure smooth flow of vessel traffic and reduction in probability of collisions and accidents.
6.2.1.3
Nutrient & chemical release
The marine sediment contains organic matter and nutrients. During extraction, organic
matter and nutrient may be released both at the surface as dust plumes and or at the
bottom as bottom plumes. This may cause an increase of nutrients in the water, which
could enhance the primary production. Gubbay (2003) mentions in a study in Australia,
wherever fine sand sediments were dredged; enhancement in benthic biota was noted.
Seys (2003) concluded that due to extraction which probably enriched the waters through
the release of organic material a strong increase of biomass was found at a study area 100
km east of Hull.
Another potential less positive effect of marine sand harvesting is the decrease of oxygen
levels caused by disturbance of anaerobic sediment layers (Gubbay, 2003). According to
Wijsman and Anderson (2004), the release of nutrients and other oxygen consuming
compounds from the interstitial water during sand extraction will be insignificant, as the
content of organic matter and nutrients are very low in oxygenated sand and gravel
dynamic areas.
Another effect is the release of contaminants like heavy metals from the sediment. It is
expected that only the upper layer of the sediment contain contaminants.
6.2.1.4
Impact on Fish & other sight feeders
Visual feeders as fish, birds and marine mammals are mostly likely to be negatively affected
by increased turbidity levels during sea sand harvesting and dumping of waste soil and
mud activities. The reduced visibility through the water column may affect localization and
capturing of prey. Changes in the spectral composition and in polarization patterns of light
may also contribute to a decrease in the success rate of catching prey (Essink, 1999). This
will affect the local fishermen who depend on fish and other marine life for their
livelihoods.
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6.2.1.5
Effects of removing marine aggregates
One of the more obvious effects of sea sand extraction is removal of sediment. The vessel
hopper leaves extraction tracks which can take up to several years for the sand dredging
tracks to erode or recover after sand harvesting has ceased, dependent on the dynamicity
of the environment. When the local habitat is destroyed, and changes occur in the bottom
surface and sediment composition, depending on the size of the sand harvesting area,
effects can range between being a minor effect to a significant effect.
The extraction activity may also inadvertently create an abundance of food in the form of
damaged animals like bivalves or crustaceans. This can temporarily enhance numbers of
fish and marine mammals present in the area.
Depending on the sand harvesting strategy and the scale of the sand harvesting activity,
several effects have been predicted for fisheries. Removing large areas of top sand (through
dredging); which are rich in benthic species, have been signaled to cause an effect on plaice,
both on the population and conditions that are suitable for plaice to successfully spawn
(Rozenmeijer, 1999).
6.2.1.6
Recreational and Commercial Fisheries
During public consultations with hotel owners and local community along Diani Beach
area, concerns were raised on the impact of sand harvesting on recreational and
commercial fisheries activities. This consists of harvestable fish, crustaceans, shellfish, and
other marine organisms used by humans. There was a general concern that sand
harvesting along would the Diani Beach area would affect the suitability of recreational and
commercial fishing grounds as habitat for populations of consumable marine. The
stakeholders were concerned that sand harvesting activities would interfere with the
reproductive success of recreational and commercially important marine species through
disruption of spawning and migratory areas.
They were also concerned that sand harvesting and waste soil dumping operations may
alter the beauty of natural marine ecosystems by degrading water quality and modifying
vital elements that contribute to the diversity of an area. However after numerous
consultations the plan to harvest sand along Diani area was shelved and an alternative site
identified. Therefore no sand harvesting will be conducted along the Diani area.
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6.2.1.7
Parks, National and Historical Monuments, National Seashores,
Research Sites, and similar Preserves
Concerns were raised by the Kenya wildlife Service (KWS) on the impact sand harvesting
and waste dumping would have on areas designated as Marine parks i.e. Diani Chale
National Marine Park (GPS coordinates latitude 4.249S Longitude 39.500E – 39.623E)
These parks consist of areas designated by the Kenya Government and State laws or local
ordinances to be managed for their aesthetic, educational, historical, recreational, or
scientific value. It was therefore raised as a concern that sand harvesting in or near such
areas may modify the aesthetic, educational, historical, recreational, and scientific qualities
thereby reducing or eliminating the uses for which such sites are set aside and managed.
To mitigate against any negative environmental impacts in the area designated as a marine
park i.e. (Diani Chale National Marine Park - GPS coordinates latitude 4.249S Longitude
39.500E – 39.623E), an alternative site was identified by the contractor to conduct the sea
sand harvesting and is defined by the following latitudes and longitudes coordinates Point
1.4°11' 50.61" S, 39°37' 23.83" E, Point 2.4°11' 55.74" S, 39°37' 48.16" E, Point 3.4°7'
21.43" S, 39°40' 42.96" E, Point 4. 4°7' 8.71" S, 39°40' 17.33" E. proposed Area 1#
(Proposed alternative area) this is in addition to an area identified earlier that falls outside
the marine park defined by the following latitude and longitude coordinates Point 1.4°11'
50.61" S, 39°37' 23.83" E, Point 2.4°11' 55.74" S, 39°37' 48.16" E, Point 3.4°14' 52.41" S,
39°36' 27.63" E, Point 4. 4°14' 52.75" S, 39°36' 58.04" E. (Proposed Area 2# - which was
included in the previous proposed area but falls outside the marine park)
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Figure 9: Image showing alternative site for sea sand harvesting outside the marine park
6.2.1.8
Mitigation Impacts of dredging on the Mombasa Marine National
Park and Diani Chale Marine National Reserve
As per the consultations at the KMA on 21/01/2015 and subsequent visits to the site, it
was pointed out that the Marine National parks and Reserves will not be included in the
dredging area. This implies that the dredging exercise will not directly impact the habitats
within the two Marine Protected Areas. However, due to the nature of the ocean
circulations (tides, currents and waves), the area of influence of the dredging exercise
requires compliance with the following:-
1. The dredge spoil dumping site will be located at the agreed and identified site in the
last dredging exercise done at the port. This site shall be located 4 km from the
nearest sensitive marine habitats. Further, the depth of the dumping site must be at
least 200 meters.
2. That any form of disturbance of the Marine Protected Areas shall be avoided and the
appropriate buffers established to eliminate the impacts of sediments on the
protected habitats within the MPAs. This shall take into consideration water
currents and direction of the winds so that sediment doesn’t get deposited in the
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protected areas.
3. That the dredging exercise will consider the appropriate water depth taking into
consideration the limits of sensitive marine ecosystems (seagrass beds and coral
reefs).
4. That despite the fact that the dredging area is over 10km from the ecologically
sensitive sites, if by chance any of the key species noticed shall be protected during
the dredging exercise, with special considerations being paid to foraging, spawning
aggregation sites. To eliminate the threat of targeting the spawning aggregation
sites, it is essential that these sites be kept confidential.
5. That the pre-dredging assessment will be done to establish the baseline. During the
exercise, monitoring will be done continuously, and after dredging, monitoring will
continue for a relevant period of time to establish recovery of the system. This is
critical in informing future dredging exercises along the Kenyan coast.
6. That the sites of importance to tour operators and tourists shall be safeguarded and
where appropriate alternative sites shall be set up or identified degraded sites
restored for use by tourists.
7. Negotiations with affected parties (e.g. fishermen etc.) shall be held and appropriate
compensation mechanisms adopted.
8. That utmost precaution and care shall be taken in protecting the critical habitats and
sites of importance to local communities, user groups (fishers, tour operators and
tourists) and appropriate remedial actions taken to address emerging issues both
during and after the dredging exercise.
6.2.1.9
Effect on the water column and sea floor
As a result of the sand harvesting process there will be disturbance of sediments and
particles on the sea bed. The particles that are suspended in the water column (surface and
bottom plumes) will have varying effects on the biota, both if the particles are settling and
if they are in the water stage. When these particles that absorb light and cause
backscattering are found in the water column, it is referred to as turbidity (CEDA, 2000).
High turbidity is caused by high content of fine sediments and/or organic particles. High
turbidity levels (or high levels of sediment suspension) can be harmful to the benthic
vegetation and fauna due to shading (blocking of sunlight) and the burial by the suspended
sediment released by dredging (Dankers, 2002). This effect only occurs when the turbidity
level is significantly higher that the natural variations in turbidity and sedimentation in the
area (CEDA, 2002). Ecological effects of dredging in the water stage are dependent on a
number of factors, which include: the method of extraction, the sediment type (including
the content of fines in the extraction site), rate and amount of sediment (figure 6).
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Figure10: Ecological effects of sand dredging (from Dankers, 2002).
6.2.1.10 Physical destruction and disturbance of benthic habitat
