Download Queen Scallop, Chlamys opercularis

50:
BASTERIA,
The
Queen
as
87-92,
1986
Scallop, Chlamys opercularis
food item of the
a
sea
anemone
(Actiniaria,
Scantly
know
detailed
that
sizeable prey,
notably
such
of the
Representatives
both
predators
by
Port Erin
the
coast
reported
the
(Cuvier)
crab Carcinus
record of
maenas
pulmo (Macri,
swallower.
'The
name
viz.:
(L.,
Urticina
largest
therefore
acting
but
anemones,
do
we
feeders
opportunistic
on
Mollusca,
and
Urticina
which
stated:
"Ich
width
up
was
also
30
1890)
is
which Danielssen's
Danielssen's
grossten
designating
this
Second-common
and further
the
basal
sensu
1890:
the
as
of
no
pi.
1
den
was
was
and
fig. 5),
Typus
starfish,
1921:
der
of Madoniactis
based),
168),
species,
Metridium
based
mainly
its
Lobos,
less than three
description
lectotype
Point
at
on
thus
the
cit.:
Carlgren (loc.
Art";
is
1788) [as
Carlgren (1902: 42;
consisted
anatomical
(L.,
sizeable
a
the
was
noteworthy
diameter of
made in situ
abgebildeten Exemplare
specimen
as
1935], including specimens
morphological description
depicted (cf. Danielssen,
the
to
in the older literature
to
twice
used
likely
more
individual of
an
Rhizostoma octopus
lofotensis
brought
77-78) referring
1890) engulfing
generally
of Madoniactis
1981;
Shimek,
but
oc-
prey
be the main food item of
mm)
photograph
a
1858)
large
as
actinians
1761),
cit.:
anemones.
to
1977;
two
ingested
to
referred
rigid scyphozoan
type series
sehe in dem
the first reviser and
as
L., 1758,
lofotensis¹ (Danielssen,
species.
(L.,
Hartog (loc.
umbrella almost
an
lofotensis (Danielssen,
specimen,
Tealiafelina
each of which had
1761) [often
(loc. cit.) presented
an
Laakso,
&
Gosse,
Tealia
well-known
coriacea; cf. Stephenson,
of the rather
with
( =
are
incidental record of
1758. Den
(L.,
var.
digitata (O.F. Miiller) (on
1761)
an
1860),
1758) (carapax
that Danielssen's
Hormathia
senile
sea
are
1834
1963; Sebens
the basal diameter of the
Urticina
an
Urticina
established
the
1778)]
Thomas
California, of
who
Netherlands
Echinodermata and
depths,
starfish Asterias rubens
or
(L.
specimen
a
Ehrenberg,
identifiedas
(Gosse,
eques
shore-form of Urticina felina
R.
The
forms,
Crustacea,
moderate
(loc. cit.) reported
considerably exceeding
42)
in
scallop fishermen,
Urticina
Tealia coriacea
a
and
urchin Echinus esculentus L.,
sea
Dutch
Urticina
genus
1961; Den Hartog,
Slinn
1981).
represent
the
intertidal
especially
intertidally
(Slinn,
Thomas,
to
Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden,
gastropods.
curring
in
1860)
Actiniidae)
other Coelenterata,
as
Pectinidae),
(Gosse,
eques
is available about the food of
knowledge
species,
many
van
1758) (Bivalvia,
den Hartog
J.C.
Rijksmuseum
(L.,
Urticina
formally
lofotensis Danielssen,
1890.
Hand
present
is
on
three
cant,
identical
not
found
of the
of Urticina
it is relevant
110)
North
plies
study
species
context
definitely
1981:
in his
(1955)
recognized
indicating
separate
Californian
the Californian
nematocyst
species,
so
Californian
species.
U.
a
an
sensu
of both
taxa
understatement, for
new
sensu
from Central
sea
anemones
Urticina eques
lofotensis
measurements
that
Urticina coriacea
the North Atlantic Urticina felina. It
mesomyarian
he identified with known North Atlantic
that the North Atlantic
Atlantic material show this to be
to the
and
(as Tealia),,which
to note
with
that the
endomyarian
name
is
required
Hand, 1955,
is, however, beyond
which
the
[
Hand.
do
not
the
=
U.
Manuel
differences
Williams
&
"wholly"
scope
similar
of the
In the
lofotensis (Danielssen, 1890)]
agree.
actually
for the Californian
on
California,
species.
grounds
are
species.
is not
present paper
to
(cf. Manuel,
My
own
studies
quite signifi-
The
same
conspecific
rename
these
ap-
with
two
88
Patiria miniata
sea
(Brandt,
this
record
(Grube,
the
to
and
including
Anthopleura
sizeable starfish,
gastric
the
authors
which
lofotensis,
sea-urchin Strongylocentrotrus
a
three-week visit
situated between
had
the
the
to
join
(up
droebachiensis
August-12
scallop-fishing
vessel "Nordheim" from Eidi,
c.
