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CELLERGY SUPERCAP TURNS YOUR POWER SOURCE MIGHTY
Batteries and Impact of SuperCapacitors
Semion Simma – FAE
Date: 02/09/2009
Batteries and Impact of SuperCapacitors - Conclusion
According to the study which is presented in this
presentation:
SuperCapacitors can extend the specifications of
primary (non rechargeable) batteries such as
Lithium thionyl chloride Li-SOCI2.
40% of the those batteries customers need this
extra performance and are willing to pay for it.
PRIMARY (NON RECHARGEABE)
BATTERIES.
Primary (Non-Rechargeable) Batteries.
Common Information:
Primary batteries are used once, then discarded. They have the advantage of convenience and cost less
per battery, with the down side of costing more over the long term. Primary batteries have a higher
capacity and initial voltage than rechargeable batteries. Primary batteries have a sloping discharge curve
than secondary (rechargeable) batteries.
Advantages:
• High energy density
• Best alternative for low cost, low drain applications
• Wide availability of standard products
Disadvantages:
• Not suitable for high drain applications due to short life time and the cost of continuous replacement.
• Extremely uneconomical energy source since they produce only about 2% of the power used in their
manufacture.
• They produce much more waste than rechargeable batteries.
Lithium Batteries
Common Information:
•All lithium batteries consist of Lithium anode (negative electrode).
•Lithium is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.
Disadvantages:
•Like all alkali metals lithium is highly reactive, corroding quickly causing to passivation layer.
•Lithium in its elemental state is highly flammable due to sensitivity to high temperatures.
•Lithium batteries use a nonaqueous (organic or inorganic) electrolyte , the result is relative high internal
impedance (10-30 Ω).
•There are government safety regulations that limit the weight of lithium in commercial shipments,
making it very expensive to distribute lithium cells larger than the AA or AAA size.
Advantages:
•Lithium batteries have the highest energy density.
•Lithium cells have high nominal voltage 2.7V up to 3.9V.
•Lithium batteries are extended to the wide temperature range ( -55°C to +150°C).
Lithium Batteries cont.
Lithium Chemistry Differences:
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Nominal, minimum and maximum voltage.
Initial, average and maximum discharge current.
Continuous or Pulse operation.
Service life conditions
Shelf life conditions
Operating-temperature range
Permitted Voltage drop
Famous Types of Lithium Batteries:
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Sulfur dioxide lithium Li-SO2
Lithium thionyl chloride Li-SOCI2
Manganese dioxide lithium Li-MNO2
Poly carbon monofluoride lithium (CF)X-Li
Lithium iodine Lil2
Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide Li-SO2
Advantages:
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Not flammable electrolyte.
Highest pulse capability
At low temperatures and high currents performs better than Li-MnO2.
Disadvantages:
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Lower energy density than LiMNO2 and LiSOCI2 .
Service life lower than LiMNO2 and LiSOCI2 .
Only 3 manufacturer
High cost
Toxic and corrosive electrolyte
Voltage delay phenomenon (liquid cathode (6))
Requires safety vent, can explode in some conditions.
Applications:
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Military radio communication
Son buoys and other underwater applications
Emergency location transmitters
Cardiac defibrillators
SuperCapacitor impact:
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Up to now we didn’t find application bases on the LiSO2 battery?
Lithium-Thionyl Chloride Li-SOCI2
Advantages:
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High energy density
Low leakage
High Nominal OCV (open circuit voltage) 3.6V
Nonflammable
Wide operating temperature range.
Disadvantages:
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High internal impedance relative to other lithium batteries
Passivation layer grows quickly in case of high ambient temperature ( during shelf life).
Low current drawn form battery during the pulse ( despite very high energy) depends on battery type
( bobbin or Jelly Role or spiral wound)
High price
Voltage delay phenomenon ( liquid cathode (6))
Applications:
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Military radio communication
Son buoys and other underwater applications
Emergency location transmitters beacon (ELTs, EPIRBs)
Cardiac defibrillators
SuperCapacitor impact:
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During shelf life SC drawing low current from battery decrease passivation layer reduce voltage
delay problems (2)
During pulse transmissions SC due to low ESR produces pulses prolong battery life time
Lithium-Thionyl Chloride Li-SOCI2 cont.
Additional Information:
2 Types of Construction Bobbin and Spiral Wound
BOBBIN CONSTRUCTION
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Designed for applications with long operating cycles & low pulse requirements
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Example: AMR
SPIRAL WOUND CONSTRUCTION
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Designed for applications with long operating cycles & high pulse requirements
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Example: RF Transmitters
Lithium-Manganese Dioxide Li-MnO2
Advantages:
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Low cost
No voltage delay phenomenon ( solid cathode(6))
Disadvantages:
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High self-discharge at high temperatures.
