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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIODIVERSITY
UGM YOGYAKARTA, 19 MARCH 2016
The local knowledge of the rural people on
species, role, and hunting of birds: Case
study in Karangwangi Village, Cidaun Subdistrict, West Java
THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE RURAL PEOPLE ON
SPECIES, ROLE, AND HUNTING OF BIRDS: CASE STUDY IN
KARANGWANGI VILLAGE, CIDAUN SUB-DISTRICT, WEST
JAVA
JOHAN ISKANDAR, BUDIAWATI.S.ISKANDAR, RUHYAT PARTASASMITA
(UNIVERSITY OF PADJADJARAN)
• BIRD DIVERSITY IN JAVA
• ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL FUNCTION OF
BIRDS
• STUDY OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF RURAL PEOPLE ON BIRDS
• LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON SPECIES, ROLE, AND HUNTING
• CONCLUSION
THE BIRDS OF JAVA AND THE SURROUNDING (HOOGERWERF, 1948)
• TOTAL – 536 SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES OF BIRDS CONSIST OF :
• BREEDING SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES 410 (76,5 %)
• MIGRANTS FROM NORTHERN HEMISPHERE 104 SPECIES & SUB SPECIES
(19,4 %)
• MIGRANT FROM SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE 7 SPECIES & SUB-SPECIES (1,3
%)
• STAGGLERS 13 SPECIES & SUB-SPECIES (2,4 %)
• STATUS UNKNOWN 2 SPECIES & SUB-SPECIES (0,3 %)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF BIRDS
• ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF BIRDS: PEST CONTROL, POLINATOR, SEED
DISPERSAL, AND INDICATOR OF SEASONAL CHANGES, SUCH AS
BEGINNING OF RAINY SEASON
WOOD PECKER AS EAGLE CONSIDERED AS
ANT EATER
RAT EATER/RAT CONTROL
HORNBILL CONSIDERED
AS SEED DISPERSAL
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL FUNCTION OF BIRDS
• THE BIRD-KEEPING RECOGNISED AS HOBBBY FOR JAVANESE
PEOPLE: PERFECTION OF FAMILY LIFE BASED ON CULTURE
(1) HAVE A JOB (NARPADA)
(2) HAVE A HOUSE (WISMO)
(3) HAVE HORSE OR VEHICLE (TURANGGA)
(4) HAVE A WIFE (GARWO)
(5) HAVE A PET BIRD/THE BIRD KEEPING (KUKILA, MANUK)
• BIRD KEEPING OF PERKUTUT (ZEBRA DOVE-GEOPELIA STRIATA
CONSIDERED) AS ‘BRING LUCK’
HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND THE DECLINE OF BIRD SPECIES
• BIRD SPECIES HAVE DECREASED DUE TO MANY FACTORS:
- ILLEGAL BIRD HUNTING --- FOR BIRD TRADING IN BIRD MARKETS
-
MODIFICATION AND DESTRUCTION OF BIRD HABITATS
-
SIDE EFFECT OF INTENSIVE USE OF PESTICIDES
• THERE FORE, SOME BIRDS, SUCH AS JAVA SPARROW HAS BECAME RARE
IN RURAL AREAS
THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE RURAL PEOPLE ON BIRDS IN
KARANGWANGI VILLAGE, CIDAUN SUB-DISTRICT, WEST JAVA
•
-
THE OBCETIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO ELUCIDATE:
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD SPECIES
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON ROLE OF BIRD /BIRD FUNCTIONS
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING
SOCIAL SYSTEM:
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE
RURAL ECOSYSTEM:BIRDS
THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE RURAL PEOPLE ON BIRDS IN
KARANGWANGI VILLAGE, CIDAUN SUB-DISTRICT, WEST JAVA
•
-
THE OBCETIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO ELUCIDATE:
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD SPECIES
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON ROLE OF BIRD /BIRD FUNCTIONS
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING
SOCIAL SYSTEM:
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE
RURAL ECOSYSTEM:BIRDS
ETHNOORNITHOLOGY RESEARCH: MATERIALS AND DATA COLLECTION
•
MATERIALS: BINOCULAR, FILD GUIDE BOOK OF BIRDS IN JAVA, BALI, SUMATERA
AND KALIMANTAN, NOTE BOOKS, CAMERA,
DATA COLLECTION:
- BIRD SURVEY –USING
POINT COUNTS IN
HABITATS OF FOREST,
MIXED-GARDEN AND
COASTAL AREAS
- DEEP INTERVIEW WITH
INFORMANTS
RESULT OF STUDY : BIRD SPECIES
TOTAL BIRD
SPECIES (59
SPECIES)
SURVEYED BY POINT COUNTS:
40 SPECIES: DOMINANT – 5 SPECIES;
SUB-DOMINANT – 8 SPECIES; AND
NOT-DOMINANT – 27 SPECIES
DEEP INTERVIEWED WITH
INFORMANTS: 41 WELL
RECOGNIZED
FOLK CLASSIFICATION OF BIRD OF KARANGWANGI PEOPLE
LEVEL
0
CLASS (SUNDANESE)
SATO
ENGLISH TERM
WILD ANIMAL
RANK
UNIQUE-BEGINER
1
2
3
MANUK
CANGKURILEUNG
CANGKURILEUNG TIKOTOK
CANGKURILEUNG KAPAS
BIRDS
LIFE-FORM
BULBUL
SPECIES
BLUISH BULBUL SUB-SPECIES
WHITISH BULBUL
FOLK CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS
• (A) DISTINCTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION
• (B) MORPHOLOIGICAL CHARACTERISTIC
• (C) SPECIAL COLOUR
• (D) DISTINTIVE BEHAVIOUR
• (E) TIME ACTIVITY
• (F) NESTING TYPE
• (G) HABITAT TYPES, MIGRANT & ROLE OF BIRDS
FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRDS
• (A) CLASIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION
SOURCE: http://ibc.lynxeds.com/photo/zebra-dove-geopelia-striata/doveroosting-tree-dusk
VERNACULAR NAME: PERKUTUT (GEOPELIA STRIATA-ZEBRA DOVE)
VOICE: PERKUTUTUT-PERKUTUTUT-PERKUTUT
FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD
• (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINCTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION
SOURCE:http://www.birding.in/birds/Passeriformes/Corvidae/common_iora.
htm
VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK CIPEUW (AEGITHINA TIPHIA-COMMON IORA)
VOICE: CIIIPEUW-CIIIPEUW-CIIIPEUW-CIIIPEUW
FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD
•
(A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION
SOURCE: Sumber:Anand Arya/kicaumania.org)
MANUK UNGKUT-UNGKUT (MEGALEMA
VERNACULAR NAME: UNGKUT-UNGKUT (MEGALAEMA HAEMACEPHALA—
COPPERSMITH BARBET)
VOICE: KUT-KUT-KUT OR UNGKUT-UNGKUT-UNGKUT
FOLK CLASSIFICATION --- BIRD
•
(A) CLASSIFICATION BASED DISTINCTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION
SOURCE: http://www.taenos.com/en/itis/todiramphus-chloriscollaris/Todiramphus%20chloris%20collaris/
VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK KAHKEH OR GASNGEK (HALCYON CHLORISCOLLARED KINGFISHER)
VOICE: KAHKEH-KAHKEH-KAHKEH ATAU GASNGEK-GASNGEK-GASNGEK
FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD
•
(A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINCTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION
SOURCE:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_kingfisher
VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK CEKAKAK (HALCYON CYANOVENTRIS-JAVAN
KINGFISHER)
VOICE: CEKAKAK-CEKAKAK-CEKAKAK-CEKAKAK
FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD
• (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE VOICE /VOCALIZATION
SOURCE:https://www.flickr.com/photos/jcoelho2000/266039311
VERNCULAR NAME: MANUK KOREAK (TYTO ALBA- BARN OWL)
VOICE: KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK
FOLK CLASSIFICATION --- BIRD
•
(B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC
SOURCE:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dicrurus_macrocercus.JPG
VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK SAERAN GUNTING (DICRURUS MACROCERCEUSBLACK DORONG)