Regardless the sand harvesting technique, the benthic life will be destroyed on the
proposed site, through either removal, smothering or destruction caused by the dredge
head. The significance of the impact depends on among others the value of the local
community (e.g. presence of threatened or declining species or staple food for other
species), the dimensions of the area and the recovery rate of the benthic community. The
loss of the local benthic fauna can have effects further down food chains. However, links
and effects at higher trophic levels are not well known (Gubbay, 2003).
Depending on the sand harvesting strategy and the scale of the activity, several effects have
been predicted for fisheries. Removing large areas of top sand (through dredging); which
are rich in benthic species, have been signaled to cause an effect on plaice, both on the
population and conditions that are suitable for plaice to successfully spawn (Rozenmeijer,
1999).
It is important to realize that ecological effects because of the settling sediment also can
occur in a larger area than the extraction and during an extended period. Moreover, the
effect of smothering or burial of benthic species does not only occur due to the settling
plumes. It also occurs during shore face nourishment (beach nourishment by bringing sand
close to shore into the water column to wash ashore) or when sand is temporarily dumped
at a location before is carried away for further use.
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6.2.1.11 Disruption of fishing activities during sand harvesting
During the public consultations with the department of fisheries, Kwale County it was
evident that Tiwi and Waa area and adjoining ecosystems of the open sea are very
productive and provide vital spawning and breeding grounds for marine life hence playing
an important role in recruitment to the fishery. The proposed sand harvesting is expected
to cause partial or permanent loss of major fishing grounds. This will mean a loss in terms
of livelihoods, food security and national income and an impact on development on the
local fishing industry. The local community may be forced to relocate to other grounds or
look for alternative source of livelihood. The dependents to the fishery may also have to
seek alternative source of cheap protein. All these adjustments may take a while and put
the dependents into risk of financial instability. This situation may be mitigated by
providing fishermen with alternative fishing sites and alternative sources of income
generating activities. The fishermen operating within the proposed site that are likely to be
affected by the sand harvesting activities are mainly members of the Tiwi BMU
Nyari/Kikadini BMU. However, other fishermen from Mwakamba BMU, Mwaepe BMU,
ChaleJeza BMU also operate within the Tiwi and Waa area. Fish landing sites identified
during stakeholder consultations with the Kwale county fisheries department are
Ng'ombeni landing site, Denyenye landing site, Kikadindi landing site, Nyari landing site
and Tiwi Mkunguni landing site. The fish species composition commonly available between
Tiwi and Waa area are listed in the table below and income obtained from catches attached
in the appendices.
6.2.1.12
Reduced water depth (accretion)
The water depth will reduce at the site where mud will be dumped. The reduction is
however expected to be small due to low volume of mud that will be dumped. Also,
redistribution of the deposited mud will further reduce the overall impact on the
bathymetry of the site or location.
6.2.1.13 Increased deposition of mud in coastal beaches
The materials that will be dumped at the proposed site have a relatively high proportion of
clay mud. These will be transported by the East African Coastal Current and tidal currents
into the nearby beaches. The deposition of clay sediments is expected to be significant in
the region within the vicinity of the dumping site. This may lead to an increase in the mud
deposition in few beaches situated between Likoni and Waa. This will reduce the touristic
and recreational value of sandy beaches in the area in the short term during the
construction and thereafter for a limited period of time.
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6.2.1.14 Modification of water circulation patterns
This activity is likely to temporally modify the bathymetry. This has potential of modifying
the water circulation dynamics in the area, by changing the tidal current patterns. This
impact is however expected to be insignificant in view of the small period of the activity.
6.2.1.15 Smothering of corals and sea grass beds/ benthic organisms
The dumping of mud has the potential of smothering corals and sea grass beds and other
associated organisms within the coral reef platforms situated along Likoni – Shelly Beach
area. The coral reefs and sea grass beds located north of the dumping site will not suffer
significantly due to progressive reduction in sediment load as the turbidity plume is
transported northward by the East African coastal current. However, due to the fact that
the coral reefs along the Kenya coast are already under severe stress due to climate change
(increased sea surface temperature), any additional stress is expected to significantly affect
them.
6.2.1.16 High TSSC and sediment loading
The dumping of mud in the area will drastically increase the concentration of the total
suspended solids. This has the potential of increasing the turbidity and reducing the
aesthetics/recreational value of the sea in the area. This impact is however expected to be
short-lived due to rapid settling of the cohesive sediments. The impact will thus be
experienced for duration of the project. Once the dumping project stops, the sea will revert
to its baseline TSSC level.
6.2.1.17 Reduced productivity of (phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish):
The increased turbidity as a result of dumping of mud in the area will reduce the
penetration of solar radiation (light) into the deeper layers of the water column. This has
the potential of reducing primary productivity by limited the photosynthetic processes of
the algae and phytoplankton. This will affect the linked marine food chain and ultimately
the fisheries productivity. The impact is however expected to be short-lived since once the
turbidity levels improves on cessation of dumping, the area will revert to its baseline
productivity levels.
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6.2.1.18 Fluxes of sediment bound contaminants
The dumping of mud in the area will lead to the release into the water column of the clay
bound contaminants and nutrients. The rate of release will be a function of many factors,
but the most important include the level at which the mud are released into the water
column. The concentration of contaminants and nutrients is therefore expected to increase
at the site of dumping and the surrounding areas. This impact is expected to be experienced
on short- term to medium term due to slow release of contaminants bound in clay
sediments. Some of the contaminants will include the heavy metals and polycyclic
hydrocarbons. The mud extracted at the Port-Reitz beach site is expected to have high
levels of contaminants in view of the past pollution events in the area as well as continual
discharges from the Port and the Industrial Area.
6.2.1.19 Modification of marine ecosystems
The dumping of mud will smother marine benthic organisms within the vicinity of the
dumping site. This has potential to affect the linked marine organisms that are dependent
on the marine benthos for their survival. This has the potential of affecting the marine
biodiversity in the area. The impacts in this respect may be felt on the medium term in view
of the long period of time required for the damaged marine ecosystem to recover. The
impact would be most significant in the area where the actually dumping will take place.
Further north, the impacts will be insignificant in view of the low sediment loading.
6.3
Positive Project impacts during Operation phase
6.3.1 Creation of employment opportunities
When sand harvesting starts, employment opportunities will be created. Demand for
skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers will rise and the locals will step in to fill the gap.
While some of the workers will be sourced locally, others will come from outside. Some
will work as site engineers, machine operators, mechanics, store keepers, waste handlers
among others. Spillover effects will create additional indirect sources of employment. This
will reduce the level of unemployment in the project area.
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6.3.2 Optimal use of the sand resource
Sand is a natural resource that can be used to conserve water as well as a source of
revenue. Adherence to sand harvesting guidelines will ensure the local community and the
government benefit from the sand harvesting as well as the revenue that will accrue from
the harvesting. This will result to optimal use of the resource.
6.3.4 Improvement in infrastructure development
The proposed sand harvesting activities will generally improve infrastructure as the sand
will be used to construct the Port reitz terminal/station that forms part of the Nairobi –
Mombasa Standard Gauge Railway. Key infrastructural development will entail
construction of a railway terminal that will ease congestion at the port while ensure easy
access and transportation through the standard gauge railway line. This will not only
improve the local economy and the living standards of the inhabitants but the economy of
the entire country as a whole.
6.3.5 Expansion of market base for local products
On commencement of the proposed project, the workers will make use of consumables for
their personal uses. The marine vessels and machineries will make use of consumables
such as fuels and other petroleum products including spares for their maintenance. Such
consumables will be sourced from the local markets, gas stations, supermarkets/stores and
local farmers. This will definitely improve the market base for the same and improve the
income of the traders involved.
6.3.6 Expansion of Port
The construction of the new railway line and station to serve the port will facilitate the
expansion of the Kilindini harbor to accommodate more shipping vessels. This makes the
port more competitive in the Eastern Africa region.
6.3.7 Rapid movement of cargo and passengers
