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IDENTIFICATION OF INDIVIDUALS OF HOVENIA DULCIS THUNBERG, IN URBAN FOREST IN
CURITIBA CITY – PARANÁ STATE – BRAZIL
Helayne Aparecida Maieves1 2 and Rosemary Hoffmann Ribani3
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to identify trees individuals of Hovenia dulcis Thunberg in afforestation of streets, parks and
squares, schools, colleges and universities and in residences in the city of Curitiba – Paraná State – Brazil. We
identified a total of 32 individuals of Hovenia dulcis Thunberg, in nine districts (Jardim das Américas, Santo
Inácio, Centro, Alto da XV, Alto da Glória, Cristo Rei, Jardim Botânico, Guabirotuba and Hauer). The
Secretariat of the Municipal Environment replaces one invasive exotic species for five native tree species.
Although they are considered invasive, Hovenia dulcis Thunberg (known in Brazil as “uva-do-japão”) presents
appreciated wood and has allelopathic effects on lettuce seeds. Its leaves have substances such as triterpene
saponins, largely studied in pharmacology, because of their anti-inflammatory activities. Its fruits are sweet
when ripe and are studied for their levels of anti-cancer substances. However, they are not suitable for animal
feed for triggering Polioencephalomalacia (PEM). Fruit species in urban forests are vandalized and are
considered as disease disseminators for serving as food for vectors such as flies, rats and roaches and for dirtying
sidewalks.
Key-words: Hovenia dulcis Thunberg; Invasive species; Melia azedarach.
RECONHECIMENTO DE EXEMPLARES DE HOVENIA DULCIS THUNBERG, NA ARBORIZAÇÃO
URBANA DE CURITIBA - PR
RESUMO
Hovenia dulcis Thunberg, conhecida vulgarmente por uva-do-japão (PR), pertence à família Rhamnaceae e
ocorre naturalmente na China, Japão e Coréias. A espécie vem sendo cultivada na Argentina, Paraguai e no sul
do Brasil, principalmente nas regiões de climas Cfa, Cfb e Cwa, segundo a classificação de Köppen e, de forma
isolada ou em pequenos povoamentos. O fruto é uma pequena cápsula globosa seca de 6 mm a 7 mm de
diâmetro, contendo 2 a 4 sementes, preso ao pedúnculo cor de canela, que se torna espessado e carnoso ao
madurar, com sabor doce e agradável. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a identificação dos exemplares de
Hovenia dulcis Thunberg, encontradas na arborização de ruas, parques e praças, escolas, faculdades e
universidades além de residências na cidade de Curitiba - PR. Foram encontrados ao todo 32 exemplares de
Hovenia dulcis Thunberg, nos 9 bairros pesquisados (Jardim das Américas, Santo Inácio, Centro, Alto da XV,
Alto da Glória, Cristo Rei, Jardim Botânico, Guabirotuba e Hauer). Considerada como espécie invasora, a
Secretaria de Municipal do Meio Ambiente do município, retira uma espécie exótica invasora, para plantar cinco
árvores nativas. Apesar de serem consideradas invasoras, por não ser nativa da área em estudo, a uva-do-japão,
apresenta uma madeira apreciável, apresenta efeitos alelopáticos em sementes de alface, suas folhas possuem
substâncias como as saponinas triterpênicas, muito estudadas na área de farmacologia, por possuírem atividade
antiinflamatória, seus frutos são doces quando maduros e são alvo de estudos sobre seus teores de substâncias
anticancerígenas, não é indicada para alimentação animal, por desencadear a doença Polioencefalomalacia
(PEM). Espécies frutíferas em arborização urbana é alvo de vandalismo, além de serem consideradas
disseminadoras de doenças, por servirem de alimento para vetores, tais como moscas, ratos e barata e sujarem os
pavimentos.
Palavras-chave: Uva-do-japão; Espécie invasora; Melia azedarach.
Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.1, p.16‐25, 2013 1
recebido em 28.04.2012 e aceito para publicação em 15.03.2013
Doutoranda em Tecnologia de Alimentos – Universidade Federal do Paraná - e-mail para correspondência: [email protected].
3
Docente Engenharia Química e Engenharia de Alimentos – Universidade Federal do Paraná
2
INTRODUCTION
Hovenia dulcis Thunberg, commonly known in
intensely from shrub and can be managed by
Brazil as “uva-do-japão” (Paraná State), banana-do-
coppicing, with rotations planned 10-15 years
japão (Santa Catarina State), caju-do-japão (Rio de
(SELLE, 2009).
Janeiro State), mata-fome (São Paulo State), pau-
As for his phenology, H. dulcis flourishes in Brazil
doce (Minas Gerais State) and chico-magro (São
from August to February and has ripe fruit from
Paulo State), belongs to the Rhamnaceae family and
March to October. In Argentina, it blooms from
occurs naturally between 25° and 41° N and 100°
October to November and fruits from May until
and 142° E, mainly in China, Japan and Korea.
