Download low cost hybrid solar car concept

International Conference on Current Research in Engineering Science and Technology (ICCREST-2016)
LOW COST HYBRID SOLAR CAR CONCEPT
A technique that challenges the conventional cars in efficiency and usability
V.AJEETHKUMAR
Department of electronics and communication engineering,
Kings College of engineering,
Punalkulam, Thanjavur
Abstract—- This work, is focused on an idea about hybrid
solar car technology which solves the major problem of fuel
and pollution in present days. To determine how feasible
widespread change to hybrids would be in future with all
information taken into account, it is concluded that hybrids
have several advantages as fuel efficient, low pollution. In the
present work a complete experiment of hybrid solar car has
been prepared using small car. After complete analysis of this
car the bear capability of load, stress, and strain of front & rear
collision of car frame are found. A complete data analysis is to
be done to examine the technical aspects of the hybrid car
technology. On the whole, hybrid technology has a lot of
potential in industries today and therefore it can lead to new
solutions. However let’s find a solution.
Keywords - Hybrid solar vehicle, solar energy, IC engine,
Electric operated system
I.
INTRODUCTION
The use of hybrid solar car can be efficient in our daily life
because nowadays pollution and fuel rate are very big
problems. Many people are using fuel cars. Use of solar
energy is done for car, besides the control of vehicular
pollution in the city, less consumption of fuel. Hybrid solar
cars are effective in reducing global warming and environment
problem in big frame. In the present work, the objective is to
estimate the potential of both energy & PV energy and
mechanical engine power and to implement a new car or a
conventional old car. The hybrid solar car is one of the
potential items for weight reduction as it accounts for 5% - 10%
of the weight. Various advantages for hybrid solar car by using
this technology are mentioned as follows
1. It helps to reduce the conventional car demand in
urban city.
2. It helps to minimize the pollution problem in urban
city.
3. It helps to provide clean energy which will reduce the
carbon dioxide emission every month.
4. It also helps to importantly reduce the fuel demand.
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S.MANGAYARKARASI, (AP GIII)
Department of electronics and communication engineering,
Kings College of engineering,
Punalkulam, Thanjavur
A hybrid car is a vehicle which uses three power sources such
as solar energy with electric motor, electrical operation and a
small combustion engine to run a car.
They are slowly gaining popularity with the auto buyers
because they are seeing the benefits that owning a car will
help them to reduce their carbon emission and is also energy
efficient. It also makes the environment clean.
In this paper, we are going to create a design of hybrid solar
car by using a remote controlled toy car to measure the solar
efficiency. After that we can perform using a conventional car.
Modelling is done on a remote controlled toy car or on an old
conventional car.
II.
LITERATURE REVIEW
In this paper, I am going to present a detailed study of optimal
sizing, fuel consumption of a solar car based on a longitudinal
vehicle dynamics mode and energy flow, weight, overall cost
of vehicle. It is shown that fuel saving can be achieved for
intermittent use with average power and economic feasibility.
Hybrid Solar Vehicles (HSV), derived by integration of
Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Photo-Voltaic sources, may
represent a valuable solution to face both energy saving and
environmental issues, particularly in urban driving. This paper
also focuses on general, the technological issues and
challenges ahead of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in relation
to major components which can be used for design
consideration and selection of component for electric motor
and battery bank, control strategy.
Our technical challenge is that most of the normal solar cars
are built using light weight carbon fibre materials. Using this
tech in conventional car body platform and improving
efficiency is a riskier task. Also we are in a situation to
investigate the use of photovoltaic systems as auxiliary power
generators in hybrid and electric vehicles.
This technology provides yet unexploited possibility with the
advantages of a new power source, which is light, noiseless,
maintenance-free and continuous working operation. A notable
reduction of air emissions can be achieved through a synergy
of various technological breakthroughs, such as the method we
present of introducing photovoltaic arrays and additional
electrochemical energy storage capacity in vehicles. Solar cars
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are also considered as a case study in order to demonstrate the
use of solar panels in electric cars.