The sea sand harvesting will be key towards providing the primary materials for
construction of the railway Terminal at port Reitz area. The new terminal/ station will
allow rapid movement of passengers and cargo. The rapid movement of cargo at the port
will reduce freight charges for imported and exported goods.
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6.4 Decommissioning phase impacts
6.4.1 Negative Environmental Impacts
6.4.1.2 Solid waste generation
Closure of the sand harvesting site and demolition of the associated structures will result
to generation of small quantities of solid wastes. The waste will contain materials that
were used during the construction. Although demolition waste is generally considered less
harmful to the environment since they are composed of inert materials, there is growing
evidence that large quantities of such waste may lead to release of certain hazardous
chemicals into the environment. This impact will however be minimal (value of 1) given
that only limited structures will be established at the site.
6.4.1.3 Noise pollution
The decommissioning related activities such as demolition works will lead to significant
deterioration of the acoustic environment within the project site and the surrounding
areas. This will be as a result of the noise and vibration that will be experienced as a result
of demolishing the sand harvesting related components. These impacts will, however, be
minimal (value of 1) since the effects will be short term.
6.4.1.4
Loss of livelihood and economic ruin
The establishment and operation of the project will bring about a lot of positive change to
the lives of the people around it and also to the local economy. Decommissioning of the
project will thus mean a reverse of these gains whereby many will lose their source of
livelihood from jobs to business ventures hence directly leading to a decline of the area’s
economic status and a drawback to the economy at large. These impacts will, however, be
minimal (value of 1) since other sources of livelihood would have been established by the
time decommissioning phase is reached.
6.4.1.5
Occupational hazards
Demolition works will inevitably expose workers and the public to occupational health and
public safety risks. In particular, working with heavy equipment, handling and use of tools
engender certain risks. The workers are also likely to be exposed to risk of accidents and
injuries resulting from accidental falls, falling objects, injuries from hand tools and other
equipment. This impact will be minimal (value of 1) since the structures to be demolished
will be few.
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6.4.1.6
Exhaust emissions, waste soil and mud
Particulate matter pollution is likely to occur during transportation of the residual wastes
from the Port Reitz area. There is a possibility of suspended and settle-able particles
affecting the Indian Ocean at the dumping site that may affect fishing activities. Exhaust
emissions are likely to be generated during this period by the various machinery and
equipment to be used for the exercise. This impact will, however, be minimal (value of 1).
6.4.2 Positive Environmental Impacts of Decommissioning Phase
6.4.2.1
Employment Opportunities
For decommissioning to take place properly and in good time, several people will be
involved as skilled or unskilled workers to carry out the demolition works. As a result, a
small number of employment opportunities will be created during this phase of the
proposed project.
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7. MITIGATION MEASURES AND MONITORING PROGRAMMES
7.1 Introduction
On the basis of the anticipated impacts of the proposed project activities, several
mitigation measures are suggested in this report. It is important that the suggested
mitigation measures are fully implemented in order to significantly reduce the adverse
impacts of the project during the construction, operational and decommissioning phases of
the project. The summary of anticipated adverse environmental impacts and proposed
mitigation measures is given in the Table below.
7.2 Mitigation Measures during the Project Cycle
7.2.1 Disruption of fishing activities
Fishers will not be able to fish during the project operation phase. The following mitigation
measures will be put in place to mitigate the impact of disruption of fishing activities
i. Compensation for fishermen in relation to loss of commercial fish catch should be
considered
ii.
Access to fishing grounds after sand harvesting should be allowed and a fishing plan
developed
iii. Fishermen should be empowered to access alternative fishing grounds
iv.
Fishermen will also be encouraged to explore alternative sources of livelihood
during the operation phase of the project.
7.2.2 Disposal of waste soil and mud
Waste materials from Port Reitz Terminal site and any other from the sea sand harvesting
activities i.e. soil and mud will be disposed of at a designated dumping site 4.5 – 5.6 km
offshore Likoni under a different application for NEMA approval. The contractor will put in
place the following measures to mitigate against any negative impacts during dumping:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Dumping will only be confined to the designated area at all times
During dumping the waste material should be released at sea bottom to
minimize plume generation
No dumping will be done in biologically sensitive area such as existing coral reef,
sea grass bed or any designated marine parks.
Dumping should be done during low current periods to avoid significant impacts
on biological sensitive areas due to turbid water dispersion at dumping site
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v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Continuous monitoring of the dumping site will be carried out to ensure that
waste materials are being dumped at the appropriate site.
Immediate action will be taken to stop any further dumping if monitoring
reveals contamination of the marine ecosystem and reported immediately to
authorities concerned
Biodiversity monitoring should continue during sand harvesting and disposal of
waste material to include threatened species.
Environmental assessments of critical habitats (corals, seagrass beds and
mangrove areas) should be undertaken for purposes of monitoring changes in
biological communities, which may be affected by project works.
7.2.3 Suspended sediment effects on sessile and slow-moving invertebrates
Generation of suspended sediment plumes during the dredging periods may have sublethal
or lethal impacts on sessile and slow-moving invertebrates. Potential effects of the sand
harvesting activity extend over the duration of and are expected to last few months).
Currently the area is already under high turbidity regimes and existing organisms are
adapted to those local high turbidity levels (see Adala et al., 2008). Elevated suspended
sediment concentrations are a typical by-product of soft bottom marine sediment dredging
activities. However this is of Low significance due to the medium duration and low
intensity of the impact and therefore mitigation measures may not be necessary in itself
but reductions in the amount of suspended sediment through use of appropriate civil
technology will further reduce risks.
7.2.4 Suspended sediment effects on fish
Generation of suspended sediment plumes in the dredging areas may have sublethal or
lethal impacts on fish and/or may result in avoidance behaviour and potential effects are
expected to extend over the duration of the dredging activities. Fish are mobile and will
move out of the affected area. Effects on fish vary greatly and critical exposure levels can
range from ~500 mg/l for 24 hours to no effects at concentrations of >10 000 mg/l over 7
days (Clarke and Wilber 2000). However, direct long-term impacts are unlikely to occur for
fish as they are mobile and therefore will avoid any area affected by increased sediment
loadings and are able to return once construction activity has ceased. Short-term impacts
may occur by reducing the ability to find prey by visual feeders (Hecht and van der Lingen
1992). On the other hand, fish may be attracted by the ‘odour stream’ of crushed benthic
organisms (Herrmann et al. 1999). The Significance of these impacts is low, due to short
duration and low intensity of the impact and therefore Mitigation may not be necessary in
itself but reductions in the amount of suspended sediment through use of appropriate civil
technology will further reduce risks.
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7.2.5 Suspended sediment effects on ichthyoplanktic stages
Generation of suspended sediment plumes in the dredging areas may have an impact on
ichthyoplanktic stages. someichthyoplankton may die. Fish eggs and larvae are generally
more susceptible to elevated concentrations of suspended sediments; hatching can be
delayed and feeding of larvae may be impaired. The adhesion of particles to eggs may cause
loss of buoyancy resulting in the eggs sinking to the bottom (ICES ACME 1997).Significance
of these impacts is however low, due to the medium duration of the impact and mitigation
may not be necessary in itself but reductions in the amount of suspended sediment through
use of appropriate civil technology will further reduce risks
7.2.6 Suspended sediment effects on phytoplankton productivity and other aquatic
plants
Generation of suspended sediment plumes in the dredging areas may reduce the
productivity of phytoplankton and other aquatic plants. The potential effects are expected
to extend over the duration of the dredging activity. Due to high concentration of organic
matter in the sediments nutrient concentrations in pore waters are likely to be moderate to
high and therefore risks of eutrophication due to introductions of nutrients to the water
column are considered to be moderate, but this effect is likely to be offset by high uptake
rates in the otherwise oligotrophioc Indian Ocean waters. Elevated suspended sediment
concentrations are a typical by-product soft bottom marine sediment dredging activities
and therefore the Significance is low, due to the low duration and high intensity of the
impact. Mitigation may not be necessary in itself but reductions in the amount of
suspended sediment through use of appropriate civil technology will further reduce risks.
7.2.7 Oil spill effects on mangroves and seabirds due to coating