Flammable electrolyte
Low performance under low temperatures
Applications:
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Watches
Cameras
Card Readers
Internal Clocks
Memory Backup
SuperCapacitor impact:
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In case of low ambient temperatures, internal resistance of the battery would increase dramatically up to
hundreds Ohms. The ability to deliver high current pulse decrease, SC has low ESR (max 2Ω) ability
to produce high current pulses.
Poly (Carbon Monofluoride)- Lithium (CF)X-Li
Advantages:
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Highest energy density
Very good safety record
Very low self discharge
Disadvantages:
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Low Nominal OCV (open circuit voltage) 2.8V
Battery voltage drops drastically at high current discharge (8)
Recovery of dropped voltage takes many hours (8)
High cost (9)
Information on technology very poor (9)
Applications:
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Military
Cardiac pacemakers
SuperCapacitor impact:
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Due to low OCV and long time voltage recovery process SC will improve dramatically (CF)X-Li battery
behavior under high current pulses.
Lithium Iodine - Lil2
Advantages:
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Low self discharge
Low cost
Disadvantages:
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Low performance under high temperatures
Low Nominal OCV (open circuit voltage) 2.8V
High internal impendence
Lowest power density
Very poor info on this battery type
Applications:
Cardiac pacemaker
SuperCapacitor impact:
•
Due to low OCV and long time voltage recovery process SC will improve dramatically LiI2 battery
behavior under high current pulses.
Primary Lithium Battery Comparison Table
Lithium
Chemistry
Lithium-Sulfur
Dioxide Li-SO2
Lithium-Thionyl
Chloride (LiSOCI2)
LithiumManganese
Dioxide (LiMnO2)
Poly (Carbon
Monofluoride)Lithium
Lithium
Iodine (Lil2)
Energy Density
Low
Bobbin (High), Spiral
wound (Low)
Moderate
Very High
Low
Cell Voltage
3V
3.67V
3V
2.8V
2.8V
Pulse amplitude
High
Bobbin (Low), Spiral
wound (High)
Moderate
Low
Moderate
Passivation
High
High
Moderate
Moderate
High
Performance at
R.T.
Moderate
High
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Performance in low
temperatures
Moderate
Low
Poor
Low
Low
Operating life
Moderate
High
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Self-discharge rate
3% a year (RT)
1%-3% a year (RT)
3% a year (RT)
1% (RT)
1%(RT)
Operating
temperature
-60°C to +70°C
-55°C to +100°C
-20°C to +60°C
??????
-20°C to +70°C
OTHER PRIMERY BATTERIES.
Lechlanche Dry Cells
Common information:
Primary cell with a nominal open circuit voltage of 1.5 Volts produced in very high volumes.
Chemistry based on a zinc anode and a cathode/depolarizers of manganese dioxide which absorbs the
liberated hydrogen bubbles which would otherwise insulate the electrode from the electrolyte. It uses a
carbon rod as the cathode current collector with an electrolyte of ammonium chloride. Its variants have been
in use for over a century.
Variants include:
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Zinc carbon (Carbon cathode)
Zinc chloride (Ammonium chloride electrolyte replaced by zinc chloride)
Alkaline manganese ( Ammonium chloride electrode replaced by potassium hydroxide)
Advantages:
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Lowest cost of primary batteries
Available in a wide range of sizes including AAA, AA, C, D and 9Volt sizes.
Interchangeable with alkaline batteries
Disadvantages:
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High leakage
Lower energy density than the alkaline batteries
Poor low temperature performance
Losing market share to alkaline cells and newer technologies
Lechlanche Dry Cells cont..
Applications:
Low cost applications
Toys
Remote control
Flashlights
Clocks
SuperCapacitor impact:
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Due to low OCV it can’t to supply 2.2-2.8 V for devices including microprocessor. It requires to put DCDC converter in order to increase voltage of battery from 1.5V to 2.8V, it requires higher pulse current
from battery. This type of battery doesn’t have ability to support high current pulses, due to low capacity
and high leakage. In this case SC is required to supply high current pulse in order to allow
microprocessor to work properly and to increase battery lifetime.
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Due to poor performance in low temperatures environment of Lechlanche Dry Cells, SC is required to
supply high current pulses. The algorithm is simple, battery will charge SC in low current, and when pulse
would be required SC should deliver it due to excellent performance in low ambient temperatures.
Alkaline (Alkaline Manganese Dioxide)
Common information:
Many battery chemistries use alkaline electrolytes but "Alkaline Batteries" usually refers to the
“Alkaline Manganese Dioxide” primary cells. 1.5 Volt primary cell. Most popular premium general purpose
battery.
The Alkaline Manganese Dioxide battery is a variant on the Leclanche cell.
As with the Leclanche cell the electrodes are zinc and manganese dioxide but the electrolyte is potassium
hydroxide (KOH).
Potassium hydroxide is also used as the electrolyte in most of the Nickel based rechargeable cells.
Advantages:
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Similar to zinc carbon Leclanche cells but doubles Leclanche cell energy density
4 times the capacity of a equivalent size rechargeable Nickel Cadmium or Nickel Metal Hydride cells.