10
62°03'-08'N and
this
I
trip
scallop
of
ple
112
x
Due
dredge.
no more
These
mm.
the
to
than
ten
tudiae
large
128
anemonesca.
and
72
species
67
x
(L.,
reported by
had
not
material.
respectively)
may feed
1758) by
Minchin
to
stand that the presence of
eques
not
is
no
difficult
Limidae)
a
to
are
answer.
of
serves
substrate;
Chlamys opercularis
as
a
right
at
scallop
and
specimens
valve
substrate,
is
one
in
of Urticina
many
swim
eques
right valve; 2,
just
visible
had settled
to
on
had lost
I
valve of
their)
on
would
data
taking
a
91
x
com-
in the
caught
sam-
128
to
out
of
ten
other free
on
have
which has
the
of Urticina
anemones
There is
a
is
(and
rather
Moller-Racke, 1953;
engulfed a complete
Of the
sample
of ten Urticina
(L.),
more
under-
Pectinidae
Note that
islandica
once
specimens
valve).
Cyprina
previously
unfortunate-
at
of left
substrate.
that
Pecten
juvenile
was
72
x
fact
collected
will
living
&
the
scallops
by jet propulsion.
78
scallops
with
caught by
are
had
specimens
diameter of the
1850)
one
Buddenbrock
(Gosse)
view
the left.
a
two
(Cocks,
feeding
scallops
phenomenon (e.g.
view of
ballii
quantitative
to
far the
95
two
although predation
otherwise
how these
ability
Muller,
in
1758) (basal
and width of the
of Urticina
as
sea,
grown
question
length
Anthopleura
Chlamys opercularis
1-2. One of the collected
as
mm;
absence of
well-known for their
Chlamys opercularis (L.) (1,
noticed that
1-2). Although acquainted
possibility
fully
I
sample,
prey and
large
the
extensive literature about this
Figs.
87
anemone
in the
coincidence. The
x
(figs.
when
me
even
on
sea
(1983),
occurred
However,
the
this
(O.F.
formalin-seawater.
Chlamys opercularis (L.,
112 and 127
x
mm
of Urticina
maximus
of
lofotensis
were
ca.
During
m.
Tealia
by
myself
between
area
coccinea
proved
I restricted
I
commercial
110
=
in basal diameter from
Islands,
Chlamys opercularis
the
[
eques
Urticina eques
species
in 8-10%
Faroe
with the
mostly firmly contracted,
varying
studying
Urticina
principal
62°N, 7°W),
(c.
(in
1832), Stomphia
1848).
size of this
preserved
complete specimen
a
(Johnston,
(Dalyell,
specimens,
were
Actiniaria:
specimens,
A few months later, when
engulfed
of
mentioned
be the
the
to
fish the
to
Eysturoy
Urticina
a new
varied between 84 and
Fishing depth
laceratus
hundreds of
and
Arand
161),
of Flomer, Alaska.
coast
September)
Eysturoy,
Streymoy
species
Bolocera
1890)],
species;
monest
four
Sagartiogeton
and
of
east
6°14'-15'W).
collected
(Danielssen,
1776)
miles
1-2
trip (from
1985)
of
in the
(San Juan
to
vicinity
Norwegian
1984),
mm)
(loc. cit.)
1776)
Coralli-
presence
(1978:
from
long)
imbricata
on
80-120
coast
Shimek
in the
The
Laakso
&
mm
September,
and
80)
Pierotti,
&
610).
west
Müller,
(O.F.
beds
situated
U.S.
Sebens
150
to
Iceland and the
short
a
1968:
named Tealia piscivora.
(21
primarily
Annett
94;
the
(O.F. Müller, 1776)
Shetlands,
opportunity
from
reported by
fish
reported pholidid
they appropriately
feed
(Stimpson, 1857) (diameter:
again
1973:
similar Dermasterias
to
al.,
et
Mauzey
also
was
food item of Urticina crassicornis
During
(cf.
Henricia leviuscula
Urticina
1981:
of the
predator
a
1986
4-6,
therefore wonders whether
one
superficially
(Lambert,
anemones
Washington State),
same
species,
the
to
(!);
as
No.
50,
Francis,
1835) (cf.