CHARACTERISTIC: THE TAIL IS DEEPLY FORKED AND SIMILAR TO SCISSOR SHAPE
(GUNTING)
FOLK CLASSIFICATION-- BIRD
(B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTIC
SOURCE:http://www.petcockatiel.com/Dboard/viewtopic.php?t=861&start=6
VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK KACAMATA (ZOSTEROPS PALPEBROSA-ORIENTAL
WHITE EYE RING IS SIMILAR TO GLASSES SHAPE (KACA MATA)
FOLK CLASSIFICATION --- BIRD
• (C) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SPECIAL COLOUR OF FEATHER
SOURCE: http://www.macaubiodiversity.org/haliaeetus-leucogaster/
VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK HEULANG BODAS (HALIEETUS LEUCOGASTERWHITE BELLIED FISH EAGLE)
CHARACTERISTIC: GENERAL COLOUR OF FEATHER IS WHITE, PARTICULARLY
THE HEAD, NECK, AND UNDERPART OF ADULT BIRD ARE WHITE (BODAS)
FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD
• (C) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SPECIAL COLOUR OF FEATHER
VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK HEULANG HIDEUNG
(ICTINAETUS MALAYENSIS- BLACK EAGLE)
CHARACTERISTIC: IT HAS APPEARING TO BE GENERALLY ALL
BLACK (HIDEUNG)
FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD
(C) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SPECIAL COLOUR
VERNACULAR: MANUK HEULANG COKLAT (SPILORNIS
CHEELA— CRESTED EAGLE)
CHARACTERISTIC:GENERALLY IT HAS APPEARING TO BE
BROWN (COKLAT)
FOLK CLASSIFICATION --- BIRD
• (D) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR
VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK KERAK KEBO (ACRIDOTHERES JAVANICUSJAVAN MYNA)
CHARACTERISTIC: THIS BIRD IS FREQUENTLY SEEN IN THE RICE FIELD VERY
CLOSE INTERACTION WITH BUFFALO (KEBO) TO FIND INSECTS
FOLK CLASSIFICATION-- BIRD
• (D) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE BEHAVIOUR
SOURCE:http://ibc.lynxeds.com/photo/blue-nuthatch-sitta-azurea
VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK SALESER (SITTA AZUREA-BLUE
NUTHATCH)
CHARACTERTIC: IT CAN BE SEEN RUNNING UP THE TRUNC OF A TREE OR
IT SEEM TO BE CREEPING (NYALESER)
FOLK CLASSIFICATION-- BIRD
• (D) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR
VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK SAERAN RAME (DICRURUS PARADIEUSCHARACTERISTIC: THIS BIRD HAS CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOUR THAT IS
CONSIDRED AS NOISE VOICE BIRD (RAME)
FOLK CLASSIFICATION: BIRD
(E) NEST CHARACTERISTIC
SOURCE: http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-139952431/stock-photoa-female-streaked-weaver-make-her-nest-ploceus-manyar.html
VERNACULAR NAME: MANYAR (PLOCEUS MANYAR)
CHARACTERISTIC: THE NEST HUNG FROM THE TIP OF
BRANCH OR PALM-FROND, IS FLASK SHAPED
FOLK CLASSIFICATION-- BIRD
• (E) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON NEST CHARACTERISTIC
NEST OF TEKUKUR (STREPTOPELIA CHINENSISSPOTTED DOVE) –NEST IS PERCEIVED AS SIMPLE
NEST AND RELATIVE SMALL
FOLK CLASSIFICATION-BURUNG
• (F) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ROLE IN THE ECOSYSTEM --- NOTORIUS BIRD
PIPIT (LONCHURA LEUCOGASTER), BONDOL (LONCHURA MAJA), AND PEKING
(LONCHURA PUNCTULATA) HAVE PERCEIVED AS NOTORIUS BIRDS-PADDY GRAIN
EATER
(F) CLASSICATION BASED ON THE ROLE IN THE ECOSYSTEM–
‘BENEFICIAL BIRD’
-MANUK HEULANG COKLAT (SPILORNIS CHEELA-CRESTED
SERPENT EAGLE) PERCEIVED AS ‘THE BENEFCIAL BIRD’ DUE TO
LOVE EATING RATS
SOURCE: http://archive.kaskus.co.id/thread/2209504/220
(F) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ROLE IN THE ECOSYSTEM