A comparative study of three different configurations for a
hybrid solar vehicle has been recently presented and
developed at the University of Salerno in 2008. The hybrid
electric vehicle (HEV) system that consists of mechanical
engine, electric motor and batteries has gained increased
interests because of the interest’s drawback of IC engine such
as pollution. Testing this system in a vehicle helps us to
provide efficiency and pollution results.
III.
RELATED THEORY
A Hybrid solar car Components -Electric vehicle was first
designed and developed by the Baker Motor Company since
1990s. A main advantage of EV over the internal combustion
engine can thus be exploited in terms of no carbon emissions
occurred due to use of only the electric motor to drive the
engine. Generally, the electric car and hybrid solar car consists
of six main parts: PV panel, electric motor, electric Generator,
battery bank, IC engine and electronic controlling unit (ECU)
respectively. A diagram of the hybrid solar car can thus be
illustrated in Fig. 1.
(5) IC engine has been employed for driving hybrid solar car
which can be used during night or minimum electric energy
of HSC.
(6)Electronic controlling unit (ECU) is an electronics circuit
that is used for controlling the energy in the electric motor
which can provide speed variation.
B. Transmission system – In this hybrid solar car, we are using
two types of transmission system. A diagram of the
transmission system of hybrid solar car can thus be illustrated
in Fig. 2.
Front wheels
EN
EM
IC E
Battery bank
Bank
Plug -in
Inventor system
PV panel
Rear wheels
Figure 2. A general Transmission system of hybrid solar car
Main parts of hybrid solar car
PV panel
Electric motor
Battery bank
IC engine
ECU controlling unit
Electric Generator
Figure 1 Main components of hybrid solar car
(1) PV panel convert sunlight into electricity, which is stored
in batteries. Then the energy will be utilized for hybrid car
propulsion.
(2) Electric motor has generally been employed for driving the
hybrid solar car (HSC). However, we can observe that the
brushless DC motor (BLDC) is often operated (HSC) over the
classical DC motor due to long lifetime operation, high speed
and also high torque.
(3) Electric Generator generates self-energy in a car during a
regeneration brake or slop on a road.
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(4) Battery bank is an important component for the HSC. It
generates 24 V DC for supplying the electric motor and also
electronic devices in the HSC.
Where EM=electric control node which can control the
supplies of voltage, photovoltaic panel, ICE=internal
combustion engine (petrol operated four stroke engine),
battery bank, plug in with invertor system.
Two types of transmission system
1. Front drive system –The IC engine is placed in front of the
car. With the help of chain drive mechanism, the power
stored in crank shaft is driven to the axle of front wheels.
2. Rear drive system – The electric motor is placed near the
rear axle of hybrid solar car which can be operated by
charged batteries then the electric motor rotates the rear axle
of rear wheels.
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Both systems are placed in hybrid solar car. Only one system
can be used in transmission of power to wheels i. either rear
or front wheels of a hybrid solar car at a time. If one system
fails then we can choose the alternative driving mechanism.
In this design we will take depth of discharge to be 75%.
Temperature correction is needed because at low temperature
battery efficiency decreases.
Battery bank capacity in Ampere hour (AH) is given by
Brc= Ec (Ah) × Ds / (DOD) max× ή
Where, DOD =Battery depth of discharge
IV.
MODEL AND DESIGN
In Hybrid solar car, solar panel can be placed on roof, bonnet
and boot section of a car, in horizontal and vertical portion of
the car. In a general model, it could be considered of at least
two additional options such as


Horizontal panel
Vertical panel
It is designed by using a remote controlled car or a small car.
First, we assume framework and then we assume different
parts of solar car like solar panel, IC engine, transmission
system, braking system, wheels and axles, steering system
and dashboard. All these systems are designed and it will be
assembled
in
field
frame
of
the
car.