Urticina
genus
refer
species reported
a
(Brandt,
in similar habitats and known
elegantissima
viz.,
of
cavity
chipelago,
these
sea
the
as
actually
not
1857) occurring
morpharians
elegantissima
family
same
might
itself
1835), remarkably
Anthopleura
anemone
belonging
ly
Vol.
BASTERIA,
individual
Chlamys opercularis
eques,
and three
also
six had used
were
without
(or
Den
Hartog:
Urticina
eques
preying
on
Chlamys opercularis
89
90
BASTERIA,
Lecomte,
Thomas
1952; Rees,
behaviour which
tion
scallops
ticina. Other ways in which
less
tion radius of this actinian
Considering
"escape
The
the
1758
(L.,
and
to
move
or
reac-
paradoxally
of Ur-
crown
a
scallop
are
within the
ac-
down the column
is
for this
other,
species
to
as
of
active
Therefore the
Urticina
able
population;
cannot
floor
sea
as
trigger
to
and I
disturbances of the
regular
such
predators,
gastropods,
an
digestion),
anemone and
sea
anemones.
more
food item
a
of
state
carnivorous
benefit
also
accepted
progressed
a
found in the catches
reaction"
1925: 584;
(Thomas
&
are
this
Mauzey
et
by
be
no
1968:
explicit
as
food and
has been
record of
but elicits
negligible (Mauzey
et
(L.,
elicit
to
Chlamys
been
a
also
or
as
to eat
a
a
food
scallops
reaction"
been recorded
Data
cit.).
1968;
elicit
voracious
a
"escape
not
least
strong
a
to
Pecten
reported
weaker
loc.
al.,
1767),
1957; Brun,
reported
and
were:
at
these,
cit.), but, although
occasionally
609)
Of
1768).
1927: 140; Rees,
loc.
starfish
Crossaster pappopus
(Parelius,
were:
1758),
(Gmelin, 1791),
commonest
In Solaster endeca, which has
cit.).
"Nordheim"
to
Hippasteria
on
available.
not
is
a
wide-spread
North Atlantic from northern
Azores
Gruffydd
&
to
al.,
loc.
reaction is
Chlamys opercularis
12),
islandicus
The
rubens,
(e.g. Mortensen,
the other hand has
Gruffydd, 1971,
scallops,
phrygiana
on
S.
1778),
90). Astropecten irregularis
(Thomas
of the
growth form), Neptunea antiqua (L.,
one
Asterias
1777),
molluscs, there appears
on
than
appreciate Chlamys opercularis
1971:
Gruffydd,
&
"escape
the
of
large
Hippasteria phrygiana
reaction" in Pectinidae
item. Crossaster papposus
1968:
apply
in
1790) (all Buccinidae).
(Pennant,
1771)
Asterias rubens is known
and
tentacle
by bending
way
were
1758), Sipho gracilis (Da Costa,
irregularis
eat
to
(more
Astropecten
Solaster endeca
(Hunt,
active
the better for the
of the
probably
likely
norvegicus (Gmelin,
feeder
somewhat
sticky
swimming
violent
etc.
despecta (L.,
strong
this
relatively
which lie
scallops
feeding grounds
some
would
that this is
Volutopsius
"escape
an
be
Urticina may get hold of
Chlamys opercularis certainly
larger gastropods commonly
Thomas
in
scallops swim,
possibly
Buccinum undatum L.,
N.
seized
rich
potentially
more
reaction",
help thinking
trawlers,
are
in the
up
as
that
specimens ingested
two
of starfish and
species
of ending
possible
the
particular
1986
4-6,
Trueman, 1971;
&
must
"escape reaction",
i/rh«'na-inhabited scallop-beds
on
presence
an
(the
the
presumably,
In
It
1979).
No.
50,
crown.
beds offer
scallop
Gruffydd,
caught.
scallop
a
the evidence that
Urticina eques
by
be
&
passive predator
a
it may be
plausible, although
and the tentacle
to
1967; Moore
1957; Hartnoll,
the so-called
predators,
the risk for
implicate
to
seems
causes
avoid active
to
1957; Baird,
1971; Thorburn
Gruffydd,
&
Vol.
and
whereas
into
the
Urticina
boreal-lusitanian
Norway
and the Faroes,
Mediterranean (Tebble,
is
eques
a
truly
boreal
in the
species occurring
south
to
1966:
species
not
eastern
Morocco, the Canaries
61;
Hopner
Petersen,
found further south than
the North and Irish Seas.