MANUK KOREAK (TYTO ALBA-BARN OWL) PERCEIVED AS THE
BENEFICIAL BIRD– DUE TO LOVE EATING RATS
SOURCE: http://omkicau.com/2013/10/20/8-tips-suksesmemelihara-burung-hantu/
(F) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ROLE IN THE EACOSYSTEM
‘BENEFICIAL BIRD’ --- EDIBLE NEST OF SWIFTLET
SOURCE: http://mforum.cari.com.my/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=423814
-EDIBLE NESTS OF SWIFTLET PLACED IN THE CEILING OF
HOUSE
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF BIRD HUNTING:
TO HUNT BIRDS WITH USING GLUE OF SAP AND AND EQUIPED
BY PET BIRD OR RECORDED BIRD VOICE TO INVITE WILD BIRDS
(NGALEUGEUT)
SOURCE: https://ciburuan.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/manuk-dinapalangkring.jpg
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING:
A BIRD WAS CATCHED BY USING GLUE OF SAP (NGALEUGEUT)
SOURCE: http://www.burungmaster.com/2014/10/murai-hutan-gampangmati.html
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING:
SAP OF NANGKA (ARTOCARPHUS HETEROPHYLA) AND
TEUREUP (ARTOCARPUS ELASTICUS) – MAIN MATERIAL FOR
CATCHING BIRDS BY APPLYING GLUE OF SAP
SOURCE: http://burung15.rssing.com/chan8284105/all_p42.html
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING
TO HUNT BIRDS WITH A BAMBOO BLOWPIPE/ TAMIANG
(Schizostachyum iraten Steud) AND DRATS (SUSUMPIT)
SOURCE: http://www.initasik.com/peristiwa/read/663/dikira-tawuran-ternyatamemburu-balater.html
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING:
TO CAPTURE BIRDS WITH NYLON NET (NGAJARING)
SOURCE: http://borneosay90.mywapblog.com/cara-memasangjaring-burung-yang-benar-d.xhtml
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING:
TO HUNT BIRDS WITH A GUN (BEBEDIL)
Source: http://berburu-tupai.blogspot.co.id/2011/05/berburubajing-yg-selalu-meresahkan.html
INCREASING BIRD HUNTING DUE TO INCREASING BIRD DEMAND
IN THE CITIES (ISKANDAR 2013)
•
-
BIRDS THAT HIGH PRICE IN THE BIRD MARKET
CUCAK RAWA (PYCNONTUS ZEYLANICUS)
MURAI BATU (COPSYCHUS MALABARICUS)
ANIS MERAH (ZOOTHERA CITRINA)
-
BASED ON 30 RESPONDENTS RECORDED
120 BIRD POPULATIONS , WITH 2,400 INDIVIDUALS
TRADED IN THE BIRD MARKET OF BANDUNG
-
BASED ON 30 RESPONDENTS –ECONOMIC ASSET
Rp 17,053,000-Rp 22,9184,200.
-
TOTAL OF BIRD TRADERS IN 2012 –IN BANDUNG BIRD MARKET 152 PERSONS
SOME REASONS OF HOBBY IN BIRD KEEPING BASED ON 30
RESPONDENTS (ISKANDAR 2015)
NO
REASONS
1 HOBBY & INNER SATISFACTION
NUMBER
18
% OF TOTAL
60,00
HOBBY AND PROFITABLE FOR
SALE AGAIN
5
16,67
3
HOBBY AND ELIMINATE STRESS
4
13,33
4
HOBBY AND TIME AVAILABLE
Burung
2
6,67
5
HOBBY AND TO MAKE NEW FRIENDS
1
3,33
2
BIRD POPULATION S HAVE MDRAMATICALLY DECREASED DUE TO
MANY FACTORS, ILLEGAL HUNTING, HABITAT LOST, PESTICIDES
GELATIK –
RARE
BIRD
ANIS MERAHRARE BIRD
CONCLUSION
• IN GENERAL KARANGWANGI PEOPLE REGOGNISED MANY BIRD SPECIES
• BIRDS CULTURALLY CLASSIFIED BASED ON DISTINCTIVE VOICE/
VOCALIZATION, MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, SPECIAL COLOUR,
DISTINTIVE BEHAVIOUR, TIME ACTIVITY, NESTING TYPE, HABITAT TYPE,
MIGRANT, AND ROLE OF BIRD
• HUNTING BIRDS IN THE PAST – BASED ON THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND
COSMOS, HOWEVER, NOWADAYS, IT HAS CHANGED A MORE
COMMERCIAL --- CONSEQUENTLY SOME BIRDS --- BECAME RARE
• ETHNOORNITHOLOGY RESEACH MIGHT BE USEFUL TO BE USED FOR BIRD
CONSERVATION BASED ON SOCIO-ECONOMI, CULTURE, POLITIC, AND
INTEGRATED WITH THE WESTERN MODEL OF BIRD CONSERVATION.