Download Greenfly orchid (Epidendrum magnoliae)

Greenfly orchid (Epidendrum magnoliae)
Si n ón i mos: Amphiglottis conopsea, Epidendrum conopseum, Larnandra conopsea, Larnandra magnolia, Epidendrum
conopseum var. mexicanum
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National distribution 1
United States
Ori gi n : Native
R egu l ari ty : Regularly occurring
Cu rren tl y : Present
Con fi d en ce : Confident
Description 2,3
Plants cespitose, 4.5–38 cm. Roots basal, 3–5 mm diam. Stems unbranched, straight, terete, 2–5 cm.
Leaves 2–3, near apex of stem; petiole to 1.5 cm; blade narrowly elliptic, 1–9.5 × 0.4–1.3 cm, nearly
leathery, apex acute. Inflorescences erect, racemose, 3–26 cm; peduncle 2–10 cm; bracts triangular, to
1/2 length of ovary, 12–18 mm, apex acuminate. Flowers 6–14, spread along apical 1/2 of inflorescence,
resupinate, simultaneous, pale green to bronze-colored; sepals wide open, narrowly obovate, 5-veined,
6–11 × 2–3 mm, margins revolute, apex obtuse; petals narrowly oblanceolate, 1-veined, 6–11 × 1–2 mm,
apex rounded; lip base cordate, 3-lobed, middle lobe triangular, apex rounded to slightly notched, 2callose, with low midrib, 4–6 × 5–7 mm, lateral lobes semiorbiculate; column 11–12 mm; clinandrium
hood erose, covering anther; anther ovate, with low keel along front; ovary 12–18 mm. Capsules
ellipsoid; pedicel 7–11 mm; body 14–23; beak 5 mm.
Diagnostic description 1
This is the only epiphytic orchid occurring north of Florida. Often quite inconspicuous. The lip is
shallowly 3-lobed, the mid-lobe broad; floral stem is racemose.
Habitat 1
Commen ts : Plants are commonly perched high on the limbs of deciduous trees in hammocks, low
woods, and cypress swamps along the coast. Large colonies often occur (Luer 1972).
Ecology 1
Epidendrum conopseum is frost-resistant and is the only epiphytic orchid which occurs north of Florida
(Luer 1972). It requires a growing environment that is semi-shaded, with constant moisture present. It is
often found growing among Polypodium polypodioides (resurrection fern) due to the moisture-holding
characteristics of the fern (Howard 1980). The plant can also be found growing primarily on southern
magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) and live oak (Quercus virginiana), as well as beech (Fagus grandifolia),
sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana), red maple (Acer rubrum), bald
cypress (Taxodium distichum), red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), and species of gum (Nyssa spp.). (Correll
1978)
Flowering/fruiting 2,3
Flowering Jun--Jan, sporadically in fall; fruiting Oct--Jan.
Life cycle 1
Persi sten ce : PERENNIAL
Reproduction 1
Some monoecy and dioecy, but not in North America. Flowers are fragrant and sometimes have a
purplish tint, but are for the most part dull yellow-green (Luer 1972). Seed pods are microscopic but
numerous, with the number of seeds per pod ranging into the thousands (Howard 1980). New growth
ascends from a short rhizome, usually in the spring, and attains maturity in autumn (Luer 1972).
Barcode data: epidendrum conopseum 4
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this
species.
National nature serve conservation status 1
United States
R ou n d ed N ati on al Statu s R an k : N3 - Vulnerable
Threats 1
Commen ts : Threatened by habitat destruction such as clearing and draining swamps and by
overcollecting by horticulturalists and hobbyists. Forest management practices are also reported to be a
threat (Southern Appalachian Species Viability Project 2002).
Economic uses 1
Uses : Showy wildflower
Prod u cti on M eth od s : Wild-harvested
Commen ts : Colonies of this native orchid are susceptible to land-leveling or swamp draining for
development purposes and overcollecting by horticulturists, hobbyists, and those who relocate colonies
for ornamental purposes (i.e. personal landscaping).
Comments 2,3
The flowers of Epidendrum magnoliae produce a sweet-oily fragrance, especially at night.
References
1. © NatureServe, some rights reserved
2. Flora of North America Vol. 26: 609, 611, 612 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed
Nov 12, 2008.
3. © Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA, some rights
reserved
4. © Barcode of Life Data Systems, some rights reserved