To get
thern
one
can
study
better
arrange
of the
studies,
and
a
in the role of Urticina eques
insight
further
scallop-bed life-community,
to
join
contents
partly
under
which of the
a
few
of the
trips
with
a
a
of this
sea
predator
are
scallop-fishing
gastric cavity
experimental conditions,
commonest
as
investigations
boat
to
how
Asteroidea, Gastropoda, etc.,
a
relatively
nor-
necessary and feasible if
make
anemone
may reveal
in
scallops
are
quantitative
a
species.
the
Additional
are
most
captured
important
predators.
It would also be
starfish
and
interesting
gastropods
may
to
investigate
act
as
a
whether
predator
on
any
of the above named
Urticina eques.
species
of
Crossaster papposus,
Den
Urticina
Hartog:
although
114;
mainly
Glomb,
Urticina.
feeds
mainly
(L.,
any
however,
(Dall,
1981:
its
1916;
been
possibly
et
1981:
Lambert,
above-mentioned Buccinidae
such
predator-prey
relation has
and
1871) (also Buccinidae)
H.
has been
occasionally
1968: 606;
al.,
114;
also
to
reported
eat
In
578;
concer-
food is
as
Hip-
1909, which
Metridium senile
So far there is
been established for
Urticina crassicornis
1958:
record
specific
spinosa Verrill,
56).
actinians
eat
Hancock,
a
actinians.
eat
to
actinians
appreciates
of the
a
1927:
Mortensen,
1927:
(e.g. Mortensen,
etc.
reported
close north-east Pacific relative
pennatulids,
upon
68)
which
species
molluscs,
has
I have searched in vain for
609), though
Another
1761) (Mauzey
that
of other starfish,
Chadwick,
pasteria phrygiana ;
91
Chlamys opercularis
on
predator
a
1968:
al.,
et
Mauzey
preying
1976; Lambert,
1916;
(Milligan,
ning
eques
no
evidence
southern
Alaska,
Beringius
kennicotti
(O.F. Miiller,
1776) (Shimek,
1980).
I
thank
allowing
enjoyed
Olavur
skipper
to
me
join
board the
on
Flott,
in this arrangement. He and Mrs.
accepting
me
facilities and
My
visit
as
house-mate
a
Edmund
Joensen,
acted
Norrevang, Torshavn,
Jacobsen,
Elin
during
also
are
three-week stay
my
for
Oyrabakka,
hospitality
cooperation
and
as
intermediary
an
for
acknowledged
patiently
the Faroes, and for many
at
advice.
good
the Faroes
to
Mr.
"Nordheim" and for
Dr. Arne
ship.
and
Eidi,
with the
trip
a
was
the Jan
financially supported by
Joost
ter
Pelkwijk
Fonds.
REFERENCES
ANNETT,
&
C.,
R.
Dermasterias
1958.
BAIRD, R.H.,
Soc.
BRUN,
33:
Lond.
1968.
E.,
On
Extreme
W.
BUDDENBROCK,
Zool.
CARLGREN,
behaviour
and
behaviour
Ser.
Progr.
of
14:
of the leather
selection
prey
seastar
197-206.
maximus
escallops (Pecten
L.).
—
Proc.
malac
I.
&
VON,
starfish
Asterias
Astarte 32:
L.
rubens
on
bed
a
of Icelands
Scallop,
1-4.
MOLLER-RACKE,
1953.
Uber
den Lichtsinn
von
Pecten.
—
Publ.
217-245.
Actiniarien.
nach
the
—
—
Zool.
der Bareninsel
und
Ergebn.
einer
Untersuchungsfahrt
Westspitzbergen
im
Sommer
1898
des
deutschen
auf S.M.S.
See-
"Olga",
31-56.
2(4):
1921.
Actiniaria,
CHADWICK,
H.D.,
pt.
1.
The Danish
—
1916.
Asteroids
1890.
Actinida.
Ingolf-Expedition 5(9):
feeding
upon
living
sea
1-241.
anemones.
—
Nature,
London
96
677.
(2416):
DANIELSSEN,
i-v,
of
density
(O.F. Miiller).
1902.
O.,
Foraging
Ecol.
swimming
Napoli 24(2):
fischerei-Vereins
-,
the
1984.
Mar.
—
67-71.
islandica
Chlamys
Staz.
PIEROTTI,
imbricata.
D.C.,
Norske
Den
—
Nordhavs-Expedition
1876-1878, Zoologi
19:
1-184.
FRANCIS,
L.,
sima and
1973.
GLOMB, A.,
1976.
HANCOCK,
D.A.,
and
Intraspecific aggression
related
some
sea
anemones.
—
Der Stachelsonnenstern.
1958.
Notes
on
on
144:
on
an
Essex
distribution
the
of
Anthopleura elegantis-
73-92.
Delphin 23(9):
—
starfish
its effect
Biol. Bull.
