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Name____________________________________________ Date _____________________ Period _________ Vocabulary Test Words Test Date: Wednesday May 25, 2011 On Wednesday, May 25, you will have a vocabulary test. This test will have 50 words you have learned from this semester. The test will be separated into sections of 8-10 words each and you need to match them with their definitions. Please review the list below and look over your vocabulary flash cards that you have made throughout this semester. Earth Science Vocabulary 1. Asthenosphere – the part of the mantle that features plasticity 2. Continental Drift – the hypothesis that all continents were once joined together in a single landmass and have since drifted to their current locations 3. Convection Current – the movement of a fluid, caused by differences in the temperature and density of that fluid 4. Convergent Boundary – a plate boundary where two plates move toward each other 5. Core – Earth’s innermost layer (center) a. outer is composed of liquid iron & nickel b. inner is composed of solid iron & nickel 6. Crust – Earth’s outermost layer (thinnest layer) a. continental is found under the continents, composed of granite b. oceanic is found under the oceans, composed of basalt 7. Deep Ocean Trench – a deep valley along the ocean floor through which oceanic crust slowly sinks towards the mantle; a convergent plate boundary 8. Divergent Boundary – a plate boundary where two plates move away from each other 9. Fault – breaks in Earth’s crust where rocks have slipped past each other 10. Folded Mountain – A mountain formed by plates converging and causing layers of the lithosphere to rise and fold 11. Geology – the study of the Earth’s processes 12. Lithosphere – the rigid layer of earth that includes all of the crust and the upper part of the mantle 13. Mantle – the Earth layer that is between the crust and the core, has plasticity 14. Mesosphere – the transition layer between the outer core and the asthenosphere 15. Mid-Ocean Ridge – the undersea mountain chain in the Atlantic Ocean where new ocean floor is produced; a divergent plate boundary 16. Pangaea – large ancient landmass that was composed of all the continents joined together 17. Plasticity – a substance that has the properties of a solid, but has the ability to flow. 18. Plate Tectonics – the theory that Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into plates that float and move around on a plastic like layer of the mantle 19. Rift Valley – deep valley that forms when two plates diverge or move apart, located along the center of the mid-ocean ridge 20. Sea floor Spreading – the process by which molten material adds new oceanic crust to the ocean floor 21. Shearing – a type of stress that results in a change of a tectonic plates shape or volume 22. Subduction – the process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary 23. Transform Boundary – a plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions Weather Vocabulary 24. Weather- the condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place in a region 25. Meteorology- the study of weather and the understanding of the forces and causes of weather 26. Atmosphere- the air that surrounds the Earth 27. Wind- air in motion, a result of the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun 28. Global winds- winds that blow over long distances from specific direction 29. Local winds- winds that blow over short distances 30. Coriolis Effect- the deflection of winds caused by the rotation of the Earth on its axis 31. Doldrums- mostly very calm air in a band over the equator 32. Trade Winds- warm, steady winds that blow back toward the equator in usually clear skies 33. Prevailing westerlies- cool air, usually moving quickly toward the poles from the west to east in both hemispheres 34. Polar easterlies- cold, fairly weak winds blowing from east to west 35. Prevailing winds- winds that blow more often from one direction than the other 36. Sea breeze- the breeze created when cooler moist air from over the water slides beneath the rising air on an ocean beach 37. Land breezes- the breeze caused when the water stays warm and the land has cooled 38. Heat- energy that flows from one object to a cooler object. 39. Barometer- an instrument used for measuring air pressure 40. Cold front- cold air mass overtakes a warm air mass 41. Warm front- when a warm air mass overtakes a cold air mass 42. Stationary front- occurs when air masses tend to remain in place for a period of time 43. Occluded front- when two cold air masses collide and push a warm air mass up between them 44. Continental air mass- air mass that builds over land 45. Maritime air mass- air masses assembled over oceans 46. High-pressure system- regions of sinking cool air 47. Low-pressure system – regions of rising warm air mass 48. Climate- temperature and precipitation for a particular area over a long period of time 49. Windward- the side of a mountain that faces the oncoming wind; rain falls on this side of the mountain 50. Leeward- the downwind side of the mountain; very little precipitation Living Systems and the Environment Vocabulary 51. Commercial harvesting- fishing huge amounts of fish from the oceans in large commercial fishing boats 52. Desalination- the process of removing salt from saltwater 53. Photosynthesis- the process by which plants and some other organisms capture light energy and use it to make food from carbon dioxide and water 54. Artificial reefs- man-made structures that help new reefs begin to grow, for example from sunken ships, concrete blocks, and offshore oil platforms 55. Estuary- places where rivers empty into the ocean and you have freshwater mixing with saltwater 56. Aquaculture- the process of raising fish in tanks on land or in enclosed nets in the water 57. Overfishing- fishing too many fish to where the fish are unable to reproduce and the fish population can decrease and even become extinct Force and Motion Vocabulary 58. Force – a push or pull on an object 59. Balanced Force – equal forces acting on an object in opposite directions 60. Unbalanced Force – a nonzero net force that changes an object’s motion 61. Motion – the state in which one object’s distance from another is changing 62. Work – The product of force and distance when a force is used to move an object ( W = fd ) 63. Speed – the measure of distance traveled in a given time 64. Velocity – a unit of speed with a given direction 65. Acceleration – the change in velocity resulting from a change in speed or direction 66. Mass – the amount of matter that an object has 67. Newton – a unit of force 68. Inertia – the tendency of an object in motion to remain in motion; the tendency of an object at rest to remain at rest 69. Weight – the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity (weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity or weight = mg, g = 9.8 m/s2 ) 70. Newton’s First Law of Motion – objects at rest will remain at rest and objects in motion will remain in motion until acted upon by an outside force 71. Newton’s Second Law of Motion – force equals mass times acceleration 72. Newton’s Third Law of Motion – for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction 73. Gravity – the force that pulls objects toward each other and can affect motion 74. Air Resistance – the friction experienced by objects falling or moving through air 75. Friction – a force that opposes motion when two surfaces touch or rub against each other