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PLANKTON AND NEKTON COMMUNITIES
AND POLYCHAETA GROUP
OF THE URUGUAYAN CONTINENTAL SHELF
SOUTH WEST ATLANTIC
MARINE SHELF PLANKTON
Danilo Calliari, Mónica Gómez Erache, Laura Rodríguez-Graña,
Cecilia Alonso, Mariano Martínez, Lucía Nogueira, Noé Espinosa
ENVIRONMENTAL
VARIABILITY
Saraceno, et al. 2004
INFORMATION ANALYSIS
PHYTOPLANKTONIC BIOMASS
• 854 records
• TIME SCALES:
• ANNUAL: Discharge of the RDLP in shelf RdlP shelf off Uruguay and
southern Brazil.
•Semiannual: Predominantly deepwater> 200 m and is correlated with
the latitudinal oscillations of the CBM.
•Interannual: ENSO modulation RdlP discharge.
•REGIONAL SCALES:
North shelf: the RdlP discharge water column. It stabilizes reaching high
biomass values in Spring.
• South shelf: depends on the stational termocline of water column.
BIODIVERSITY
• In the ASO are represented ca. 20%
(1056 species).
• It was recorded 457 species that
represents the 43% of all records in the
ASO.
Conocimiento
Nº de especies
Grupo
del grupo en el
Océanos
ASO
Proyecto
ASO
Radiolaria Polycystina
350
78
53
Pobre
Tintinnida
300
148
59
Regular
Hydromedusae
650
136
60
Regular
Ctenophora
80
11
4
Pobre
Polychaeta
120
58
25
Pobre
Pteropoda
160
57
23
Bueno
Cladocera
8
8
5
Bueno
Ostracoda
169
59
43
Regular
Copepoda
2000
275
54
Pobre
Mysidacea
700
20
7
Muy pobre
Amphipoda
400
52
38
Muy pobre
Euphausiacea
86
50
25
Buena
Chaetognatha
80
25
24
Buena
Appendicularia
64
43
20
Buena
Doliolida
17
7
5
Regular
Salpida
45
29
12
Muy buena
• Many species are not restricted to a
single water mass but occur in the area
of influence of both Brazil and
Malvinas currents
• The percentage of shared species is higher in ZT (62%) being the north entrance of
subantarctic organisms seems to be stronger than the expatriation of south subtropical
organisms.
25
POLYCHAETA
PTEROPODA
N° spp
20
15
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
REGION
•The general pattern indicates the existence of maximum taxonomic diversity in
the outer shelf and slope, especially at depths greater than 200 meters.
8
9
ICTIOPLANCTON
• 2125 records
• Hake (Merluccius hubsii, 21%).
•Anchovy (Engraulis anchoita, 22%).
• These records were highest in Brazil current, but the maximum egg density values were
found in coastal and shelf Uruguayan (regions 1 and 2) and Argentinian (regions 7 and 8)
waters.
• This result indicates the existence of
reproductive areas.
• The anchovy occurs mostly in Uruguayan
and Argentinian coastal and shelf zone.
• The hake are more abundant in the
waters of outer shelf and slope, especially
in front of Uruguay.
RECOMENDATIONS
• There is a remarkable unbalance between the amount of information about taxonomic
aspects and occurrence and distribution of various groups, compared to the availability
respect to the assessment and quantifications of ecosystem functions.
• It is necesary to develop rapid and sensitive indicators to determine
perturbations by environmental contamination or deterioration.
• We need to know the mechanisms of recruitment of key fish species
and understand the processes (physical, biological) involved.
•It requires an adequate characterization of fundamental ecosystem
functions integrated into a quantitative model to explore the effects of
environmental changes on ecosystem functioning at different levels.
• It needs to be implemented a monitoring system in accordance with the
uses in the area.
Literature Review
Sub-area benthic fauna
Polychaeta
Marcel Rodríguez, Andrea Lanfranconi y Pablo Muniz
Why Polychaeta?
