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Download Welcome to the Wonderful World of Insects
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Welcome to the Wonderful World of Insects Characteristics of Insects • • • • • • A body divided into three parts: head, thorax & abdomen Three pair of legs Usually one pair of antennae Usually one pair of compound eyes Usually two pair of wings Chitinous exoskeleton Beetles (Coleoptera) More than 350,000 Species Worldwide • Front pair of wings = elytra • Hind pair are membranous • Chewing mouthparts Butterflies & Moths Butterflies & Moths (Lepidoptera) More than 165,000 Species Worldwide • Wings have scales • Siphoning mouthparts Flies (Diptera) Flies (Diptera) More than150,000 Species Worldwide • Hind pair of wings = halteres • Variable mouthparts 1/6 of the world’s human population is affected by a fly-borne illness at any one time. Wasps, Bees & Ants Wasps, Bees & Ants (Hymenoptera) More than 130,000 Species Worldwide • Front & hind pair of wings connected via hamuli • Many capable of stinging • Many social True Bugs (Hemiptera) True Bugs (Hemiptera) More than 82,000 Species Worldwide • Piercing-sucking mouthparts • Have leathery/half membranous wings Vertebrate Skeleton Purpose 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Provide a framework for all body systems and give the body adaptive form. Provide attachments for muscles. Enclose and protect vital organs. Serve as a reserve storehouse for minerals. Enclosing armor (protection). Membranes vs. Sclerites Metamorphosis Instar – the insect between successive molts Three major types of metamorphosis in insects: I. Add an abdominal segment with each molt II. Little change in appearance until final molt (simple metamorphosis) III. Immature stages differ radically (complete metamorphosis) II. Simple Metamorphosis (little change) a. Ametabolous – without change. b. Paurometabolous – both immatures and adults are in the same habitat. c. Hemimetabolous – immature stages are aquatic and adults are terrestrial. Ametabolous • Springtails • Diplurans • Jumping Bristle-tails • Silverfish Paurometabolous (nymphs) nymphs Hemimetabolous (nymphs or naiads) Complete Metamorphosis (Holometabolous) “Entognatha” Apterygota Insecta (Microcoryphia) (Thysanura) Pterygota “Palaeoptera” “Neoptera” Exopterygota Endopterygota From: An Inordinate Fondness for Beetles Insect Vision • Ocellus – simple eye, lacking crystalline lens • Stemmata – simple eye, with crystalline lens; found laterally on holometabolous larvae • Ommatidium – single unit or component of compound eyes; has crystalline lens and light concentrating cells • Compound Eye – aggregation of ommatidia We have two eyes that face forward and have good resolution, providing a detailed image, but a narrow field of view. Our eyes detect a fairly broad range of color and give us good depth perception. However, we cannot see into the infrared or ultraviolet ends of the spectrum as some insects can. Butterfly Vision • Butterflies can see more colors than any other animal on Earth! • Can see ultraviolet • Many flowers have UV lines or patterns to guide pollinators • 250º field of view Caterpillar Vision • up to 6 pairs of simple eyes • distinguish dark from light • would be consider legally blind Dragonfly Vision • • • • Almost 360º field of view Sharpest image up close Don’t perceive shades of red Up to 30,000 lenses in each eye Jumping Spider Vision • have very large eyes • see far more clearly than insects • no compound eyes, but up to eight simple eyes that work more like ours • 4 largest eyes face forward and give them focused and colorful images within a fairly narrow field of view • secondary eyes on side and top of head add to field of view, but can’t focus well or see color Variations in the compound eye 250 nm 600 nm The Basic Antenna (filiform) pedicel scape flagellum Antennal Variation filiform moniliform serrate capitate capitate/ clavate pectinate bipectinate stylate lamellate plumose setaceous aristate geniculate Insect Mouthparts Hemiptera Mouthparts Insect Leg femur tibia pretarsus tarsus coxa trochanter Raptorial Legs Mantidae Mantispidae Saltatorial Legs Acrididae Rhaphidophoridae Dytiscidae Corixidae Natatorial Legs Dytiscidae Primitively Wingless (Apterous) Thysanura/Zygentoma Microcoryphia/Archaeognatha Odonata Ephemeroptera Palaeopterous Neopterous Plecoptera Entomological Gear