Accidental and/or operational oil spills form vessels during dredging periods or during the
operational phase may affect mangroves and seabirds due to oiling. The duration as a
result of these impacts is considered very long term, due to (1) potential damage to
mangroves which takes several decade-years to clean, and (2), potentially reduced
breeding success of seabirds. Oil-smoothed mangroves die and so do their ecosystem
services, and (2) seabirds die or their breeding success is reduced and this may have
international implications. No predictions are made for the likelihood of increases in oil
spill with increased ship traffic or for possible accidents during dredging. Mangroves and
birdlife thereon are protected in Kenya (mangroves – Kenya Forest Service; Birds – Kenya
Wildlife Service and National Museums of Kenya), and impacts on them have international
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implications through the Biodiversity Convention, Important Birdlife Areas, and IUCN
conservation classification. Through KMA’s and KPA’s port and shipping regulations, and
best practice procedures in place, seek to reduce probabilities of accidental and/or
operational spills through enforcement of vessel traffic and oil spill management systems.
However, due to devastating effects of even one large spill significance would remain high
but mitigation can help reduce probabilities of accidents.
7.2.8 Oil spill effects on marine life and habitats
Accidental and/or operational oil spills from vessels during dredging and the operational
phase may affect marine life due to direct toxic effects and/or habitat alteration. However
the significance of this impact is low as most of the potentially affected organisms are
widely distributed in the region.
Through KMA’s and KPA’s port and shipping regulations, and best practice procedures in
place, the contractor will seek to reduce probabilities of accidental and/or operational
spills through enforcement of vessel traffic and oil spill management systems. However,
due to devastating effects of even one large spill significance would remain high but
mitigation can help reduce probabilities of accidents.
7.2.9 Modification of sea bed sediment load
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Continuous monitoring of the sea bed level during harvesting will be done
Contractor will Strictly adhere to sand harvesting guidelines
Contractor will continuously monitor sediment loads at both the sand harvesting
site and the waste soil and mud dumping site
Contractor will take action against major changes in sediment load and turbidity
levels
7.2.10 Loss of bottom habitat, marine life, fisheries and fishery food sources
resources
Mitigation actions that can be undertaken to minimize the adverse effects of offshore sand
harvesting include and are not limited to the following. The contractor should implement
these and any other best practice measures to ensure that the impacts of sand harvesting
are minimized;
Location of Sand and Gravel Mining - The effects of mining operations can be minimized by
the choice of the sand harvesting site. Some of the ways to accomplish this include:
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1) Selecting a site and method of sand harvesting to minimize the extent of any plume;
2) Selecting a site that has been used previously for sand mining; and
3) Locating and confining to the site to minimize adverse impacts on wave and current
processes and the death of organisms.
Mining Technology - Sand harvesting technology should also be adapted to the needs of
each site. In determining whether the operation sufficiently minimizes adverse
environmental impacts, the applicant should consider:
1) Appropriate equipment or machinery, including protective devices, in activities related
to sand and;
2) Appropriate maintenance and operation of equipment or machinery, including
adequate training, staffing, and working procedures.
Marine Animal Populations - Minimizing adverse effects on marine animal populations may
be achieved by:
1) Avoiding changes in water current speed and circulation patterns which would
interfere with the movement of animals;
2) Selecting sites or managing sand harvesting operations to prevent or avoid creating
habitat conducive to the development of undesirable predators or species which
have a competitive edge ecologically over indigenous animals;
3) Avoiding sites having unique habitat or other value, including habitat of threatened
or endangered species;
4) Timing sand harvesting operations to avoid spawning or migratory seasons and
other biologically critical time periods.
Human Use - Minimizing adverse effects on human use characteristics may be achieved by:
1) Selecting sand harvesting sites and following proper harvesting procedures to
prevent or minimize any potential damage to the aesthetically pleasing features of
the marine site, particularly with respect to water quality;
2) Selecting sand harvesting and dumping sites which are not valuable as natural
marine areas;
3) Timing sand harvesting and dumping operations to avoid the seasons or periods
when human recreational activity associated with the marine site is most important;
and
4) Following sand harvesting and dumping procedures, which avoid or minimize the
disturbance of aesthetic features of a marine site or ecosystem.
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7.2.11 Accidents and Occupational risks
The proponent should detail an elaborate safety policy on site that will comply with local
and international best practice. To reduce the workers accidents and hazards, the
Proponent should develop and commit the contractors to Site Occupational Health and
Safety rules and regulations as stipulated in the Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007.
In this regard, the Proponent is committed to provision of appropriate personal protective
equipment, as well as ensuring a safe and healthy environment for construction workers as
outlined in the EMP.
Workers accidents shall be mitigated by enforcing adherence to safety procedures and
preparing contingency plan for accident response. In addition, awareness, safety education
and training will be provided through on job training, operational manuals and mounting of
warning/caution signs at convenient locations. Other measures include:
 Recruitment of Environment Occupational safety and Health officer responsible to
take charge of stipulated in the act
 Approvals of plans by Department of Occupational Safety and Health to integrate
safety issues
7.2.12 Increased vessel traffic and traffic management
The contractor will work closely with the Kenya Ports Authority (KPA) and Kenya Ferry
services (KFS) to ensure smooth flow of vessel traffic to and from the terminal site at Port
Reitz so as to ensure that normal operations in the port area are not affected. In
anticipation of the impacts that this project is likely to cause the contractor should prepare
a transport management plan in consultation with the key agencies at the port area. This
will ease traffic movement of marine vessels, minimize or eliminate congestion and avert
accidents that may be orchestrated by the activities of the project.
7.2.13 Risks of Accidents and Injuries to Workers
Incidents, accidents and dangerous occurrences to workers will be mitigated through:
i. Where possible, workers to take short course trainings on OHS and first aid
ii. Provision of education and awareness on health and safety issues, complete with
health and safety procedures.
iii. Enforcement and adherence to safety procedures and preparation of contingency
plan for accident response.
iv. Provision of adequate drinking water and onsite sanitation facilities to avoid
waterborne/water-based diseases.
v. Employment of only trained and authorized persons to operate equipments.
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vi. Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). These shall include working boots,
overalls, helmets, dust masks, goggles, earmuffs and gloves depending on the
individual workers assignment.
7.2.14 Solid waste generation
The proponent should:
vii.
Contract a waste handler to collect solid wastes regularly and dispose off in an
approved manner
viii. The proponent to provide waste collection bins
ix.
Designate a solid waste dump site where the wastes can be disposed before
collection
x.
Practice solid wastes separation at the source
xi.
Sensitize the workers on solid waste management
7.2.15 Exhaust emission
To mitigate exhaust emissions, it will be mandatory to:
i.
ii.
iii.
Ensure all machines and marine vessels are properly and regularly maintained
Limit traffic movement and operations to efficient and necessary activities.
Sensitize machinery operators to switch off engines when not being used.
7.2.16 Increased energy use
To mitigate increased energy use, the following should be put in place:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Energy-saving bulbs are used
Where possible, install solar power to run light duties
Where possible avoid reliance on diesel run generators where feasible.
Sensitize ship crews and machinery operators to switch off engines when not being
used.
7.2.17 Loss of livelihood and economic ruin
To mitigate increased loss of livelihood, it will be mandatory to:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Sensitize workers on alternative livelihoods before decommissioning
Encourage workers to invest in social security scheme such as NSSF among others
Proponent to practice corporate social responsibility
Encourage saving culture among workers
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7.2.18 Water Quality
i.
ii.
iii.
Avoid oil spills and other contaminants from machinery and vessels
Direct waste water to the water treatment septic tanks
Routine biological monitoring before during and after sand harvesting and dumping
of marine habitats should be undertaken
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Table 7: Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Project Phase
Possible Impacts
Vegetation clearance
Disruption of wildlife
habitat
Soil erosion
Noise pollution
Construction
Excess soils and rocks
from excavation
Exhaust emissions
Water Quality
Marine vessel
cleanliness and
sanitary facilities
Mitigation Measures
 Carry out enrichment planting on the catchment
 Limit vegetation clearance on mandatory areas
 Limit traffic to designated areas as per site plan
 Control earthworks