30-31.
oyster
bed.
—
J.
mar.
biol.
Ass.
U.K.
37:
565-589.
HAND, C.,
1955.
anemones.
HARTNOLL,
The
—
R.G.,
Helgolander
anemones
1967.
wissensch.
HARTOG, J.C. DEN,
23(5):
sea
Wasmann
75-82.
1963.
J.
An
Biol.
of Centred
investigation
Meeresunters.
De
California,
pt.
2.
The
endomyarian
and
mesomyarian
13: 37-99.
15:
verspreiding
of
the
movement
of
the
scallop,
Pecten
maximus.
—
523-532.
van
Tealia
felina,
de
zeedahlia,
in Nederland.
—
Zeepaard
92
Vol.
BASTERIA,
H0PNER
HUNT,
Ass.
1968.
PETERSEN, G.,
1925.
O.D.,
U.K.
13:
The
Marine
Lamellibranchiata.
of the bottom
fauna of the
Zoology
—
of the Faroes
3(1)
Plymouth fishing grounds.
—J.
1986
4-6,
55:
1-80.
mar.
biol
560-599.
1981.
LAMBERT, P.,
food
No.
50,
The
of British Columbia.
sea stars
British Columbia
—
Prov.
Mus. Handbook
39
1-153.
1952.
LECOMPTE, J.,
Lab.
MANUEL, R.L.,
1981.
MAUZEY,
C.
K.P.,
Reactions
fuite
de
British
Anthozoa.
BIRKELAND &
of their
escape responses
MILLIGAN, H.N.,
des
pectens
en
presence
des
asterides.
—
Vie
et
Milieu
Bull
57-60.
Arag. 3(1):
in the
prey
Asteroids
1916.
of the British
Synopsis
—
P.K.
1968.
DAYTON,
Puget
feeding
Sound
upon
region.
Fauna
Feeding
Ecology
—
sea-anemones.
living
18:
49:
—
1-241
i-vi,
behaviour
of the asteroids
and
603-619.
London
Nature,
96
(2414):
619-620.
MINCHIN,
ballii
MOORE, J.D.,
Biol.
mar.
1983.
D.,
(Cocks).
Predation
& E.R.
Ecol.
W.J.,
on
San
R.L.,
1981.
SLINN,
1927.
of
15-32.
G.
N.,
THOMAS,
Pecten
THOMAS,
A
babysitters.
D.J.,
1961.
1978.
and the
1966.
maximus
L.P.,
THORBURN,
Veliger
1935.
Ll.D.
by
1981.
I.W.,
opercularis (L.)
—
24:
&
COX,
The
diet
anemone
Anthopleura
scallop, Chlamys opercularis (L.).
J.
—
exp.
of the British Isles:
The
ed.,
scallop,
studies
1-471.
i-x,
of
a
shell
London,
etc.
and its influences
of
Living
Ll.D.
and its
sea
shells:
sea-star
in
—
(Anthozoa: Actiniaria)
Wasmann
kennicotti
Biol.
J.
35:
(Dall, 1871).
Tealia crassicornis
on
1-212.
1971.
species.
the
rocky
flowing
—
Rep.
anemones,
GRUFFYDD,
shell
and
Taelia.
by
British
color
Tealia
Beringius
1919)
GRUFFYDD,
selected
genus
Peninsula.
—
in
the
of the
waters
152-168.
Veliger 23:
(Miiller,
1776):
153-154.
On
snail's
a
62-66.
of Echinus
The
British bivalve
&
of the
echinoderms
I.
Olympic
the
note on
Ingestion
T.A.,
G.E.,
the
London.
LAAKSO,
1980.
of the
In:
Neptunea pribiloffensis (Dall,
STEPHENSON,
TEBBLE,
Handbook
living scallop.
Juan Archipelago
SHIMEK,
use
&
K.P.,
(L.) (Bivalvia), by
228-231.
179-185.
The
humankind:
SEBENS,
,
1957.
young Pecten maximus
on
stud. 49:
TRUEMAN, 1971. Swimming
6:
MORTENSEN, Th.,
REES,
Moll.
—J.
sea
mar.
2.
pt.
biol.
Sta.
Ray Society
Pt.
Erin
Publ.
73
121:
(1960):
i-xii,
29-30.
1-426.
London
The
—
types
Marine
shore.
1979.
—
Sea
Studies
water.
of
—J.
escape
Biology
on
reactions
Berlin
Frontiers
the
mar.
27:
in
the
scallop
150-151
behaviour
biol. Ass.
elicited
10: 87-93.
of the
U.K. 59:
scallop Chlamys
1003-1023.