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HERENCIA Y DESARROLLO Y BIODIVERSIDAD
COMPRENDE
HERENCIA Y DESARROLLO DE LOS ORGANSIMOS
Las estructuras de los organismos se desarrollan
según su información genética. Esta información
es hereditaria y dirige, a través de las
generaciones, la aparición y modificación
progresiva de estructuras y funciones mediante la
diversidad y selección.
Va a herencia y desarrollo
Comprende los procesos de replicación,
transcripción y síntesis de proteínas en la
transmisión de la información genética.
Comprende que la misma información genética
se expresa en forma distinta en diferentes
células. Comprende la contribución de los
sistemas nervioso y endocrino en la mantención
del medio interno en términos de comunicación
molecular. Comprende los principios generales
del funcionamiento del sistema a inmune en la
defensa del organismo
BIODIVERSIDAD
La diversidad de organismos se relaciona con el
entorno a través de flujos de materia - energía y
estrategias de supervivencia especializadas dando
lugar a ecosistemas, cuya estabilidad depende de su
propia diversidad. Todos los organismos tienen
parentesco evolutivo e influyen en los ecosistemas, el
caso humano es particular porque a través de su
desarrollo tecnológico transforma la naturaleza de
forma favorable o desfavorable.
. La información genética codificada en la
molécula de ADN da instrucciones para
ensamblar moléculas de proteína.
NIVEL 1: Compara los padres e hijos
Los niños comprenden la semejanza entre los progenitores y la
descendencia. conceptos de la estructura de los organismos según su
información hereditaria, en base a la observación de los seres vivos
que le rodean. Sus experiencias resultan de su percepción e interés
natural. Los niños piensan en un organismo en concreto. Deben
aprender a establecer asociaciones primarias del organismos con su
medioambiente:
 Plantas and animales se parecen mucho a sus padres.
 Muchas características de un organismo están heredados de sus
progenitores, tales como el color de las flores, el número de patas de
un animal.
 Otras características no están heredadas, son el resultado de la
interacción de los organismos con el medio ambiente y no pasan a la
siguiente generación
NIVEL 2
R E P RODUCTION AND HEREDITY
La reproducción es una característica de todos los organismos vivos
 Every organism requires a set of instructions for specifying its traits.
Heredity is the passage of these instructions from one generation
to another.
 n Hereditary information is contained in gen e s ,l oc a ted in the
chromosomes of each cell .E ach gene carries a single unit of
information. An inherited trait of an individual can be determined
by one or by many genes, and a single gene can influence more
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Comprenden que los seres vivos tienen necesidades y
características comunes, que cambian en el tiempo
SERES VIVOS Y ELEMENTOS INERTES. Los niños conceptúan que es
un ser vivo, a través de su experiencia directa con los seres vivos.
EXISTEN DIFERENTES CLASE DE SERES VIVOS que pueden ser
agrupados en grupos y sub-grupos (CHILE) Plantas (pastos, arboles),
animales(aves, mamíferos, reptiles), microbios (del agua, aire,
suelo)
ORGANISMOS TIENEN UNA ESTRUCTURA que consiste en varias
partes que trabajan en conjunto y cada parte influencia en la otra.
(NSDL)
LOS ORGANISMOS TIENEN NECESIDADES BÁSICAS. Como aire, agua,
alimentos y luz y se comportan en función a señales externas e
internas.
LOS ORGANISMOS TIENE CICLOS DE VIDA, y sus características
cambian con el tiempo (AUSTRALIA) Plantas y animales nacen,
crecen, reproducen y mueren
NIVEL 1: LOS ORGAMNISOS Y EL MEDIOAMBIENTE
The behavior of individual organisms is i n f lu en ced by internal cues (such
as hunger) and by external cues (such as a change in the environment).
Humans and other organisms have senses that help them detect internal
and external cues
NIVEL 2
REGULACION Y COMPORTAMIENTO
 Todos los organismos deben ser capaces de usar recursos para crecer,
reproducirse y mantener su salud mientras enfrentan los cambios
ambientales
 El comportamiento es una clase de respuesta del organismo a un estímulo
interno y externo
 Todos los animales dependen de las plantas
 El comportamiento de un organismos esta relacionado al medio ambiente
 than one trait. A human cell contains many thousands of different
genes.
 n The characteristics of an organism can be described in terms of a
combination
NIVEL 3:
1. Molecular basis of heredity
In all organisms, the instructions for specifying the characteristics of
the organism are carried in DNA, a large polymer formed from
subunits of four kinds (A, G, C, and T). Most of the cells in a human
contain two copies of each of 22 different chromosomes.
In ad d i ti on , there is a pair of chromosomes that determines sex: a
female contains two X chromosomes and a male contains one X and
one Y chromosome. Changes in DNA (mutations) occur spontaneously
at low rates. Some of these changes make no difference to the
organism, whereas others can change cells and organisms.Only
mutations in germ cells can create the variation that changes an
organism’s offspring Transmission of genetic inform a ti on to
of fs pring occurs through egg and sperm cells that contain only one
representative from each chromosome pair. An egg and
a sperm unite to form a new individual. The fact that the human body
is formed from cells that contain two copies of each chromosome—
and therefore two copies of each gene— explains many fe a tu res of
human heredity, such as how va ri a ti on s that are hidden in one
genera ti on can be expressed in the next.