Ds = battery autonomy or storage days
ή = temperature correction factor = 0.9 Ec (Ah) = energy or
load is given by Ampere in hour
Batteries in parallel is given by
B p = Brc / Bsc
Where, Bsc = capacity of selection battery (Ah)
Batteries in series is given by
Bs = Vn/Vs
Where,Vn = nominal voltage of battery
Vs = nominal voltage of system
Total battey bank of system=BT=BP*BS
A. Design of PV system
C .Regenerative braking
The PV system design is based on the size and capacity of
load. The energy produced by PV panel is obtained from two
types of energy contribution as shown in equation 1 and
equation 2 as below
1. Driving time - the energy produced during the running
period of a car is calculated
Automotive engineers have given the solution to energy
wastage problem, a lot of thought have come up with a kind of
braking system that can recapture much of the car's kinetic
energy and convert it into electricity, so that it can be used to
recharge the car's batteries. This system is called regenerative
braking.
2. Parking time - The energy produced during the parking
period of a car is calculated
Where = PV panel efficiency, = PV surface area, = the
average energy daily enough by solar panel captured (4.3 K
hr /day), = solar energy captured during a sun at (7 AM to 6
PM), =solar energy during a parking time
B.
Total power = Driving time + Parking time
B .Design of Battery system
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V.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2. Emission level based
VI. CONCLUSION
A.General dimension of Hybrid solar car
We find out the general dimensions of a hybrid solar car. A
table of the hybrid solar car can thus be illustrated in table 1
Table 1
Showing a general dimension of a hybrid solar car
S. No.
1
2
3
4
Dimensions of hybrid solar
car
Wheel Base
Wheel track
Height of car
Ground clearance
Length in mm
2813 mm
1160 mm
1221.46 mm
280 mm
Suitable design based analysis of hybrid solar car has been
given and results of battery bank and sizing, total area of car
which can be used in PV array, capacity of total load and
analysis of car body have been tabulated.
It will be used for research work and education purpose. In
future this type of car have lot of marketing value because it
will be used as nonrenewable resource and renewable
energy .This type of car does not create any pollution and will
have a lot of positive points towards nature . Only the
manufacturing cost is high but maintenance cost is almost zero.
This project helps to lower the manufacturing cost. Hence this
car is economic and environmental friendly.
Acknowledgment
B. Area and Total power generated by PV panel
Total Area of PV panel = 835396 (mm2) = 0.835 meter2
No of panel mounted in roof = 3, single-single panel mounted
in bonnet and backside of car
This research was supported/partially supported by [Name of
Foundation, Grant maker, Donor]. We thank our colleagues
from [Name of the supporting institution] who provided
insight andexpertise that greatly assisted the research,
although they may not agree with all of the
interpretations/conclusions of this paper.
Total power generated by panel = No. PV panel X Power
= 5 X 150Watt
= 750 Watt
= 0.75 K Watt
We thank [Name Surname, title] for assistance with
[particular technique, methodology], and [Name Surname,
position, institution name] for comments that greatly
improved the manuscript.
C. General batteries required in system
All the information about the battery system and total load
required by electric motor is given in table 2, and battery is
generally used in an auto- vehicle for different purpose on
present day. Batteries which need to be used in a hybrid solar
car system have to be designed in order to the general
requirement of running car (load).
Battery capacity table.
Table 2
Showing a general batteries required in system
We would also like to show our gratitude to the (Name
Surname, title, institution) for sharing their pearls of wisdom
with us during the course of this research, and we thank 3
“anonymous” reviewers for their so-called insights. We are
also immensely grateful to (List names and positions) for
their comments on an earlier version of the manuscript,
although any errors are our own and should not tarnish the
reputations of these esteemed persons.
Capacity of Required
by load
Capacity of battery
(Ah)
Batteries in parallel
Batteries in series
Total No. of battery
Power of batteries
References
2 Kw
5 Ah
[1] http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/hybridtechnology/5-hybrid-battery-pack-improvements.htm
1
4
4
220- 240 watt
[2] http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/hybridtechnology/hybrid-cars-utilize-solar-power.htm
A comparison between conventional cars over hybrid solar car.
Comparison is based on two factors such as
1. Fuel consumption based
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[3] http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/hybridtechnology/hybrid-cars-perform-cold-weather.htm
[4]
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web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CBwQFjAAahUKEwirg
r
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