•
•
•
•
Megadiverse group
More than 11000 especies known and much more unknown
Inhabit all the aquatic environments, with a high trophic diversity
Good environmental biondicators
155 references found, only 98 exclusivelly for Uruguay
-Thesis, technical reports, cruize reports and papers
126 sampling/time points for the
study area, ranging between years
1880 and 2012
Reference distribution by exploration areas
Higher density in coastal
areas (areas 10 y 11): 12
references at each one
By contrast, missing data in
the exploration areas
corresponding to deep sea
(9 and 13 to 17), aprox.
2000 m to offshore
Data type
• Qualitative data: 45 ref.
• Density/abundance: 18 ref.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Temperature: 13 ref.
Salinity: 18 ref.
Deep: 28 ref.
Bottom type: 32 ref.
TOM: 4 ref.
Others (HM, N, P): 6 ref.
Ecological data was found ONLY for areas 1, 2
and YPF (3).
Species number
-61 % of sampling points with only
1 species.
-87 % between 1 and 5
-9 % between 6 and 11
-3 % between 12 and 17
Sampling effort concentrated at northeast (areas 10 and 11) and at area 6
• A total of 145 taxa reported,
belonging to 36 families.
Lumbrineridae
Spionidae
Paraonidae
Terebellidae
Onuphidae
Eunicidae
Families more extended:
Eunicidae,
Onuphidae
and
Lumbrineridae present in 9 areas
Low frequency:
Syllidae
Trichobranchidae
• Trophic groups
Predominance of carnivores and
depositivores (12 families), and
low prevalence of suspensivores
Conclusions
The uruguayan continental shelf can be considered as a particular
biogeographic area, presenting high oceanographic diversity associated with
the interaction between Rio de la Plata and cold and warm water masses
(Malvinas and Brasil).
The knowledge of benthic polychaetes fauna is poor and fragmented.
There is a better knowledge of the coastal areas and there is no
existence of information from 2000 m deep offshore (areas 9 and 13 to 17).
The focus is needed in all the study area, priority areas could be
considered BR (4), YPF (3), 7, 8 and 9, those of them yet assigned and/or
with high qualification status, coinciding with those with low/inexistent
knowledge.
Reccomendations
Minimize impact in those areas near coral reef structures (areas 6 and 12):
high diversity systems
Cold seep environments are recognized as hot spots for the benthic fauna,
most of them presenting endemic and peculiar fauna
Are necessary quantitative studies in all the study area.
Quantitative data is important in order to relate the present qualitative
knowledge with the environment and to better understand the biological
processes driven these environments.
Only with a good ecosystem knowledge is guaranted a rentable
exploration.
NEKTON COMMUNITIES OF THE
URUGUAYAN CONTINENTAL SHELF
Alicia Acuña, Diego Caballero-Sadi, Ruben Canavese, Rodrigo Gurdek,
Cecilia Passadore & Diana Szteren
Introduction
•
In marine ecosystems, nekton structure
marine food webs occupying higher
trophic levels.
•
Coastal vulnerability becomes coastal
marine biodiversity knowledge essential.
•
A rich nekton diversity threatened in
conservation develop much of its life
cycle in the area of
oil exploration
(Exclusive Economic Zone-EEZ Uruguay).
Objetive:
Evaluate nekton specific composition
(reptiles, mammals, birds, fishes and
cephalopods) in EEZ, conservation
status and biological relevance of
the area.
BIRDS
Procellariidae (petreles) with
19 species
49 species
Diomedeidae (albatros)
with 10 species
Area
12,
over
continental
slope,
registered higher species
number.
Número de especies de aves marinas que ocurren en las áreas de la ZEE.
(Arballo & Cravino 1999; Shealer 2001; Nicholls et al. 2005; Phillips et al. 2006; Boletín Atlántico Sur 2007; Domingo et al. 2007;
Jiménez et al. 2008, 2009; Jiménez & Domingo 2009; Abreu et al. 2010).
BIRDS
All of the families with some threatened
degree according to IUCN.
20 species with conservation problems
SNAP consider 18 species in the EEZ
priority for conservation in Uruguay
Estado de conservación de las especies de
aves marinas de la ZEE según la UICN. LC:
preocupación menor; NT: casi amenazada;
VU: vulnerable; EN: en peligro; y CR: en
peligro crítico.
REPTILES
Reptiles represented only by marine turtles.
