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The Ethics of Tax Evasion: A Survey of
International BusinessAcademics
Robert W. McGee
Florida International University (FIU) - School of Accounting
February 12, 2006
Abstract:
In 1944, Martin Crowe, a Catholic priest, wrote a doctoral dissertation titled The Moral Obligation of
Paying Just Taxes. His dissertation summarized and analyzed 500 years of theological and
philosophical debate on this topic, much of which took place in Latin. Since Crowe's dissertation, not
much has been written on the topic of tax evasion from an ethical perspective, with a few exceptions.
In 1998 and 1999, a few articles were published on the ethics of tax evasion in the Journal of
Accounting,Ethics & Public Policy. An edited book on this topic was published in 1998.
The present paper summarizes, updates and expands on Crowe's work. Recent literature is reviewed
and the issues discussed in the last 500 years of theological and philosophical debate are
incorporated into an 18-statement survey, which was distributed to members of the Academy of
International Business (AIB), the International Management Development Association (IMDA) and the
International Academy of Business Disciplines (IABD). These three groups were chosen to be the
sample population because members of these groups are knowledgeable about
international business practices and they come from a wide variety of backgrounds. They are more
cosmopolitan in outlook than the average U.S. business school professor. A large percentage of the
membership of these groups have lived in more than one country and many of them were born in a
country other than the United States, which reduces the U.S. bias that would result if the sample
population consisted of a random sample of American business school professors. A fair percentage
of the membership of these organizations presently lives outside the United States.
Three basic views on the ethics of tax evasion have emerged over the centuries. The statements in
the survey instrument incorporate all three views, which give respondents an opportunity to express
their opinion regardless of which of the three positions they come closest to. Most statements begin
with the phrase Tax evasion is not unethical if . . . , which allows the respondents to either agree or
disagree with the statement. Each question is graded on a 7-point Likert scale. The responses to
each question were tallied and ranked to determine under which circumstances tax evasion might be
considered most or least ethical.
resume
Etika Pengelakan Pajak:
Sebuah Survei BusinessAcademics Internasional
Robert W. McGee
International University (FIU) - Sekolah Akuntansi
12 Februari 2006
Abstrak:
Pada tahun 1944, Martin Crowe, seorang imam Katolik, menulis disertasi doktor berjudul
Kewajiban Moral Hanya Membayar Pajak. Disertasinya diringkas dan dianalisis 500
tahun perdebatan teologis dan filosofis tentang topik ini, banyak yang terjadi dalam
bahasa Latin.Karena disertasi Crowe, tidak banyak yang telah ditulis pada topik
penggelapan pajak dari perspektif etika, dengan beberapa pengecualian. Pada tahun
1998 dan 1999, beberapa artikel diterbitkan pada etika penggelapan pajak dalam
Journal of Akuntansi, Etika & Kebijakan Publik.Sebuah buku diedit pada topik ini
diterbitkan pada tahun 1998.
Ketiga kelompok dipilih menjadi sampel populasi seperti Akademi Bisnis Internasional
(AIB), International Manajemen Development Association (IMDA)dan Akademi
Internasional Disiplin Bisnis (IABD). karena anggota kelompok ini pengetahuan tentang
praktek bisnis internasional dan mereka datang dari berbagai latar belakang. Mereka
lebih kosmopolitan dalam pandangan dari profesor sekolah bisnis rata-rata
US. Sebagian besar dari keanggotaan kelompok ini tinggal di lebih dari satu negara dan
banyak dari mereka yang lahir di negara lain selain Amerika Serikat, yang mengurangi
bias AS yang akan terjadi jika populasi sampel terdiri dari sampel acak dari profesor
sekolah bisnis amerika. Sebuah persentase yang wajar dari keanggotaan organisasiorganisasi saat ini tinggal di luar Amerika Serikat.
Tiga pandangan dasar mengenai etika penggelapan pajak telah muncul selama
berabad-abad.Pernyataan dalam instrumen survei menggabungkan semua tiga
pandangan, responden yang memberikan kesempatan untuk mengekspresikan
pendapat mereka terlepas dari yang mana dari tiga posisi mereka datang. Pernyataan di
mulai dengan penggelapan pajak yang tidak etis pada frase jika. . . , Yang
memungkinkan responden untuk baik setuju atau tidak setuju dengan pernyataan
itu. Setiap pertanyaan dinilai pada skala Likert 7-titik. Tanggapan untuk setiap
pertanyaan yang dihitung dan peringkat untuk menentukan di mana situasi
penghindaran pajak mungkin dianggap sebagian besar tidak etis
Sumber :
www.ssrn.com.