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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIODIVERSITY UGM YOGYAKARTA, 19 MARCH 2016 The local knowledge of the rural people on species, role, and hunting of birds: Case study in Karangwangi Village, Cidaun Subdistrict, West Java THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE RURAL PEOPLE ON SPECIES, ROLE, AND HUNTING OF BIRDS: CASE STUDY IN KARANGWANGI VILLAGE, CIDAUN SUB-DISTRICT, WEST JAVA JOHAN ISKANDAR, BUDIAWATI.S.ISKANDAR, RUHYAT PARTASASMITA (UNIVERSITY OF PADJADJARAN) • BIRD DIVERSITY IN JAVA • ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL FUNCTION OF BIRDS • STUDY OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF RURAL PEOPLE ON BIRDS • LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON SPECIES, ROLE, AND HUNTING • CONCLUSION THE BIRDS OF JAVA AND THE SURROUNDING (HOOGERWERF, 1948) • TOTAL – 536 SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES OF BIRDS CONSIST OF : • BREEDING SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES 410 (76,5 %) • MIGRANTS FROM NORTHERN HEMISPHERE 104 SPECIES & SUB SPECIES (19,4 %) • MIGRANT FROM SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE 7 SPECIES & SUB-SPECIES (1,3 %) • STAGGLERS 13 SPECIES & SUB-SPECIES (2,4 %) • STATUS UNKNOWN 2 SPECIES & SUB-SPECIES (0,3 %) ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF BIRDS • ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF BIRDS: PEST CONTROL, POLINATOR, SEED DISPERSAL, AND INDICATOR OF SEASONAL CHANGES, SUCH AS BEGINNING OF RAINY SEASON WOOD PECKER AS EAGLE CONSIDERED AS ANT EATER RAT EATER/RAT CONTROL HORNBILL CONSIDERED AS SEED DISPERSAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL FUNCTION OF BIRDS • THE BIRD-KEEPING RECOGNISED AS HOBBBY FOR JAVANESE PEOPLE: PERFECTION OF FAMILY LIFE BASED ON CULTURE (1) HAVE A JOB (NARPADA) (2) HAVE A HOUSE (WISMO) (3) HAVE HORSE OR VEHICLE (TURANGGA) (4) HAVE A WIFE (GARWO) (5) HAVE A PET BIRD/THE BIRD KEEPING (KUKILA, MANUK) • BIRD KEEPING OF PERKUTUT (ZEBRA DOVE-GEOPELIA STRIATA CONSIDERED) AS ‘BRING LUCK’ HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND THE DECLINE OF BIRD SPECIES • BIRD SPECIES HAVE DECREASED DUE TO MANY FACTORS: - ILLEGAL BIRD HUNTING --- FOR BIRD TRADING IN BIRD MARKETS - MODIFICATION AND DESTRUCTION OF BIRD HABITATS - SIDE EFFECT OF INTENSIVE USE OF PESTICIDES • THERE FORE, SOME BIRDS, SUCH AS JAVA SPARROW HAS BECAME RARE IN RURAL AREAS THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE RURAL PEOPLE ON BIRDS IN KARANGWANGI VILLAGE, CIDAUN SUB-DISTRICT, WEST JAVA • - THE OBCETIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO ELUCIDATE: LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD SPECIES LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON ROLE OF BIRD /BIRD FUNCTIONS LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING SOCIAL SYSTEM: LOCAL KNOWLEDGE RURAL ECOSYSTEM:BIRDS THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE RURAL PEOPLE ON BIRDS IN KARANGWANGI VILLAGE, CIDAUN SUB-DISTRICT, WEST JAVA • - THE OBCETIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO ELUCIDATE: LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD SPECIES LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON ROLE OF BIRD /BIRD FUNCTIONS LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING SOCIAL SYSTEM: LOCAL KNOWLEDGE RURAL ECOSYSTEM:BIRDS ETHNOORNITHOLOGY