Changes in DNA (mutations) occur spontaneously at low rates. Some
of these changes make no difference to the organism, whereas others
can change cells andorganisms.Only mutations in germ cells can
create the variation that changes an organism’s offspring.
NIVEL 4
NIVEL 5
NIVEL 6
NIVEL 7
donde el vive, la disponibilidad de alimento y recursos y otras
características del medioambiente
 Cuando el medioambiente cambia muchos organismos mueren o se
trasladan a otros lugares . El comportamiento de un organismo se
desenvuelve a través de su adaptación a su medioambiente, como una
especie obstine alimento, se reproduce, y responde al peligro está basada
en la historia evolutiva de la especie
VA A HERENCIA Y DESARROLLO.
La información genética codificada en la molécula
de ADN da instrucciones para ensamblar
moléculas de proteína. CHILE
NIVEL 3
P O P U LATIONS AND ECO S YS T E M S
n A population consists of all individuals of a species that occur together at
a given place and time.All populations living together and the physical
factors with which they interact compose an ecosystem.n Populations of
organisms can be categorized by the function they serve in an ecosystem.
Plants and some microorganisms are producers—they make their own
food. All animals, including humans, are consumers, which obtain food by
eating other organisms.
Decomposers, primarily bacteria and fungi, are consumers that use waste
materials and dead organisms for food. Food webs identify the
relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers in an
ecosystem.
n For eco s ys tems, the major source of energy is su n l i gh t .E n er gy
entering eco s ys tems as sunlight is transferred by producers into chemical
en er gy through photosynthesis. That en er gy then passes from organism
to organism in food webs.
n The number of organisms an ecosystem can support depends on the
resources available and abiotic factors, such as quantity of light and water,
range of temperatures, and soil composition. Given adequate biotic and
abiotic resources and no disease or predators, populations (including
humans) increase at rapid rates. Lack of resources and other factors,
such as predation and climate,limit the growth of populations in specific
niches in the ecosystem
NIVEL 4
DIVERSITY AND ADAPTATIONS OF ORGANISMS
 Millions of species of animals, plants, and microorganisms are alive today.
Although different species might look dissimilar, the unity among
organisms becomes apparent from an analysis of internal structures, the
similarity of their chemical processes, and the evidence of common
ancestry.
 Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed
through gradual processes over many genera ti on s . Species acquire
many of their unique characteristics through biological ad a pt ati on ,
which involves the selection of naturally occurring va ri a ti ons in
populations.
 Biological ad a pt a ti ons include changes in structu re s , behaviors, or
physiology that enhance survival and reproductive success in a particular
environment.
 Extinction of a species occurs when the environment changes and the
adaptive characteristics of a species are insufficient to allow its survival.
Fossils indicate that many organisms that lived long ago are extinct.
Extinction of species is common; most of the species that have lived on
the earth no longer exist.
NIVEL 5 :B I O LO G I CAL EVO LU T I O N
 n Species evolve over time. Evolution is the consequence of the
interactions of (1) the potential for a species to increase its numbers, (2)
the genetic variability of offspring due to mutation and recombination of
genes, (3) a finite supply of the resources required for life, and (4) the
ensuing selection by the environment of those offspring better able to
survive and
 leave offspring.
 The great diver sity of organisms is the result of more than 3.5 billion
years of evolution that has filled every available
 niche with life forms.
 n Na tu ral selection and its evoluti on a ry consequ en ces provide a
scientific explan a ti on for the fossil record of ancient
 life forms, as well as for the striking molecular similarities observed among
the diverse species of living organisms.
 n The millions of different species of plants, animals,and microorganisms
that live on earth today are related by descent
 from common ancestors.
 Biological classifications are based on how organisms are related.
Organisms are classified into a hierarchy of groups
 and subgroups based on similarities which reflect their evolutionary
relationships. Species is the most fundamental unit of classification.
NIVEL 6
2. INTERDEPENDENCE OF ORGANISMS
 The atoms and molecules on the earthcycle among the living and
nonliving components of the biosphere.
 Energy flows through ecosystems in one direction , from photosynthetic
organisms to herbivores to carnivores and decom po s ers.
 Organisms both cooperate and compete in eco s ys tems. The interrel a
ti on s h i p s and interdependencies of these or ga nisms may generate
eco s ys tems that are stable for hundreds or thousands of ye a rs .
 Living organisms have the capacity to produce pop u l a ti ons of infinite
size, but environments and resources are finite. This fundamental
tension has profound effects on the interactions between organisms.
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NIVEL 7 IMPACTO HUMANO SOBRE LA BIOSFERA
 Human beings live within the world’s eco s ys tems. Increasingly,
humans modify eco s ys tems as a result of pop u l a ti on growth,
technology, and con su m pti on
 Human destruction of habitats throughdirect harve s ti n g, polluti on , a
tm o s ph eric ch a n ge s , and other factors is threatening current global
stability, and if not ad d re s s ed , eco s ys tems will be irreversibly
affected.
El Convenio Marco sobre Cambio Climático de las Naciones
Unidas (1992) define al Cambio Climático como una
modificación del clima atribuida directa o indirectamente a la
actividad humana que altera la composición de la atmósfera
mundial y que se suma a la variabilidad natural del clima
observada durante períodos de tiempo comparables
Leer más: http://www.monografias.com/trabajos17/cambioclimatico/cambio-climatico.shtml#ixzz2k45bUVCy