Chelonia mydas (tortuga verde) Caretta caretta (tortuga cabezona) Dermochelys coriacea (tortuga siete quillas)
Lista de tortugas marinas de Uruguay. Se indica su estado de conservación según la UICN (VU:
vulnerable; EN: en peligro; y CR: en peligro crítico), si es una especie prioritaria para la conservación
según el SNAP, y si se encuentra en algún Apéndice CITES.
MARINE MAMMALS
Represented by 39 species in
Uruguay
Otaria
flavescens
Arctocephalus
australis
Tursiops truncatus
Número de especies totales de mamíferos marinos que ocurren
en las áreas de la ZEE.
(Passadore et al. 2007, 2008; Passadore 2010).
Eubalaena
australis
Higher species number in areas
3, 6 and 12, over the
continental slope.
MARINE MAMMALS
For UICN: Most of the marine
mammals of Uruguay considered as
least concern species (LC).
1 species considered vulnerable (VU)
3 species of wales clasificated as
endangered (EN)
For CITES 25 species integrate their
lists
Estado de conservación de las especies de los mamíferos
marinos de la ZEE según la UICN. DD: datos insuficientes;
LC: preocupación menor; NT: casi amenazada; VU:
vulnerable; EN: en peligro; y CR: en peligro crítico
For SNAP 33 species are priority
FISHES
Número absoluto de especies de peces
cartilaginosos y óseos por área.
Bony fishes:
Order Perciformes (higher species number, N=
138)
Área de estudio mostrando la Zona Económica
Exclusiva Uruguaya y las áreas delimitadas por ANCAP.
and chondrichthyes
Order Rajiformes (N = 40)
FISHES
Bony fishes not clasificated and some
species with threatened conservation.
Cartilaginous fishes are in vulnerable
and extinct in the wild according to UICN.
Important distribution, feeding,
reproduction and nursery area
between 20 and 100 m (areas 1, 5,
Área de estudio mostrando la Zona Económica Exclusiva
Uruguaya y las áreas delimitadas por ANCAP.
10 y 11).
CEFALOPHODS
4 nektonic s pecies
Illex argentinus
Loligo
sanpaulensis
Omastrephes bartrami
Onychoteuthis banksii
Distribución de asociaciones de diferentes
especies de cefalópodos en las áreas de la ZEE,
se muestra en colores los nombres de las
especies por región.
(Aguiar & Haimovici 1997; Alvarez et al. 2009; Brunetti & Perez
1989; Brunetti et al. 1998; Brunetti et al. 1999; Chen et al. 2007;
Leta 1981; Leta 1989; Leta & Chiesa 1992; Pineda et al. 1996;
Pineda et al. 2002; Scarabino 2003).
Áreas de reproducción y cría de Illex argentinus.
(Brunetti et al. 1998).
Final Considerations and Perspectives
-Nekton community in the area represented by 568 species,
most of them fish species (82,2%).
-Higher fish species number and biological importance over
the continental shelf.
- Higher bird an mammal species number between 200 and
1500 m and deep zones until 3000 m.
.s
Area 11 present 19 bird species with conservation
problems: albatros de Tristán critically endangered:
Riqueza de especies nectónicas (aves,
reptiles, mamíferos, peces y cefalópodos)
con presencia confirmada en las áreas de
la ZEE.
Endangered species: ballena Sei, ballena azul y ballena Fin
(Mammals), tortuga laúd (reptiles) and gatuso, angelito,
guitarra y pez sierra (fishes).
EEZ as a very relevant area for the subsistence and
growing of nektonic species and the presence of
threatened species point out about the vulnerability of the
zone.
Consideraciones finales y perspectivas
Se destaca que:
•la información fue extraída de las pesquerías y existe ausencia de información
actualizada enla ZEE.
•hay escasas investigaciones realizadas de manera sistemática y cuantitativa y nulas
en profundidades superiores a 2000 m.
•Uruguay está suscrito a tratados internacionales que protegen la comunidad
nectónica.
•Es importante generar y seguir protocolos que minimicen el impacto negativo de las
prospecciones sobre la fauna marina de la ZEE, particularmente sobre las especies
nectónicas que se encuentran actualmente con problemas de conservación.
MUCHAS
GRACIAS