Avoid unnecessary killing of wildlife and marine life during construction phase

If, possible allow for migration of wildlife during construction phase









Restrict excavation to only designated areas
Restrict vegetation clearance to key and designated areas
Establish soil and water conservation structures such as terraces or cut-off ditches
Restrict traffic to designated sites to avoid vegetation disturbance
Sensitize workforce including operators of marine vessels and machinery
Place signs to indicate construction activities
Maintain/properly service all equipment
Workers in the vicinity of high level noise to wear safety and protective gear
This will be dumped only in designated dumping site and NOT in sensitive marine
ecosystems and designated marine parks and reserves
 Unnecessary revving to be avoided
 Sensitize machinery operators to switch off engines
 Alternatively fuelled equipment be used where feasible
 Equipment be properly serviced and maintained
 Avoid oil spills and other contaminants from excavation machines and marine vessels
 Carry out regular water quality monitoring and testing
 Pay special attention to sanitary facilities on marine vessels
 Garbage should be disposed off periodically
 Enforce speed limits for marine vessels
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Waste material
Disposal at sea
 Ensure that all options for disposal of waste materials at sea are comprehensively assessed.





Operation Phase


Effect on marine
organisms



Oil spill effects
The consideration of upland alternatives for dredged material disposal sites must be
evaluated before offshore sites are considered.
Employ sediment dispersion models to characterize sediment resuspension and dispersion
during operations.
Use model outputs to design disposal operations, including measures to avoid and minimize
impacts from suspended sediment and turbidity on living marine resources.
Ensure that the site evaluation criteria developed for selection or designation of dredged
material disposal sites have been invoked and evaluated, as appropriate
Avoid waste material disposal activities in areas containing sensitive or unique marine
benthic habitats (e.g., spawning and feeding sites, surface deposits of cobble/gravel
substrate).
Ensure that disposal sites are being properly managed (e.g., disposal site marking buoys,
inspectors, the use of sediment capping and dredge sequencing) and monitored (e.g.,
chemical and toxicity testing, benthic recovery) to minimize impacts associated with waste
material.
Require appropriate monitoring to avoid and minimize individual and cumulative impacts of
the disposal operations.
Use seasonal restrictions when appropriate to avoid temporary impacts to habitat during
critical life history stages (e.g., spawning, egg and embryo development, and juvenile growth).
Ensure minimal effects to the existing ecology and fisheries
Liaise with lead agencies to undertake marine environment Monitoring for sediment and
siltation stress
Routine biological monitoring that includes pre sand harvesting and dumping in marine
habitats should be undertaken

 Adhere to KMA’s and KPA’s port and shipping regulations, and best practice procedures in
place
 Develop a management plan on how to deal with hazardous substances, which incorporates
plans for emergencies
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Suspended solid
concentrations
(Turbidity)
 Restrict overflow operation during sand harvesting and dumping
 Reduce sand harvested volume per day when suspended solid levels increase
 Where the effects are adverse, immediate corrective measures or alternatives should be

Accidental oil spill





Noise and vibrations
Risks of Accidents and
Injuries to Workers














embraced.
Independent monitoring of water and sediment quality and phytoplankton, coral and biota
health
Contain fuel and lubricant spills away from water sources
Develop marine traffic management plan with relevant key organizations to ensure that risk
of accidents and collisions that may cause oil spills do not occur
Routine biological monitoring that includes pre sand harvesting of marine habitats should be
undertaken
Ensure that a thorough inventory and assessment of all potential contaminants on the vessel
are completed
Strictly adhere to sand harvesting guidelines
Ensure noise silencers in machineries are in good condition
Undertaking loud noise and vibration level activities during off-peak hours
Sensitizing machinery operators to switch off engines or machinery that are not being used
Ensuring that workers wear ear muffs and other personal protective gear/equipment
Ensuring machines are switched off when not in use
Short course trainings on OHS and first aid
Provision of health and safety procedures.
Enforcement of safety procedures
Preparation of contingency plan for accident response.
Strict adherence to project plans and building code
Provision of adequate drinking water and onsite sanitation facilities
Use skilled persons to operate construction equipments.
Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Handrails should be installed around open areas and custom built frames, mesh grids and
other structural components to provide compliant and safe working platforms over water
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Increased Energy
Consumption
Waste Water
Solid wastes
Public health and
occupational safety
Restricted
access and
displacement of
source of
livelihood
Disruption of marine
habitat and
ecosystems
Loss of livelihood and
economic ruin
 Energy-saving bulbs are used
 Where possible, install solar power to run light duties
 Avoid reliance on diesel run generators where feasible.
 Machinery and marine vessel operators to switch off engines when not being used.
 Put off equipment (generators, concrete mixers,,etc) when not in use
 Ensure waste water from marine vessels is handled and disposed of by NEMA licensed waste