RESEARCH: MATERIALS AND DATA COLLECTION • MATERIALS: BINOCULAR, FILD GUIDE BOOK OF BIRDS IN JAVA, BALI, SUMATERA AND KALIMANTAN, NOTE BOOKS, CAMERA, DATA COLLECTION: - BIRD SURVEY –USING POINT COUNTS IN HABITATS OF FOREST, MIXED-GARDEN AND COASTAL AREAS - DEEP INTERVIEW WITH INFORMANTS RESULT OF STUDY : BIRD SPECIES TOTAL BIRD SPECIES (59 SPECIES) SURVEYED BY POINT COUNTS: 40 SPECIES: DOMINANT – 5 SPECIES; SUB-DOMINANT – 8 SPECIES; AND NOT-DOMINANT – 27 SPECIES DEEP INTERVIEWED WITH INFORMANTS: 41 WELL RECOGNIZED FOLK CLASSIFICATION OF BIRD OF KARANGWANGI PEOPLE LEVEL 0 CLASS (SUNDANESE) SATO ENGLISH TERM WILD ANIMAL RANK UNIQUE-BEGINER 1 2 3 MANUK CANGKURILEUNG CANGKURILEUNG TIKOTOK CANGKURILEUNG KAPAS BIRDS LIFE-FORM BULBUL SPECIES BLUISH BULBUL SUB-SPECIES WHITISH BULBUL FOLK CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS • (A) DISTINCTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION • (B) MORPHOLOIGICAL CHARACTERISTIC • (C) SPECIAL COLOUR • (D) DISTINTIVE BEHAVIOUR • (E) TIME ACTIVITY • (F) NESTING TYPE • (G) HABITAT TYPES, MIGRANT & ROLE OF BIRDS FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRDS • (A) CLASIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION SOURCE: http://ibc.lynxeds.com/photo/zebra-dove-geopelia-striata/doveroosting-tree-dusk VERNACULAR NAME: PERKUTUT (GEOPELIA STRIATA-ZEBRA DOVE) VOICE: PERKUTUTUT-PERKUTUTUT-PERKUTUT FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD • (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINCTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION SOURCE:http://www.birding.in/birds/Passeriformes/Corvidae/common_iora. htm VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK CIPEUW (AEGITHINA TIPHIA-COMMON IORA) VOICE: CIIIPEUW-CIIIPEUW-CIIIPEUW-CIIIPEUW FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD • (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION SOURCE: Sumber:Anand Arya/kicaumania.org) MANUK UNGKUT-UNGKUT (MEGALEMA VERNACULAR NAME: UNGKUT-UNGKUT (MEGALAEMA HAEMACEPHALA— COPPERSMITH BARBET) VOICE: KUT-KUT-KUT OR UNGKUT-UNGKUT-UNGKUT FOLK CLASSIFICATION --- BIRD • (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED DISTINCTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION SOURCE: http://www.taenos.com/en/itis/todiramphus-chloriscollaris/Todiramphus%20chloris%20collaris/ VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK KAHKEH OR GASNGEK (HALCYON CHLORISCOLLARED KINGFISHER) VOICE: KAHKEH-KAHKEH-KAHKEH ATAU GASNGEK-GASNGEK-GASNGEK FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD • (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINCTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION SOURCE:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_kingfisher VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK CEKAKAK (HALCYON CYANOVENTRIS-JAVAN KINGFISHER) VOICE: CEKAKAK-CEKAKAK-CEKAKAK-CEKAKAK FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD • (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE VOICE /VOCALIZATION SOURCE:https://www.flickr.com/photos/jcoelho2000/266039311 VERNCULAR NAME: MANUK KOREAK (TYTO ALBA- BARN OWL) VOICE: KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK FOLK CLASSIFICATION --- BIRD • (B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC SOURCE:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dicrurus_macrocercus.JPG VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK SAERAN GUNTING (DICRURUS MACROCERCEUSBLACK DORONG) CHARACTERISTIC: THE TAIL IS DEEPLY FORKED AND SIMILAR TO SCISSOR SHAPE (GUNTING) FOLK CLASSIFICATION-- BIRD (B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC SOURCE:http://www.petcockatiel.com/Dboard/viewtopic.php?t=861&start=6 VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK KACAMATA (ZOSTEROPS PALPEBROSA-ORIENTAL WHITE EYE RING IS SIMILAR TO GLASSES SHAPE (KACA MATA) FOLK CLASSIFICATION --- BIRD • (C) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SPECIAL COLOUR OF FEATHER SOURCE: http://www.macaubiodiversity.org/haliaeetus-leucogaster/ VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK HEULANG BODAS (HALIEETUS LEUCOGASTERWHITE BELLIED FISH EAGLE) CHARACTERISTIC: GENERAL COLOUR OF FEATHER IS WHITE, PARTICULARLY THE HEAD, NECK, AND UNDERPART OF ADULT BIRD ARE WHITE (BODAS) FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD • (C) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SPECIAL COLOUR OF FEATHER VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK HEULANG HIDEUNG (ICTINAETUS MALAYENSIS- BLACK EAGLE) CHARACTERISTIC: IT HAS APPEARING TO BE GENERALLY ALL BLACK (HIDEUNG) FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD (C) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SPECIAL COLOUR VERNACULAR: MANUK HEULANG COKLAT (SPILORNIS CHEELA— CRESTED EAGLE) CHARACTERISTIC:GENERALLY IT HAS APPEARING TO BE BROWN (COKLAT) FOLK CLASSIFICATION --- BIRD • (D) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK KERAK KEBO (ACRIDOTHERES JAVANICUSJAVAN MYNA) CHARACTERISTIC: THIS BIRD IS FREQUENTLY SEEN IN THE RICE FIELD VERY CLOSE INTERACTION WITH BUFFALO (KEBO) TO FIND INSECTS FOLK CLASSIFICATION-- BIRD • (D) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE BEHAVIOUR SOURCE:http://ibc.lynxeds.com/photo/blue-nuthatch-sitta-azurea VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK SALESER (SITTA AZUREA-BLUE NUTHATCH) CHARACTERTIC: IT CAN BE SEEN RUNNING UP THE TRUNC OF A TREE OR IT SEEM TO BE CREEPING (NYALESER) FOLK CLASSIFICATION-- BIRD • (D) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK SAERAN RAME (DICRURUS PARADIEUSCHARACTERISTIC: THIS BIRD HAS CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOUR THAT IS CONSIDRED AS NOISE VOICE BIRD (RAME) FOLK CLASSIFICATION: BIRD (E) NEST CHARACTERISTIC SOURCE: http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-139952431/stock-photoa-female-streaked-weaver-make-her-nest-ploceus-manyar.html VERNACULAR NAME: MANYAR (PLOCEUS MANYAR) CHARACTERISTIC: THE NEST HUNG FROM THE TIP OF BRANCH OR PALM-FROND, IS FLASK SHAPED FOLK CLASSIFICATION-- BIRD • (E) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON NEST CHARACTERISTIC NEST OF TEKUKUR (STREPTOPELIA CHINENSISSPOTTED DOVE) –NEST IS PERCEIVED AS SIMPLE NEST AND RELATIVE SMALL FOLK CLASSIFICATION-BURUNG • (F) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ROLE IN THE ECOSYSTEM --- NOTORIUS BIRD PIPIT (LONCHURA LEUCOGASTER), BONDOL (LONCHURA MAJA), AND PEKING (LONCHURA PUNCTULATA) HAVE PERCEIVED AS NOTORIUS BIRDS-PADDY GRAIN EATER (F) CLASSICATION BASED ON THE ROLE IN THE ECOSYSTEM– ‘BENEFICIAL BIRD’ -MANUK HEULANG COKLAT (SPILORNIS CHEELA-CRESTED SERPENT EAGLE) PERCEIVED AS ‘THE BENEFCIAL BIRD’ DUE TO LOVE EATING RATS SOURCE: http://archive.kaskus.co.id/thread/2209504/220 (F) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ROLE IN THE ECOSYSTEM MANUK