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Name: _____________________________ Date: __________________________ Science 14 Unit C: Investigating Matter and Energy in Living Systems REVIEW TOPICS Chapter 8 3. Describe, in general terms, the structure and function of plant and animal cell parts; and trace the development of the cell theory • relate human knowledge of cells to the development of the optical microscope and staining techniques (e.g., the work of Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Hooke) • describe the structure of the major parts of plant and animal cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondrion, chloroplast and cell wall • describe, using analogies where appropriate, the functions of the major parts of plant and animal cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondrion, chloroplast and cell wall (e.g., compare cell functions to the functioning of a city) Chapter 9 4. Identify and compare, in general terms, the life functions common to living systems, from cells to organ systems • describe the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of biological energy storage; i.e., capture of energy from the Sun in glucose during photosynthesis, and the release of energy from glucose during respiration • identify life functions common to living systems; i.e., energy conversion, response to the environment, growth, reproduction, and conservation or dissipation of thermal energy (e.g., torpor, dormancy, hibernation, estivation, vascular skin, sweat gland behaviour) • identify organs and systems in plants and animals that carry out the above life functions • identify the major human organ systems that perform critical life functions; i.e., energy conversion, response to the environment, growth, reproduction, and conservation or dissipation of thermal energy • describe how cell structure has been adapted for specific life functions (e.g., stomata in the leaves for water balance; skin cells are flat to cover large surface area; plant cell walls provide structural support; nerve cells are long for transmission of impulses; storage of chemical energy in roots [e.g., sugar beets], stems [e.g., sugar cane] and fruits [e.g., apples]) • identify and describe the role of modern technology in monitoring critical life functions in humans (e.g., ultrasound, heart monitor, blood pressure cuff, blood glucose monitoring devices) 1 Name: _____________________________ Date: __________________________ Chapter 10 1. Describe, in general terms, the exchange of matter by the digestive and circulatory systems, the functional relationship between the two systems and the need for a healthy diet and lifestyle • assess the nutrient components of prepared foods by reading labels, and evaluate a variety of popular diets in terms of nutrient composition • explain, in general terms, how diets that include excessive amounts of certain foods may influence body function (e.g., cholesterol, salt, fats) • analyze and discuss mixed diets and vegetarian diets in meeting human nutritional needs • describe, in general terms, the intake of matter and its processing by the digestive system (e.g., foods are broken down into molecules that are absorbed into the blood stream from the intestine; food intake leads to increased blood sugar and mineral levels) • describe, in general terms, the role of the heart and lungs in the circulatory system and in the exchange and distribution of matter processed by the digestive system • analyze the functional relationship between the digestive and circulatory systems, recognizing the work of early physicians (e.g., William Harvey, Ivan Pavlov, William Beaumont) Chapter 11 2. Describe disorders of the digestive and circulatory systems as imbalances induced by genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors • describe, in general terms, how the digestive and circulatory systems interact to assist in the maintenance of balance (homeostasis) in the human organism • explain how normal fluctuations within the digestive system result in adjusting fluctuations in the circulatory system (e.g., ingestion of salt and increased blood pressure; the relationship between blood sugar and insulin production) • explain that illness and possibly death may result when the body cannot accommodate major disturbances within a system; i.e., digestive, excretory or circulatory (e.g., ulcers, heart attacks) • analyze and explain, in general terms, a technology that is used to diagnose imbalances (e.g., endoscope, stethoscope) or to intervene and preserve balance (homeostasis) (e.g., kidney dialysis machine, pacemaker) • evaluate the effect of social factors on human digestive and circulatory well-being and disorders (e.g., ulcers, anorexia, bulimia, high blood pressure, heart and arterial diseases as they relate to lack of fitness, unbalanced diets) 2 Name: _____________________________ Date: __________________________ KEY TERMS Chapter 8 Microscope Compound microscope Electron microscope Hand lens Dissecting scope Cell Organelle Living Non-living Tissue Organ System Theory Organism Life processes Nucleus Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Vacuole ER Cell membrane Cell wall chloroplast Chapter 9 Life function Torpor Hibernation Specialized Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Glucose Digestive system Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus Circulatory system Heart Artery Vein Capillary Blood pressure cuff x-ray EKG EEG Chapter 10 Nutrition Nutrient Malnutrition Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Vitamins Minerals Diet Mixed diet Canada’s Food Guide Vegetarian Fad diet Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion Enzyme Absorption saliva Chapter 11 Homeostasis Insulin High blood pressure Gallstone Obesity Heartburn Diabetes Ulcer Anorexia Bulimia Heart attack Cardiac arrest Angiogram Pacemaker Artificial heart Kidney dialysis SAMPLE QUESTIONS A. Definitions – define the terms in the above chart B. Short Answer 1. How was the microscope developed? Give a brief description of its history. 2. Describe how the electron microscope differs from the compound microscope. 3. What are the parts of the microscope and their functions? 3 Name: _____________________________ 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Date: __________________________ Cells are the building blocks of life. What are the building blocks of the cell? Explain. What is the difference between a plant cell and an animal cell? How was cell theory developed? What is cell theory? Use a chart to compare living and non-living cells. What are the parts of an animal cell? 11. What are the parts of a plant cell? 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. What is an organelle? What is the function of each cell organelle? What are the life functions common to all living things? Describe one way that plant or animal cells are specialized. What is photosynthesis? Use a diagram to explain your answer. Describe cellular respiration. Use a diagram to explain your answer. What is the difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? What are the similarities between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? 4 Name: _____________________________ Date: __________________________ 19. What are the roles of the following systems: a. Digestive system b. Nervous system c. Circulatory system d. Urinary system 20. Label the parts of the digestive system. What function does each part hold? 21. List the steps in digestion. 22. Explain the term “closed transport system” as it refers to the circulatory system. 23. What are the parts to the circulatory system? What function does each part hold? 24. How do the digestive and circulatory systems work together? 25. What would happen if the circulatory system were no longer able to absorb food? 26. What technology is used to monitor systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings? 27. Name three technologies used to diagnose injury and disease. Explain the purpose of each technologies. 28. How does diet affect the body? 29. What is malnutrition? 30. What type of food is the primary source of energy in the body? 31. What nutrients does your body need to function properly? 32. What are the six essential nutrients? What is their function? 33. List the four basic types of food that are part of a good mixed diet. 34. List five guidelines of Canada’s Food Guide. 35. What categories of information do nutrition labels provide? 36. Name the three processes involved in digestion. What parts of the digestive system are involved in each process? 37. Name the digestive processes that occur in the following organs: a. Stomach b. Small intestine c. Large intestine 38. List three ways that a high fat diet affects your body. 39. What happens to your body when you skip breakfast? 40. What is homeostasis? 41. How do the digestive system and circulatory systems interact to maintain internal balance? 42. What is the connection between hunger and homeostasis of the digestive system? 43. Identify two major illnesses that affect the circulatory system and digestive systems. 44. What is a heart attack? What is cardiac arrest? 45. Explain why a person might need dialysis. 46. Describe three forms of technology used to diagnose or treat heart problems. C. Multiple Choice Anything from the Chapter Tests! 5