4 to 9 times longer life than the equivalent Leclanche cell.
Constant capacity over a wide range of current drains.
Better low temperature performance than zinc carbon
Available in a wide range of sizes
Made from non toxic chemicals
Disadvantages:
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High leakage
Higher cost than the basic competing zinc carbon Leclanche cells
Low performance under sub-zero temperatures.
Alkaline (Alkaline Manganese Dioxide) cont..
Applications:
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Low cost applications
Toys
Remote control
Flashlights
Clocks
SuperCapacitor impact:
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Due to low OCV it can’t to supply 2.2-2.8 V for devices including microprocessor. It requires to put DCDC converter in order to increase voltage of battery from 1.5V to 2.8V, it requires higher pulse current
from battery. This type of battery doesn’t have ability to support high current pulses, due to low capacity
and high leakage. In this case SC is required to supply high current pulse in order to allow
microprocessor to work properly and to increase battery lifetime.
•
Due to poor performance in low temperatures environment of Lechlanche Dry Cells, SC is required to
supply high current pulses. The algorithm is simple, battery will charge SC in low current, and when pulse
would be required SC should deliver it due to excellent performance in low ambient temperatures.
Zinc/Silver Oxide or Silver Zinc Batteries
Common information:
Common low capacity primary button cell versions are typically called Silver Oxide batteries. They have an
open circuit voltage of 1.6 Volts. Two types of Silver Oxide batteries are available, one type with a
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) electrolyte and the other with a potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte.
Because of the high cost of sliver they are available in either very small sizes as button cells where the
amount of silver used is small and not a significant contributor to the overall product costs or they are
available in very large sizes for critical applications where the superior performance characteristics of
the silver oxide chemistry outweigh any cost considerations.
Advantages:
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High energy density
Cell OCV = 1.6V , higher than alkaline cell
Low self discharge long shelf life (better than zinc air)
Better low temperature performance than zinc air
Flat discharge characteristics - flatter than alkaline battery.
Disadvantages:
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High cost (Silver)
Lower energy density than zinc air.
Poor low temperature performance.
Suffers from dissolving of the Zinc and the formation of Zinc dendrites which pierce the separator.
Very expensive for high power applications
Zinc/Silver Oxide Battery cont..
Applications:
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Contribution to miniature power sources
Hearing aids
Instruments
Photographic applications
Electronic watches
Big size Silver Zinc batteries are used in submarines and missiles
SuperCapacitor impact:
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Very expensive for high power applications – It is exactly case when SC is extremely required.
The customer invited to implement application with little zinc/oxide battery +SC , this combination will
have same impact as big zinc/oxide battery, but with much lower cost.
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Due to poor performance in low temperatures environment of zinc/silver oxide battery, SC is required to
supply high current pulses. The algorithm is simple, battery will charge SC in low current, and when pulse
would be required SC should deliver it due to excellent performance in low ambient temperatures.
Zinc Air Batteries
Common information:
Cells using zinc-air technology are energized only when atmospheric oxygen is absorbed into the electrolyte
through a gas-permeable, liquid-tight membrane. With the removal of a sealing tab, oxygen from the air
is introduced into the cell. A zinc-air battery usually reaches full operating voltage within 5 seconds of
being unsealed. The cell voltage for the chemistry is theoretically capable 1.65 Volts however almost all
designs are optimized for less than 1.4 or 1.3 Volts in order to achieve longer lifetimes.
Advantages:
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High energy density
Inexpensive materials
The zinc-air system, when sealed, has excellent shelf life
High energy per unit of weight,
higher than almost any other primary type battery
Disadvantages:
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Low power ( very high internal resistance)
Sensitive to extreme temperature and humid conditions
Carbon dioxide from the air forms carbonate which reduces conductivity
High self discharge
After activation, chemicals tend to dry out and the batteries have to be used quickly
Zinc Air Batteries cont..
Applications:
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Watches
Hearing aids
Larger types are employed as prismatic or cylindrical cells for telecoms and railway remote signaling,
safety lamps at road and rail construction sites or as power sources for electric fences.
SuperCapacitor impact:
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Low power ( very high internal resistance)– It is exactly case when SC is extremely required.
The customer invited to implement application with little zinc air battery +SC , this combination will have
succeed to produce high current pulses due to SC’s low ESR.
Other Primary Battery Comparison Table
Battery Chemistry
Lechlanche
Dry Cells
Alkaline Manganese
Dioxide
Zinc/Silver Oxide
Zinc Air
Energy Density
Low
High
Low
High
Cell Voltage
1.5V
1.5V
1.6V
1.4V
Pulse amplitude
Low
High
High
Low
Passivation
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Performance at
R.T.
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Performance in low
temperatures
Low
Low
Low
Low
Operating life
Low
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Self-discharge rate
High
High
Low
High
Operating
temperature
-10°C to +55°C
-20°C to +55°C
-28°C to +55°C
-10°C to +55°C
Comparison does not include lithium batteries!