July. It fruits abundantly from 4-5 years after
(RIGATTO et al. 2001).
planting
For Carvalho (1994), the name given to the genus
observed that fruiting begins between the 3rd and
“Hovenia” was in honor of David Hoven (1724-
4th year in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and leaf
1787), Senator from Amsterdam, who helped
fall occurs from April-May until late August.
Thunberg finance his expedition to southern Africa,
Its bark has a total thickness of up to 15 mm, and
Java and Japan. The species name “dulcis” comes
the smooth outer shell even to slightly fissured,
from the Latin “dulcis”, which means, “sweetness
dark brown to dark gray and whitish inner bark.
of inflorescence in axes”.
The fruit is a small dry globose capsule from 6 mm
Rigatto et al. (2001) report that the species has been
to 7 mm in diameter containing 2-4 seed, attached
cultivated in Argentina, Paraguay and southern
to a tanned-stalk, which becomes thickened and
Brazil, mainly in the regions of Cfa, Cfb and Cwa
fleshy when mature, sweet and pleasant-tasting.
climates (Köppen classification), in isolation or in
The seeds are orange or reddish coloring when
small plantations. In Brazil, the Uruguay River
freshly harvested, becoming brown and black over
basin in the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande
time, more or less circular with 4-8 mm diameter
do Sul, in southwestern Paraná, small plantations
(CARVALHO, 1994).
of H. dulcis are common on farms, deployed by
The study on tree vegetation in urban areas is a
seedlings or possibly by direct seeding.
quite complex topic of investigation and a relatively
It is a heliophilous and deciduous plant reaching 10
new field of scientific research involving several
to 15 m high, but it may reach 25 m, with globular
interdisciplinary areas (ROSSETTI, TAVARES,
and wide crown. Its average diameter at breast
PELLEGRINO, 2010). This study aimed to identify
height (DBH) ranges between 20 and 40 cm and
individuals
can reach 50 cm. Its trunk is usually straight and
afforestation of streets, parks, squares, schools,
cylindrical, with up to 8 m in length, dichotomous
colleges and universities in nine districts of the city
branching, with pubescent branches when young. It
of Curitiba – Paraná State, Brazil.
(COZZO,
of
1960).
Hovenia
Carminatti
dulcis
(1992)
Thunberg
in
shows dormant subcortical buds, resprouting
IDENTIFICATION OF INDIVIDUALS OF… Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.1, p.16‐25, 2013 17 MATERIALS AND METHODS
The
municipality
of
75
In our survey, conducted between January and
neighborhoods, located in the eastern region of
February 2012, we aimed to identify, locate the
Paraná State (25°25’ S and 49°16’ O) at
geographic coordinates and collect plant material
approximately 900 m above sea level. The climate
(leaves, flowers and branches) to catalog in
of the region is Cfb (Köppen classification),
exsiccates individual of Hovenia dulcis Thunberg in
subtropical mesothermal humid, without a defined
the urban forest of Curitiba City, in neighborhoods
dry season. The average temperatures in the warmer
chosen randomly.
months
February)
The identification was carried out based on
correspond to 23 and 24 °C and, in the colder
descriptions in the literature and images of leaves
months (June, July and August), at 12 and 13 °C
(Figure 1), flowers, fruits and seeds (Figure 2),
(CAVIGLIONE et al., 2000; VIEIRA and BIONDI,
which were later confirmed by the Laboratory of
2008).
Botany, Universidade Federal do Paraná.
(December,
Curitiba
January
comprises
and
I
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
II
Leaf anatomy of Hovenia dulcis Thunberg, adaxial view (I) and abaxial detail (II) - Source: KANON, 2003.
I
II
III
IV
Anatomy of the leaf (I), flower (II), pseudo (fruitful stems) with immature seeds (III) and pseudo (fruitful stems) with mature
seeds (IV) of Hovenia dulcis Thunberg.
Source: KANON, 2003.
Helayne Aparecida Maieves and Rosemary Hoffmann Ribani 18 Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.1, p.16‐25, 2013 The coordinates and references were carried out
using GPS, Garmin
®
with
brand, model Nuvi 215W.
the
drying
techniques
and
subsequent
exsiccates for laboratorial identification.
From the collected plant material, we proceeded
RESULTS
We found 32 individuals of Hovenia dulcis
Thunberg in the nine neighborhoods studied (Figure
3), as described in Table 1.
Table 1
Location of individuals of Hovenia dulcis Thunberg, in different neighborhoods of Curitiba City,
Paraná State, Brazil.