KOREAK (TYTO ALBA-BARN OWL) PERCEIVED AS THE BENEFICIAL BIRD– DUE TO LOVE EATING RATS SOURCE: http://omkicau.com/2013/10/20/8-tips-suksesmemelihara-burung-hantu/ (F) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ROLE IN THE EACOSYSTEM ‘BENEFICIAL BIRD’ --- EDIBLE NEST OF SWIFTLET SOURCE: http://mforum.cari.com.my/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=423814 -EDIBLE NESTS OF SWIFTLET PLACED IN THE CEILING OF HOUSE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF BIRD HUNTING: TO HUNT BIRDS WITH USING GLUE OF SAP AND AND EQUIPED BY PET BIRD OR RECORDED BIRD VOICE TO INVITE WILD BIRDS (NGALEUGEUT) SOURCE: https://ciburuan.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/manuk-dinapalangkring.jpg LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING: A BIRD WAS CATCHED BY USING GLUE OF SAP (NGALEUGEUT) SOURCE: http://www.burungmaster.com/2014/10/murai-hutan-gampangmati.html LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING: SAP OF NANGKA (ARTOCARPHUS HETEROPHYLA) AND TEUREUP (ARTOCARPUS ELASTICUS) – MAIN MATERIAL FOR CATCHING BIRDS BY APPLYING GLUE OF SAP SOURCE: http://burung15.rssing.com/chan8284105/all_p42.html LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING TO HUNT BIRDS WITH A BAMBOO BLOWPIPE/ TAMIANG (Schizostachyum iraten Steud) AND DRATS (SUSUMPIT) SOURCE: http://www.initasik.com/peristiwa/read/663/dikira-tawuran-ternyatamemburu-balater.html LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING: TO CAPTURE BIRDS WITH NYLON NET (NGAJARING) SOURCE: http://borneosay90.mywapblog.com/cara-memasangjaring-burung-yang-benar-d.xhtml LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING: TO HUNT BIRDS WITH A GUN (BEBEDIL) Source: http://berburu-tupai.blogspot.co.id/2011/05/berburubajing-yg-selalu-meresahkan.html INCREASING BIRD HUNTING DUE TO INCREASING BIRD DEMAND IN THE CITIES (ISKANDAR 2013) • - BIRDS THAT HIGH PRICE IN THE BIRD MARKET CUCAK RAWA (PYCNONTUS ZEYLANICUS) MURAI BATU (COPSYCHUS MALABARICUS) ANIS MERAH (ZOOTHERA CITRINA) - BASED ON 30 RESPONDENTS RECORDED 120 BIRD POPULATIONS , WITH 2,400 INDIVIDUALS TRADED IN THE BIRD MARKET OF BANDUNG - BASED ON 30 RESPONDENTS –ECONOMIC ASSET Rp 17,053,000-Rp 22,9184,200. - TOTAL OF BIRD TRADERS IN 2012 –IN BANDUNG BIRD MARKET 152 PERSONS SOME REASONS OF HOBBY IN BIRD KEEPING BASED ON 30 RESPONDENTS (ISKANDAR 2015) NO REASONS 1 HOBBY & INNER SATISFACTION NUMBER 18 % OF TOTAL 60,00 HOBBY AND PROFITABLE FOR SALE AGAIN 5 16,67 3 HOBBY AND ELIMINATE STRESS 4 13,33 4 HOBBY AND TIME AVAILABLE Burung 2 6,67 5 HOBBY AND TO MAKE NEW FRIENDS 1 3,33 2 BIRD POPULATION S HAVE MDRAMATICALLY DECREASED DUE TO MANY FACTORS, ILLEGAL HUNTING, HABITAT LOST, PESTICIDES GELATIK – RARE BIRD ANIS MERAHRARE BIRD CONCLUSION • IN GENERAL KARANGWANGI PEOPLE REGOGNISED MANY BIRD SPECIES • BIRDS CULTURALLY CLASSIFIED BASED ON DISTINCTIVE VOICE/ VOCALIZATION, MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, SPECIAL COLOUR, DISTINTIVE BEHAVIOUR, TIME ACTIVITY, NESTING TYPE, HABITAT TYPE, MIGRANT, AND ROLE OF BIRD • HUNTING BIRDS IN THE PAST – BASED ON THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND COSMOS, HOWEVER, NOWADAYS, IT HAS CHANGED A MORE COMMERCIAL --- CONSEQUENTLY SOME BIRDS --- BECAME RARE • ETHNOORNITHOLOGY RESEACH MIGHT BE USEFUL TO BE USED FOR BIRD CONSERVATION BASED ON SOCIO-ECONOMI, CULTURE, POLITIC, AND INTEGRATED WITH THE WESTERN MODEL OF BIRD CONSERVATION.