handlers
Contract a waste handler
Provide waste collection bins on board marine vessels
Practice solid wastes separation at the source
Sensitize the workers solid waste management
Ensure proper solid disposal and collection facilities
Ensure dustbin cubicles are protected from animals, rains and are well covered
Provide suitable safety gear for all personnel, especially those working in the laboratory
Ensure proper disposal of waste water
Compensation scheme for opportunities lost before operation of project
Conduct continuous consultation with affected people
Employ locals at all stages of the project cycle
Procure local products and services
 Routine biological monitoring before during and after sand harvesting and dumping of






marine habitats should be undertaken
Identify the locations of any sensitive marine habitats in the area in advance.
Liaise with lead agencies to undertake marine environment monitoring for sediment and
siltation stress
Alternative livelihood after contract
Encourage workers to invest in social security scheme such as NSSF among others
Proponent to practice corporate social responsibility
Encourage saving culture among workers
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8. ANALYSIS OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
This section analyses the project alternatives in terms of site and technology options.
8.1 No Project Option
The No Project option in respect to the proposed project implies that the status quo is
maintained. This option is the most suitable alternative from an extreme environmental
perspective as it ensures non-interference with the existing conditions. This option will
however, involve several losses both to the proponent, government and the society as a
whole. The No Project Option is the least preferred from the socio-economic and partly
environmental perspective due to the following factors:
 There will be no added values to the proposed project site.
 Lack of attempts to achieve Vision 2030, working toward sustainable development.
 There will be no added value to other establishments in the neighbourhood.
 The proponent will not benefit from the revenue expected from the project.
 The government kitty will not benefit from the revenue to be earned due to the
proposed project.
 The economic status of the Kenyans and the local people would remain unchanged.
 The local skills would remain underutilized.
 Reduced interaction both at local, national and international levels.
 No employment opportunities will be created for thousands of Kenyans who will
work in the project
 Increased urban and rural poverty and crime in Kenya.
 Development of infrastructural facilities (roads, electrical etc. will not be
undertaken).
From the analysis above, it becomes apparent that the No Project Option is no alternative to
the proponent, local people, Kenyans, and the government of Kenya.
8.2
The Proposed Development Option
Under the Proposed Development Option, the developer of the proposed project would be
issued with an EIA License. In issuing the license, NEMA would approve the proponent’s
proposed sand harvesting and waste dumping Project, provided all environmental
measures are complied with during the site preparation period, operational and
decommissioning phases. This alternative consists of the applicant’s final proposal with the
inclusion of the NEMA regulations and procedures as stipulated in the environmental
impacts to the maximum extent practicable.
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8.3 Relocation Option
Relocation option to different sites for sea sand harvesting is an option available for the
project implementation. After consultation with stakeholders it was decided that relocation
to a new site would be of importance because the site previously identified was within the
Chale marine park. In addition the previously identified site was located in an area with
numerous tourist resorts and attraction and conducting the sea sand harvesting activities
at that location would not only cause disruption of the hotel industry activities but would
also impact negatively on the local fishermen community. In consideration of the above
concerns and assessment of the previously proposed site, relocation of the project was
therefore the viable option. The Tiwi to Chale strip has therefore before excluded in this
application for NEMA approval.
Figure 11: Image showing previously selected site for sand harvesting that was rejected by
stakeholders
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8.4 Alternative sources of sand and mode of extraction
During the project cycle, various options alternatives were analysed and ones with less
impacts selected. The study analysed the project alternatives in terms of mode of extracting
the sand from the sea and alternative sources of sand for the reclamation at Port Reitz.
The first option was alternative sources of sand for the reclamation works which involves
use of sand from crushing of rocks. The crushing rock produces sand or "crusher dust" and
provides a potential alternative to sea sand because of the abundant hard rock sources
within Mombasa County, Kwale County and other neighbouring counties. The number of
crushing plants operating in different parts of these counties would supply sufficient
quantity of crusher sands to the construction the reclamation site. However, although
crusher sands appear to be acceptable alternative, energy spent for making this aggregate,
cost implication and the environmental damage causes to neighborhood through dust and
sound is enormous.
The second option analaysed would will involve transportation of fill material from borrow
pits and compacting the project area at Port Reitz. This has simple logistics and the impacts
on the environment are localized and manageable, although deep-water access is required.
However both this options can cause destruction of the seabeds and habitats for the marine
organisms in addition to breaking of the coral reefs. These alternatives are therefore
considered not suitable for the reclamation of the sea at the port Reitz area for construction
of the terminal for the Nairobi Mombasa Standard Gage Railway Line Project.
8.5 Alternative mode of sea sand extraction
Depending on national regulations and local circumstances, different strategies and modes
in sea sand harvesting/dredging can be applied. Variations can be made in the dimensions
of the extraction area, as well as in the number of sand harvesting sites. Moreover, different
methods for sea sand harvesting can be applied with each strategy presenting its own
challenges and opportunities.
The contractor is proposing to undertake deep sea sand harvesting/dredging at a site 0.4 to
1.0 km offshore at a depth of between 19 – 50m. However, there is an alternative of shallow
sand dredging; with shallow dredging, a maximum of 2 meters below the seabed will be
extracted. In general, suction will be 0.2- 0.5 meters deep, so a suction hopper can cover an
area 4 to 10 times. Because of the limited extraction depth, the surface area of an extraction
will be relatively large and directly related to the volume of sand extracted, the larger the
volume of sand extracted, the larger the area affected.
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However, this alternative will not be viable as the vessel that the contractor is proposing to
use must be used in areas of deep waters to avoid grounding and causing an environmental
disaster, huge economic losses and possibility of injuries and fatalities to the crew on