No. of HD
individuals
08
03
03
01
06
02
01
03
05
Coordinates
(S) 25° 20’ 56’’
(S) 25° 42’ 21’’
(S) 25° 41’ 43’’
(S) 25° 42’ 22’’
(S) 25° 42’ 28’’
(S) 25° 43’ 58’’
(S) 25° 44’ 35’’
(S) 25° 46’ 19’’
(S) 25° 48’ 55’’
(W) 49° 13’ 57’’
(W) 49° 32’ 05’’
(W) 49° 25’ 61’’
(W) 49° 26’ 26’’
(W) 49° 25’ 29’’
(W) 49° 25’ 08’’
(W) 49° 24’ 20’’
(W) 49° 23’ 55’’
(W) 49° 25’ 01’’
Neighborhoods
Jardim das Américas
Santo Inácio
Alto da Glória
Centro
Alto da XV
Cristo Rei
Jardim Botânico
Guabirotuba
Hauer
HD: Hovenia dulcis - S: South - W: West
IDENTIFICATION OF INDIVIDUALS OF…
19 Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.1, p.16‐25, 2013 Figure 3. Map of Curitiba City – Paraná State – Brazil showing the neighborhoods where individuals of Hovenia dulcis Thunberg were
identified.
Source: IPPUC, 2001.
Helayne Aparecida Maieves and Rosemary Hoffmann Ribani 20 Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.1, p.16‐25, 2013 DISCUSSION
On Campus III of the Universidade Federal do
Carvalho, Nuci and Valaski (2010) conducted an
Paraná, only eight individuals were identified. Leal,
inventory of urban trees in sidewalks of the central
Pedroso-Macedo and Biondi (2009) found 30 trees
region of Santa Felicidade neighborhood, northern
of H. dulcis from a total of 5,034 plants,
region of Curitiba City and found no individuals of
representing 178 species, 134 genera and 67
Hovenia dulcis. Of a total of 1,806 trees, the
families in a 64-ha area of Centro Politécnico
authors reported that 1,094 are not considered fruit-
(technical school in Curitiba City). One of the
bearing trees, i.e., they do not produce edible fruit
reasons for smaller number of trees in our study is
for human consumption; 433 were not identified
the expansion of infrastructure on campus, with the
and 279 are considered fruit-bearing, among which
construction of new buildings and parking lots in
many native species such as pitangueira (Eugenia
the past three years.
uniflora),
We observed that individuals of Hovenia dulcis
guabirobeira (Campomanesia xanthocarpa) and
Thunberg stand out for their crown, overshadowing
butiazeiro (Butia capitata).
native species such as araçazeiros (Psidium
Species such as Hovenia dulcis Thunberg and
cattleianum). Its size matches up to Araucaria
Melia azedarach are easily dispersed through
angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze 1898, known in Brazil
riparian forests and in some regions in Paraná State.
as “pinheiro-do-paraná”, which reaches 50 m high.
They currently constitute the dominant stratum of
We also observed that its flowering occurs between
alluvial forests, aggressively occupying the space of
the months of August and December, because
several native species (SAMPAIO et al., 2011).
leaves, branches and fruits in early developmental
Biondi and Macedo (2008) state that most
stage predominated as the plant materials collected
Curitiba’s population descends from Italian, Pole,
from January to the first fortnight of March. Similar
German,
to descriptions of Cozzo (1960), fruits maturate in
Lebanese immigrants, which contributes to the use
early autumn, when the leaves begin to fall, i.e.,
of exotic plant species. Another problem is the lack
from mid-March until June.
of research on the production of native species,
Bobrowski (2011) characterized the structure of
which is often poorly disseminated in breeding
street afforestation in Curitiba City, comparing to
programs. This lack of research leads to lack of
the same places described by Milano in 1984, in 12
knowledge throughout the entire supply chain,
neighborhoods, namely, Água Verde, Alto da XV,
especially ornamental plants. Thus, producers,
Bacacheri, Bigorrilho, Boqueirão, Centro, Cristo
professionals (gardeners, landscapers, etc) and end-
Rei, Jardim Social, Mercês, Portão, Rebouças and
consumers
Seminário. Milano (1984) found 4,348 trees,
vegetation diversity and end up using exotic
distributed along the 12 neighborhoods studied and
species.
identified only a single individual of Hovenia dulcis
Exotic
Thunberg. After 27 years, Bobrowski (2011),
ornamental or not, originate in another territory
identified 11 individuals of Hovenia dulcis of a
(BIONDI, 2004). Invasive exotic species occur in
total of 4,360 trees.
an area outside of its historically known natural
araçazeiro
Ukrainians,
lack
species
(Psidium
Japanese,
information
are
those
cattleianum),
Syrian
regarding
which,
and
local
regardless
IDENTIFICATION OF INDIVIDUALS OF… Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.1, p.16‐25, 2013 21 environment because of intentional or accidental
Invasive exotic species are considered the second
dispersal by human activities. Currently, invasive
leading cause of species extinction on the planet,
exotic species are recognized as the second cause
directly affecting biodiversity, economy and human
for the loss of global biodiversity, second only to
health (BRAND, 2006). In light of the seriousness
habitat
human
of problems caused by biological invasions, the
exploitation. These species, when introduced in
Convention on Biological Diversity - CBD -
other environments, natural-enemy free, adapt and
establishes in its Article 8 that each Contracting
begin to reproduce to occupy the space of native
Party shall, as far as possible and appropriate,
species causing changes in the natural ecological
prevent the introduction, control or eradicate those
processes and tend to become dominant after its
exotic species that threaten ecosystems, habitats
adaptation (ZILLER et al. 2004).
and native species (MMA, 2006).
Biondi and Leal (2008) obtained a negative result in
The Municipal Government of Curitiba has been
identifying species produced in Barreirinha City
removing invasive species from city parks, as was
Garden in Curitiba City – Paraná State – Brazil. Its
the case of the Passeio Público Park, with about
nursery is used for seedling production of species
1,100 trees and 12 invasive species. According to
considered invasive and 6.67% of the species
the Municipal Secretariat for Environment of
produced in the city nursery are invasive to Brazil
Curitiba, for each removal of an invasive exotic
and Paraná, namely Hovenia dulcis Thunberg,
species, five native trees are planted (JUSBRASIL,
Acacia
2010).
destruction
due
longifolia,
Acacia
to
direct
mearnsii,
Acacia
podalyriaefolia, Casuarina equisetifolia, Coffea
For Bobrowski (2011), Hovenia dulcis Thunberg
arabica,
nigra,
was not part of planned planting projects carried out
Psidium guajava, Schizolobium parahyba and
Curitiba City, based on date from 1984. Thus, these
Spartium junceum.
findings support Biondi and Macedo (2008) that
According to Decree No. 95 of May 22, 2007
most invasive species are introduced in the cities by
(PARANÁ, 2007), which recognizes the Official
population or by public and private agencies.
List of Invasive Species for Paraná State, the public
Street trees, near houses and parks have a particular
property with invasive species must eradicate or
significance due to more intense interaction with
control them to prevent biological contamination.
people, affecting positively the feeling, attitudes,
Thus, these species should no longer be produced in
mood and their behavior of the population. They
the city nursery. For Mack et al. (2000) and Burt et
may also have different values according to their
al. (2007), prevention of initial introductions of
size and its location (DWYER, 1995).
invasive species, rather than subsequent control or
Although they are considered invasive because they
eradication, is more effective to avoid costs to fight
are exotic to the area under study, Hovenia dulcis
invasive species. Ziller and Zalba (2007) state that
Thunberg has appreciated timber (CARVALHO,
actions to prevent and resolve problems related to
1994) and is cultivated in the region of Caxias do
invasive species involve the non-cultivation of
Sul – Rio Grande do Sul State - Brazil, but
ornamental invasive exotics and non-use of exotic
allelopathic effects on lettuce seeds were reported
species in environmental restoration projects.
by Rice, 1984 apud Wandscheer et al., 2011. The
Eryobotrya
japonica,
Morus
Helayne Aparecida Maieves and Rosemary Hoffmann Ribani 22 Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.1, p.16‐25, 2013 leaves have substances such as saponins, widely
species in urban afforestation are vandalized and
studied in the field of pharmacology due to their
are considered disease disseminators, because they
anti-inflammatory activity (MALAQUIAS et al.
serve as food for vectors such as flies, mice and
2000). Its fruits are sweet when ripe and are studied
cockroaches (MILANO, 1996). Its use as animal
because of their levels of anticancer substances.
feed, especially for ruminants, is not indicated,
However, Soares (1998) discourages the use of
because Colodel et al. (1998) identified the disease
trees that have edible fruit in street afforestation,
polioencephalomalacia
especially when they litter the pavement. Fruit
ingested Hovenia dulcis Thunberg for five days.
(PEM)
in
goats
that
CONCLUSION
The species Hovenia dulcis Thunberg presents itself
Curitiba City in Paraná State, Brazil, has many
as an exotic species, well adapted to the climate and
individuals of Hovenia dulcis Thunberg in different
soil in the southern region of Brazil. Suitable for
neighborhoods, located mainly on the streets and
cultivation for its timber, Hovenia dulcis does not
avenues, at schools, colleges and universities. This
present itself as a suitable species for urban
species has already been cultivated in parks;
afforestation because it has become invasive,
however, its replacement for a native species is a
damaging native species.
current trend in the process to restore native flora
and eradicate invasive species.
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