board. In addition, Tiwi - Waa area is unique because it has a reef; the reef hinders ships of
large sizes to venture close to the beach because of the obvious danger of grounding. The
reef also acts as protection to tourists who may be using the area for recreation from shark
attacks because sharks do not typically venture into the area covered by the reef. It would
therefore be more viable for the contractor to conduct sand harvesting at the proposed site
as it meets all requirements both technically, environmentally and economically while at
the same time ensuring that the marine environment along the beach is not impacted
negatively by the sand harvesting activities.
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9.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT/MONITORING PLAN
9.1 Introduction
This Section presents the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) that will need to be
implemented by the proponent to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to
acceptable levels. EMP for development projects provides a logical framework within
which identified negative environmental impacts can be mitigated and monitored. In
addition the EMP assigns responsibilities of actions to various actors and provides a
timeframe within which mitigation measures and monitoring can be done.
EMP is a vital output of an Environmental Impact Assessment as it provides a checklist for
project monitoring and evaluation. The EMP outlined in the sections below has addressed
the identified potential negative impacts and mitigation measures of the proposed sand
harvesting project, based on the Chapters of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation
Measures of the expected Negative Impacts.
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Negative Impacts
A. OPERATION PHASE
Bio-Diversity Conservation
1. Marine eco-system degradation
Management of water quality
2. Suspended solid
concentrations(Turbidity)
3. Accidental oil spills
Table 8: Environmental Management/Monitoring Plan
Mitigation Measures
Responsib Timeframe
ility
Cost
(Kshs)
Routine biological monitoring
that includes pre sand
harvesting and dumping of
marine habitats should be
undertaken
Project
Site
contractor, Preparation,
operation
Phase
Monthly for
the initial 3
months,
quarterly
thereafter
100,000
Independent monitoring of
water and sediment quality and
phytoplankton, coral and biota
health
Project
contractor
Daily,
weekly or
monthly
through
progress
reports
150,000
Ensure that a thorough
inventory and assessment of all
potential contaminants on the
vessel are completed
Contain fuel and lubricant spills
away from water sources
Utilize spoil earth materials
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Frequency
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Site
Preparation
Phase,
operation
and
decommissio
ning phase
Site
Preparation,
operation
and
decommissio
ning phase
Site
Environmental Impact Assessment Project Report
Negative Impacts
Mitigation Measures
as filling for low lying flood
prone areas
4. Restricted access and displacement of
source of livelihood
5. Increased marine vessel traffic
Compensation scheme for
opportunities lost before
operation of project
Conduct continuous
consultation with affected
people
Responsib Timeframe
ility
Preparation
Phase
Sand
Decommissio
harvesters ning phase
Liaise with relevant port and
marine authorities to develop
traffic management system
Monitoring
Frequency
Cost
(Kshs)
End of
project cycle
Throughout
project cycle
Throughout
project cycle
Reduce air pollution within the project site
6. Air pollution by emissions
Curbing noise pollution
7. Noise pollution from sand harvesting
activities and waste soil dumping
Enforcement of air quality
standards accepted locally
and internationally
contractor
Site
Continuous
PreparationP
hase,
operation
and
decommissio
ning
50,000
Enforcement of standards
accepted locally and
contractor
Preparation,
operation
50,000
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Daily
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Negative Impacts
activities
Improved health and sanitation throughout
project cycle
8. Poor health and sanitation as a result of
the project activities
Mitigation Measures
internationally
Strictly use appropriately
tuned/ maintained
equipment
Provision of ear plugs
Provide adequate sanitation
facilities
Workers to utilize toilets for
locals on consent
Create awareness prevention
on HIV/AIDS and other
related diseases
Project wastes to be collected
and judiciously disposed
Create awareness on the
dangers posed by stagnant
water
Waste management at the project site
9. Litter on board marine vessels
Provide adequate waste
collection facilities on site
Responsib Timeframe
ility
and
decommissio
ning phases
Cost
(Kshs)
Daily
Daily
Marine
vessel
crews
Marine
vessel
crews
Marine
vessel
crews
Marine
vessel
crews
Marine
vessel
crews
Throughout
project cycle
Marine
vessel
crews
Throughout
project cycle
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Daily
40,000
Daily
Continuous
50,000
Daily
10,000
Continuous
Daily
10,000
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Negative Impacts
Mitigation Measures
Dispose collected waste
regularly
Dispose solid waste in
accordance with the
Environmental Management
and Coordination (Waste
Management) Regulations,
2006
Socio-environmental Management
10.Disruption of established Socioenvironmental values of the society
Notify the locals prior to
commencement and settle
any dispute
Respect any culturally
sensitive area and avoid
disturbing
Liaise with key stakeholders
at all stages of project cycle
Give priority to locals in
employment matters
Responsib Timeframe
ility
Marine
vessel
crews
Marine
vessel
crews
Monitoring
Frequency
Daily
proponent
Continuous
Throughout
project cycle
Cost
(Kshs)
Continuous
100,000
Continuous
Continuous
Always
Safe Workplace
11.Degradation of Conservancy areas
Adoption of the prepared
Health and Safety Plan
Liaise with Lead agencies on
locations of Designated
Proponent
/Private
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Operation
Phase
1 Month
50,000
Continuous
100,000
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Negative Impacts
Mitigation Measures
Marine Parks and sensitive
ecological areas
Responsib Timeframe
ility
Entities
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Monitoring
Frequency
Cost
(Kshs)
Environmental Impact Assessment Project Report
9.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan
9.2.1 Introduction
An Environmental Monitoring Plan is vital for any Environmental Impact Assessment of a
development project. The monitoring plan helps in assessing the effectiveness of proposed
mitigation measures, in assessing changes in environmental conditions and to provide
warning of significant deterioration in environmental quality for further preventive action.
The activities and frequency of monitoring is as presented in the proposed EMP
Environmental monitoring will be carried out to ensure that all the proposed project
activities comply and adhere to environmental provisions and standard specifications, so
that all mitigation measures are implemented. The Sand harvesters in liaison with the
Proponent will engage a responsible person for implementation of social/environmental
requirements. The Sand harvesters and the proponent have the responsibility to ensure
that the proposed mitigation measures are properly implemented during all the project
phases.
The principle elements of a monitoring plan are:






A clear statement of aims and objectives,
Proposed frequency of monitoring,
An estimate of the resources required for project implementation,
Delineation of responsibility to implement the monitoring plan,
Clear project demarcation to avoid encroachment into protected and sensitive areas,
Occupational Health and Safety aspects to ensure the site is safe,
Specific attention has been made to ensure that the monitoring plan conforms to the
following criteria, it is auditable in that it:

Identifies specific quantifiable monitoring regimes,

Delineates key lines of accountability,

Associates mitigation and monitoring tasks to specific impacts,

Gives guiding costs of implementation,

Ensures flexibility to enable incorporation of additional monitoring and mitigation
techniques as deemed necessary throughout the life of the project,

Conforms to all best practice principles by acknowledging the existence of both long
time and immediate impacts and the resulting mitigation measures necessary to
deal with such and,
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
Identifies key corporate commitments made by the proponent, with regard to its
environmental performance.
9.2 Monitoring Requirements
To ensure that the Environmental Impact Assessment is effective, environmental
monitoring is mandatory. Factors to be monitored should include:
 Climatic factors (wind, temperature, rainfall, etc),
 Solid waste management systems effectiveness in all the project phases,
 Effects of the proposed project impacts to the environmental resources (soil, water
and air) in the traversed area,
 Effects of the proposed project on the Socio-economic status of the communities
living in the traversed area,
 Biodiversity changes in the area traversed by the proposed project using various
indicators,
9.3 Monitoring Responsibilities
The law requires that the Proponent of any proposed project ensure that no segment of the
environment is threatened by the activities of the proposed project. Therefore, the
proponent will be required to conduct regular monitoring of the project to comply with the
laws of the land. Otherwise overall monitoring through all the other project phases will rest
on the proponent in liaison with the other parties as presented in the EMP.
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10.
CONCLUSION AND RECCOMMENDATION
This Environmental Impact Assessment has identified, assessed and presented mitigations
for various impacts. The conception of this project is focused on ensuring that the proposed
sea sand harvesting and waste soil and mud disposal works operate efficiently and meets
the requirements of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999 and the
Regulations in force.
Successful sea sand harvesting and soil and mud waste disposal the ocean has been done in
the neighbourhood of the proposed. In many other countries, these activities have occurred
with minimum impacts. From the foregoing the project is acceptable as the design concept
provides for all the mitigation measures as proposed. The study therefore recommends
that the Project be approved and licensed to conduct sea sand harvesting and waste soil
disposal for the purpose of construction of a station/terminal at Port Reitz area, Mombasa
County for the Nairobi – Mombasa Standard Gage Railway project.
The following recommendations are made with respect to the proposed project activities:
1. Implement the internal policy requirements including environmental aspects training
and awareness for staff and other key stakeholders;
2. Comply with all legal and policy requirements including and specifically the EMCA,1999
and related environmental principals such as public consultations and polluter pays
among others;
3. Put in place a monitoring and evaluation program for the operations stage covering the
following:
a. Environmental integrity;
b. Operation and routine maintenance and efficiency;
c. Continuous improvement;
d. Conduct monitoring of the marine habitats and ecosystems to avoid and
minimize individual and cumulative impacts of the operations.
4. Complete project environmental audit submission to NEMA after commissioning to
ensure that all the proposed mitigation measures have been complied with;
5. That construction of all facilities in the proposed Project is carried out in accordance
with approved plans and laws;
6. That the proponent establishes and implements a detailed Routine Maintenance Plan
for all the marine vessels and machineries to avoid contamination of marine
environment;
7. That any unforeseen impacts shall be immediately notified to NEMA to ensure that they
are immediately addressed and mitigated.
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REFERENCES
1. Adala, H.O. 2007. Environmental Impact Assessment Report of the Proposed Container
Terminal Modernisation Project for Kenya Ports Authority.
2. Africa Development Bank, Integrated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
Guidelines,October 2003
3. Anonymous (2003). EindconceptRegionaalOntgrondingenplanNoordzee 2. September
2003. OVWOOD-2003/337
4. Anonymous (2003). Marine aggregates and biodiversity. Developing a common
understanding. Postconference briefing. August 2003. Coastnet conference in
association with The Wildlife Trust.
5. Battelle. 2004. Designating an ocean disposal site for dredged material. [Internet].
Columbus (OH):Battelle Memorial Institute; [cited 2007 Dec 21]. Available from:
http://www.battelle.org/Environment/publications/EnvUpdates/summer2004/articl
1.stm.
6. BAC Engineering & Architecture, Japan Port Consultants, Heztech Engineering Services.
Dredging of the Access Channel at the Port of Mombasa: An Inception Report
7. CEDA/IADC (2000). Effects, ecology and economy. Environmental aspects of dredging.
8. Cruickshank, M.J., J.P. Flanagan, B. Holt, and J.W. Padan, 1987. Marine Mining on the
OuterContinental Self: Environmental Effects Overview. U.S. Department of the
Interior,Minerals Management Service, OCS Report 87-0035, 66 pp.
9. Dankers, P.J.T. (2002). Literature study on sediment plumes that arise due to dredging.
TU Delft, theNetherlands.
10. Environmental Assessment Sourcebook Volume I (Policies, procedures, and crosssectoral issues), Volume II ( sectoral guidelines) Volume III (guidelines for
Environmental assessment of energy and industry projects) by, World Bank,
Washington, 1991
11. Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999.
12. Fisheries Act Cap 378 (1989)
13. Fisheries Department, 2006:Marine Frame Survey report 2006.
14. Fisheries Statistics report 2004: Fisheries Department Mombasa District
15. FitzGerald, D., J.B. Smith, and S.L. Goodbred, 1990. Exploration and Inventory of Sand
andGravel Resources Offshore of Boston Harbor. Technical Report 2, Marine Research
Group, Boston University, Boston, MA, 177 pp.
16. Gubbay, Susan (2003). Marine aggregate extraction and biodiversity. Information,
issues and gaps inunderstanding. Report to the Joint Marine Programme of The Wildlife
Trusts and WWF-UK.
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17. Healy, M.G. and Hickey, K.R., 2002. Historic land reclamation in the intertidal wetlands
ofthe Shannon estuary, western Ireland. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 36,
365-373.
18. Heinis F. & J.A. van Dalfsen (2001). Ecological effects of large scale dredging in relation
to extractiondepth (an international panel’s view). HWE & Agro Consultancy.
19. Heztech Engineering Services (2009). Environmental Impacts Assessment Report for
Proposed Dredging Works at the Port of Mombasafor Kenya Ports Authority.
20. Kitheka J. U., Ongwenyi G. S., and Mavuti K. M. (2003): Fluxes and Exchanges of
Suspended Sediments in Tidal Inlets Draining a Degraded Mangrove Forest in Kenya.
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 56, 655-667.
21. Kitheka, J. U. 2002. Suspended sediment transport and exchange in Port Reitz Creek
with special focus on the mangrove fringed Mwache Wetland, Kenya. M.Sc thesis,
Gothenburg University
22. Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts, Environmental Management and Coordination
(WaterQuality) Regulations, 2006
23. Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts, Environmental Management and Coordination
(FossilFuel Emission Control) Regulations, 2006
24. NEMA, National Sand Harvesting Guidelines, 2007.
25. Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007
26. Pollution prevention and abatement handbook – Part III, (September, 2001)
27. The Making of a Framework Environmental Law in Kenya, by ACTS press, UNEP-ACTS,
2001
28. Wijsman, J. & J.B. Anderson. (2004). Sandpit. WP 2.4: Ecological effects of sand
extraction. Draft version 1. February 4, 2004.(unpublished)
29. Wilber D, Brostoff W, Clarke D, Ray G. 2005. Sedimentation: potential biological effects
ofdredging operations in estuarine and marine environments. [Internet]. DOER
TechnicalNotes Collection. Vicksburg (MS): US Army Engineer Research and
Development Center.
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APPENDICES














Certificate of Firm of Experts Registration from NEMA
Proponents Certificate of registration
Proponents KRA PIN certificate
Bill of quantities.
A copy of the NEMA license and Variation License for DK 00-10 approving
Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway project and
2015 high-low and hourly tide predictions for Mombasa.
Fish Species Composition within the proposed sand harvesting site
List of registered BMU’s operating within the proposed sand harvesting site
List of registered boats within the 2BMU’s
Landing Sites within the Tiwi/ Waa area
A sample of questionnaires used during the field study
Public Meeting Minutes
Port Reitz Sand Analysis results
Public Meeting Attendance Lists
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S/N
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
LIST OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PARTICIPANTS
NAME
DESIGNATION
Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) Senior Research Scientist
Dr. Judith Nyunja
Kenya Ports Authority (KPA)
Port Environment officer and
Mr. Francis Kombe
Lead Expert
Kenya Maritime Authority
Head of Maritime Safety
(KMA)
Mr. Wilfred J. Kagimbi
National Environment
County Director of
Management Authority
Environment Mombasa
(NEMA)
County
Mr. Stephen Wambua
National Environment
County Director of
Management Authority
Environment – Kwale County
(NEMA)
Mr. George Oyoo
Department of Fisheries
County Fisheries Officer
Kwale County
Mr. CharlseOdindo
Department of Fisheries –
County Fisheries officer
Mombasa County
Mr. David Gambo
The Kenya Navy
Marine expertise and crafts
Kenya Ferry Services
Management of Ferry
services - Likoni
Kenya Marine & Fisheries
Marine life and ecosystems
Research Institute (KEMFRI)
experts
The Marine Police
Inland and Marine security
Kenya Forest Service (KFS)
Kenya Association of Hotel
Keepers and Caterers (KAHC)
County Governments of Kwale
and Mombasa
South Coast Residents
Association (SCRA)
Hotel Director
The Flamboyant Beach Hotel
Mrs. Tracy Pirie
CONTACTS
0721277154
0721820335
0733728796
0711703135
0725006604
0720563431
0722336459
0720843585
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17. Southern Palms Beach Resort
Mr. Herman Makori
18. Leisure Lodge Resort
Maria Buluma
19. Kaskazi Beach Hotel
Mr. Francois Mages
Human Resource Manager
0722300916
Guest Services Manager
0716430670
General Manager
0704895826
LIST OF REGISTERED BMU’s IN THE PROJECT ACTIVITY AREAS.
NAME OF BEACH
MANAGEMENT UNIT
1. CHALE JEZA BMU
2. MWAEPE BMU
3. MWAKAMBWA BMU
4. TIWI BMU
5. NYARI/KIKADINI BMU
NAME OF CHAIRPERSONS
TEL. CONTACT
Mr. HamisiSalimMwasumbi
Mr. ChamlunguTungu
Mr. Ali Mwachikuzi
Mr. HamadiMwakutengeza
Mr. AbdallaMatano
0715 683627
0734 760149
0711 904267
0702 527341
0718633020
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